特殊句式讲义

1、特殊句式一、反意疑问句反义疑问句(The Disjunctive Question)即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法，没有把 握，需要对方证实。它主要由两部分组成：陈述句+附加疑问句”，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。1. 陈述句部分含有情态动词的反义疑问句You must （必须）go now, needn ' you?You mustn '（禁止，不允许）smoke here, must/may you?You must （might） be hungry now , aren ' t you?You must have heard about it, haven &#

2、39; t you?you must have watched that football match last night , didn ' t you?注意：当must have done表示对过去的推测，即must作一疋，准是 讲，如果有表过去的时间状语，则用一般过去时来反义疑问，反之，则根据完成时反义疑问。You used to sleep with the windows open, usedn /didn ' t ybut?He ought to attend the lecture, oughtn' t/shouldn ' t he?2. 陈述部分

3、含有 seldom, hardly, scarcely, n ever, few, little, nothing, no body 等含有否定意义 的词时，疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如：She seldom goes to the cin ema, does she?He could hardly walk without a stick, could he?注意： Tom dislikes playing tennis, doesn' t he?It ' s unfair, isn' t it?3. 陈述部分含有宾语从句的反意疑问句（1）陈述部分带有宾语从句时，疑问

4、部分的主语与助动词常和主句保持一致。如：He said that he would come to my birthday party, didn ?' t he（2） 陈述部分的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, guess, expect, imagine, etc 且主语为第一人称时，疑问部分的主语和时态与宾语从句的主语和时态保持一致；陈述部分的主语为第二、三人称时，疑问部分的主语和时态与陈述部分的主语、时态一致。如：I don ' t believe he will succeed, will he?Tom doesn ' t belie

5、ve Jane will succeed, does he?4. 祈使句的反义疑问句Open the door, will/won' t you?Let ' s go out for a walk, shall we?Let us go home now, will/won' t you?5. 反义疑问句的回答比较:-You won ' t go to Kate' s party, will you?-No, even if in vited.-You won ' t go to Kate' s party, will you?-Yes,

6、 if in vited.6. 其他情况下的反义疑问句Everybody / Every one ag reed to the pla n, did n they / he?Everything is ready, is n it? ' tThis isn ' t a fast train, is it?Learning English well takes a lot of time, doesn jt?' tThere used to be a tall tree, usednthere勺 didn' tThere are more than 50 clas

7、ses in your school, aren ' t there?You' d betteget up early, hadn ' you?He has two sisters, doesnHethae?two sisters, hasn' t he?He doesn ' t have any sisters, does heHe doesn'thave any sisters, has he?二、祈使句定义：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句。1. 否定式和强调式Don' t be so sure (否定式)Ne

8、ver come late.(强调式)Please don ' t forget to take your medicine否定式)Do come on time this evening.(强调式)Do be careful!(强调式)2. 带主语的祈使句(1) Tom, you water the flowers !(2) You, girls, clean the desks; you, boys, sweep the floor.(3) You mind your own bus in ess!(4) Be quiet, every one!3. 祈使句+and +陈述句=If

9、 主句祈使句+or +陈述句=lfnot,主句女口：Work hard and you will succeed. (=lf you work hard, you will succeed.)Hurry up or you will be lat e. (= If you don ' t huyoiupill be late.)三、主谓一致定义：主谓一致指 “人称 ”和“数 ”方面的一致关系。1. 并列主语的主谓一致(1) 两个单数名词用 and 连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词常用复数形式。表示 同一人、同一物或同一个概念，或表示不可分割的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Tom

10、 and Jack were close friends.Steam and ice are different forms of water.The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.The knife and fork is on the table. (coffee and milk / bread and butter / early to bed and early to rise)(2) 被 every, each, many a, no, any 等限定的单个主语由 and 连接时，谓语动词仍用单数 形式。其中，后一

11、个限定词可省略。如：Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.Many a teacher and (many a ) student has seen the film.(3) 就近原则：由or, nor, either or, neither nor, not only连接的并列主语0)其谓语动词的单复数形式要与它邻近的主语的数保持一致。如：One or two friends are coming this evening.A cigar or a cigarette is very enjoyable. Neither I nor he is in f

12、avour of her marriage.Either you or I am going to be in charge of this matter.注意： There be 句型同样遵循这一原则。(4) “名词 +with, along with, together with, as well as, rather than, as much as, but , except, like, besides, including, in addition to 等+名词”结构作主语时， 谓语动词的形式与第一个名词保 持一致。如：Tom as well as two of his frie

13、nds was invited to the party.Dr. Smith, together with his wife, is to arrive on the evening flight.2. 某些名词作主语时的主谓一致(1) 集 体 名 词 family, class, crew, team, group, public, audience, crowd, government, committee 等作主语时， 动词的单复数形式要根据主语所指的意义而定。 强调整体时， 谓 语动词常用单数形式；强调其中各个成员的动作时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：The class consists

14、 of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.The class are doing experiments.注意：集体名词 people, police, cattle 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。(2) 由两部分构成的表示物体的名词，女口 trousers, pants, jeans, compasses, glasses, shorts等作主语时， 谓语动词常用复数形式。 但如果这类名词前用了 a pair of 或 two/three/ pairsof来修饰，谓语动词在数上要与pair保持一致。如:These trousers n eed clea ni

15、ng.Your glasses are very nice.This pair of trousers is mine.Here are some new pairs of shoes.3. 数词与量词作主语时的主谓一致's life.(1)表示时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等的名词的复数形式作主语时，通常当做整体来 看待，后接单数动词。如：Twenty years is a long time in oneForty miles was covered in a sin gle ni ght.20,000 dollars is not a small sum of mon ey. 分数

16、和百分数或者 part of, most of, half of, the rest (of)等修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于它们后面的名词或代词的意义。试比较：About one third of the books are worth readi ng.A large perce ntage of the wheat crop was ruined by the flood.Only 60 perce nt of the work was done yesterday.About 20 perce nt of the stude nts are abse nt

17、today.(3) 由 “ kind (form, type, sort, species, portion, series)of 等修饰的主语，其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。如：This new type of buses is now on show.All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.Some new forms of art were discussed at the meeti ng.(4) 由 “ a number of (许多)，"avariety of(各种各样的)和 “ a group of (一群，一组)

18、修饰的名词作主语时，谓语常用复数形式。但是“the number of (”的数目)和“the varietyof ”(的种类)修饰名词作主语时，谓语常用单数形式。试比较：A nu mber of stude nts are from the south.The nu mber of stude nts from the north is small.The variety of goods on sale in that shop is surprising.(5) 主语由"many a / more than one +单数名词语构成，谓语动词用单数形式。如：More tha n

19、 one stude nt has failed the exam.a qua ntity of +不可数名词+单数谓语动词quantities of +复数可数名词/不可数名词 +复数谓语动词，如：Great qua ntities of fish were caught that day.4. all或what引导的从句做主语时，依据其所指代的具体定义决定谓语动词的单复数，例如：All are prese nt and all is going well.What he said is true./ What they n eed are books.5. 以-ics结尾的学科名词，如po

20、litics, physics, mathematics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 以-s结尾的名词 news, works, plastics等同属此类。 例如：Politics is now taught in all schools.6. 单复数同形的名词，如：means, sheep, deer ,works （工厂）等做主语时，要看其指代意义。Every means has bee n tried.All means have bee n tried.An engin eeri ng works is being built.Many engin eeri ng works are

21、 being built.四、倒装句谓语在主语前面的句子称为倒装句。全部倒装-整个谓语放在主语之前部分倒装-谓语的一部分（情态动词、助动词、系动词be）放在主语前面1全部倒装表示方位、地点和时间的副词（如there， here，up, down，out，in，away， now, then等）和某些介词词组位于句首且主语为名词时，句子要全部倒装。e.g. Look , there come the rest of our guests!Joh n ope ned the door. There stood a girl he had n ever see n before.For a mome

22、 nt nothing happe ned. Then came voices all shout ing together.At the foot of the mountain lies a village.注意：主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。Here he comes.Here it comes.2、部分倒装 含有否定意义的畐U词n ever, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no where 以及含否定意义的词组 by no means, at no time, in no case, in no way, under no

23、 circumstances, under no con ditio n, not until, not a word, not a sin gle 位于句首，句子一般都用部分倒装语序。e.g. Little did Rose care about her own safety, though she was in great dan ger herself.I ' ve tried very hard to improve my English, but by no means is the teacher satisfied withmy progress.Rarely did a

24、 debate attract so much media atte nti on.Never before have I had such a special drink!Not a word did he say at the last meeti ng.注意：当否定词修饰名词位于句首作主语时，不能采用倒装形式。e.g. Not every one can do things perfectly. 含否定意义的连词词组hardly.when , no sooner.than, not only.but also引导两个分en ergy s.句时，将前一个分句中的主谓作部分倒装，后一个分句中

25、的主谓语序不变。e.g. The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only was teachersved, but 'stude nts became more in terested in the less ons.No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.注意：not only - but also连接并列主语时不倒装e.g. Not only the teacher but also the stude nts a

26、re in terested in the activity.so/neither/nor +情态动词/助动词/系动词be+主语，表示"也(不)如此”，前后句 主语不一致e.g. Bill was n' t happy about the delay of the report by Jas on, and n either was I.Of the making of good books there is no end; n either is there any end to their in flue nee on man's lives.He has mad

27、e up his mind to continue with his studies, and so have I.注意： so+主语+情态动词/助动词/系动词be,表示“确实如此。”(前后句主语一致)e.g. -I remin ded you not to forget the appo in tme nt.- So you did.-So I am and so are my pare nts. 主语+do/did/does + so,表示宾语按照主语要求去做。e.g. She wants him to be a teacher. He does so. so it is (the sam

28、e) with，用于并列句中主语不一致、时态不一致或者前后句一为肯定， 一为否定的情况。e.g. Karl Marx was born in Germa ny, and Germa n was his n ative Ian guage. So it was (the same) with En gels.In the past I was a student, but now I am a teacher. So it is (the same) with my brother.I can speak English, but I can 'speak Japanese. So it

29、 is (the same) with my classmates.only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。e.g. Only with hard work can you realize your dream of becoming a college student.Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours did they reach a decision.It was announced that only when the fire was under control would the resi

30、dents be permitted to retur n to their homes.注意：当only修饰名词位于句首作主语时，不能采用倒装形式。e.g. Only few of the children haven t yet got a chance of being educated.在so/such.that引导的结果状语从句中，当为了强调把 so/such提到句首时，主句部分采用部分倒装。e.g. So sudde n was the attack that the en emy had no time to escape.So much homework did we have

31、 to do that we had no time to take a rest.Such rapid progress has he made in his study that he has caught up with all the others. 副词 -形容词名词 卜+as/though+让步状语从句，though引导的状从可以倒装也可以不倒装， 动词而as引导的状从则必须倒装过去分词-e.g. Try as she might，Sue couldn ' t get the door open.Un satisfied though he was with the pay

32、me nt ,he took the job just to get some work experie nee.Much as I like this book, I like others much better.Pretty as she is, she is not clever.注意：在as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的单数可数名词前不用任何冠词。e.g. Quiet stude nt as he may be, he talks a lot about his favorite sin gers after class. 在省略if的虚拟条件状语从句中，were， had或shou

33、ld要提到句首构成倒装。e.g. Had she lived up to her promise, she would have made it to Yale Un iversity.Were it to rain tomorrow, I wouldn' t go.may表示祝愿时。May all of you succeed in the coming exam in ati ons!五、强调句1. It+is/was.that(who) .这一强调结构，除了不能强调动词外，其他成分如主语、宾语、 宾补、状语都可以强调。e.g. It is the most i nstructiv

34、e lecture that I have atte nded since I came to this school.It is not how much we do but how much love we put i nto what we do that ben efits our work most.Was it on a Ionely island that he was saved one month after the boat went down?How was it that he man aged to get the in formatio n?I just won d

35、er what it is that makes him so excited.注意:It was on the farm that we worked.It was the farm where we worked.It is the day whe n It is on the day that2. 谓语动词的强调，do/does/did+动词原形，用于陈述句和祈使句中e.g. If you have a job, do devote yourself to it and fin ally you' ll succeed.He did behave well yesterday.六

36、、省略句1、复合句中的省略 在 when， unless， while ， if ， though， as long as， whenever， wherever，as soon as 等 词引导的状语从句中 , 当主句与从句主语一致时，从句中的主语和be 动词可以省略。e.g. The experiment show that proper amounts of exercise, if (the exercise is) carried out regularly, can improve our health.It was a nice meal, though (it was) a l

37、ittle experience.-Who should be responsible for the accident?-The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order as (they were) told.The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, unless (the child is) accompanied by an adult. 在 than 或 as.as 引导的从句中，常会

38、有一些成分在上下文清楚的情况下被省略。(倍数表达)He has made greater progress than( he did) before/ever.The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper, but (they are) not as good (as those in this shop).2、句子的省略e.g. Some of you may have finished unit one. If so, you can go on to unit two.Ask her if it is a convenient time. If

39、 not, can she suggest another possible time?-Xiao Wang said that he missed the train this morning, really?-He said so. (=he said that he missed the train this morning.)注意： hope 和 guess 的否定形式为 I hope(guess) not .3、to do 不定式省略 在某些感官动词 (see, hear, watch, listen to, notice, observe 或使役动词 have, make 等 )

40、之 后充当宾语补足语的不定式中e.g. I saw the girl cross the street.I had my father repair my bike.注意：当感官动词与使役动词用于被动时，需恢复 to 的省略。e.g. The girl was seen to cross the street. The only thing I can do now is (to)go on by myself.I have nothing to do but stay at home. - What' s the matter with Della?- Well, her paren

41、ts wouldn't allow her to go the party, but she still hopes to.-Will you join us in a talk? -Yes, I 'llbe glad to.注意： In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than it used to be.-You ought to have finished your work. -I know I ought to have.七、感叹句1. adj./adv.How y adj.+a（

42、n）+n.（单数可数）-主语+谓语e.g. How beautiful the flower is!How well she dan ces!How time flies!How stra nge a feeli ng it was! 注意： How stra nge the feeli ng was!How stra nge a feeli ng it was!What a stra nge feeli ng it was!What stra nge feeli ngs they are! How stra nge the feeli ngs are!2. what | +a（n）+adj.

43、+n.（可数单数）l. +adj.+n.（不可数或复数）e.g. What a fine voice she has!What fine weather it is!（主语+谓语）L（主语+谓语）What silly questi ons you asked!What fun it is!注意事项not until的倒装句型和强调句型He did ' t begin to know how important the family was for him until he left his home.Not until he left his home did he begin to

44、know how important the family was for him.It was not until he left his home that he began to know how important the family was for him.1. Stand over thereyou' ll be able to see the oil painting better.A. butB. tillC. andD. or2. -Who should be resp on sible for the accide nt?-The boss, not the wo

45、rker. They just carried out the order.A. as toldB. as are toldC. as tellingD. as they told3. -Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?- Yes. , I'm going to visit some homes for the old in the city.A. If everB. If busyC. If anythingD. If possible4. When you ' ve finished with

46、 that book, don' t forget to put it back on the shelf, ?A. do youB. don ' t youC. will youD. won ' t you5. The little boy came riding full speed down the motorway on his bicycle. it was!A. What a dangerous sceneB. What dangerous a sceneC. How a dangerous scene D. How dangerous the scene6

47、. It is not who is right but what is right is of importance.A. which B. it C. that D. this7. -Do you have any idea what Paul does all day?-As I know, he spends at least as much time playing as he .A. writes B. does writingC. is writingD. does write8. It we had stayed together for a couple of weeks I

48、 found we had a lot incommon.A. was until; whenB. was until; thatC. wasn ' t until; when D. wasn ' t until; that9. He was told that it would be at least three more months _ he could recover and return to work.A. whenB. beforeC. sinceD. that10. I don ' t mind her criticizing me, but is ho

49、w she does it that I object to.A. itB. thatC. thisD. which11. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless every day.A. wateredB. wateringC. waterD. to water12. The Foreign Minister said, “ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.A. This isB. There isC. That isD. It is13. Your uncle s

50、eems to be a good driver; , I wouldn' t dare to travel in his car.A. even soB. even thoughC. thereforeD. so14. That was really a splendid evening. It' s years I enjoyed myself so much.A. whenB. thatC. beforeD. since15. It was some time we realized the truth.A. whenB. untilC. sinceD. before16

51、. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth each year.A. is washing away B. is being washed awayC. are washing awayD. are being washed away17. Follow your doctor' s advice, your cough will get worse.A. or B. and C. then D. so18. We forgot to bring our tickets, but please l

52、et us en ter,?A. do you?B. can weC. will youD. shall we19. Sarah had her washi ng mach ine repaired the day before yesterday,she?A. hadB. didC. hadn'tD.didn't20. I' m sureyou'd rather she went school by bus,?A. hadn 't youB. wouldn ' t you C. aren' tID.didn't she21. M

53、ost of what has bee n said about the Smithsalso true of the Joh nsons.A. areB. isC. beingD. to be22. Engines are to mach ineshearts are to ani mals.A. asB. thatC. whatD. which23. If Joe ' s wife won ' t go to the party,.A. he will eitherB. n either will he C. he n either willD. either hewill

54、24. How was the televised debate last ni ght?Super! Rarelyso much media atte nti on.A. a debate attractedB. did a debate attractC. a debate did attractD. attracted a debate25. Littlethat we were watch ing his every move, so he seemed to be going his ownway in this bus in ess.A. he realized B. he did n't realize C. did n't he realize D. did he realize26. I n my opinion, life i