GrammarandFunction

1、Match the sentences with the names of the tenses.past simple past perfect past continuousHe survived. He was driving a lorry.He had had lots of jobs.Read the sentences and discuss the questions.a. Which tense refers to actions in the past?b. Which tense refers to an action in progress when another t

2、hing happened?c. Which tense refers to something which happened before something else?1. Before he volunteered to direct traffic, Timoteo had had lots of jobs.2. He was driving a lorry when he came off the road.3. Somehow he survived.cba1. 表示在过去时间里发生的动作或存表示在过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示一般过去的时在的状态，常与表示一般过去的时

3、间状语连用。间状语连用。 He lived here three years ago. 他三年前住在这里。他三年前住在这里。2. 表示在过去一段时间内表示在过去一段时间内, 经常性或习经常性或习惯性的动作。惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我小的时候我小的时候, 常在街上踢足球。常在街上踢足球。3. 用在用在Its time/I wish/Id rather + that-clause句型中句型中,以及某些条件。句中表以及某些条件。句中表示虚拟示虚拟, 这些句型描述的情况往往与现这些句型描述的情况

4、往往与现在事实相反。在事实相反。 How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden! 4. 可以根据上下文的语境要求可以根据上下文的语境要求,使用使用 一般过去时。一般过去时。 - Long time to see! Havent you graduated from college? - Yes. I studied English for four years in Nanjing.1. 过去进行时主要用来表示在过去延过去进行时主要用来表示在过去延续了一段时间的动作。续了一段时间的动作。 They were

5、expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等你他们昨天一直在等你。2. 有时不与时间状语连用时有时不与时间状语连用时,可以表示逐可以表示逐渐的发展。渐的发展。 It was getting darker. The wind was rising. 3. 有时可以用一个句子来表示时间状语。有时可以用一个句子来表示时间状语。 When I arrived, Tom was talking on the phone. 1. 表示某动作或状态在过去某时间或表示某动作或状态在过去某时间或某动作之前已经完成。某动作之前已经完成。 句中常用句中常用by引导的时间状语或以引导的时间状语或以

6、before, until, when, than 等引导的等引导的含有一般过去时的时间状语从句。含有一般过去时的时间状语从句。By 5:00 yesterday morning we had finished that work. 到昨天早上到昨天早上5点钟时点钟时, 我们已经做完了我们已经做完了工作。工作。2. 表示某动作或状态在过去某时刻前已表示某动作或状态在过去某时刻前已 经开始经开始, 持续到这一过去时间持续到这一过去时间, 并可能并可能 持续下去。持续下去。 John and Jane had known each other for a long time before thei

7、r marriage. 约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。3. 用在用在if引导的与过去事实相反的条件引导的与过去事实相反的条件句以及句以及wish, as if引导的从句中。引导的从句中。If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded. 要是她努力的话要是她努力的话, 她就会成功了。她就会成功了。 (事实上她没努力事实上她没努力,也没成功。也没成功。)4. 常用常用hardly/scarcely/barely. when.,；no sooner .than.等结构中等结构中, 表示表示“刚刚刚刚就就”。 Ha

8、rdly had he begun to speak, the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲他刚开始演讲, 听众就打断了他。听众就打断了他。5. intend, think, hope, want, mean等动词等动词用过去完成时用过去完成时, 表示过去未曾实现的打表示过去未曾实现的打算或意图。算或意图。 I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. 我本来打算今年好好休个假我本来打算今年好好休个假, 但是我不但是我不能离开了。能离开了。一般过去时一般

9、过去时与过去进行时与过去进行时的区别的区别 一般过去时表示过去已经发一般过去时表示过去已经发生的动作或存在的状态，强生的动作或存在的状态，强调一种事实或结果调一种事实或结果；而过去而过去进行时表示过去某时正在持进行时表示过去某时正在持续进行的动作或尚未完成的续进行的动作或尚未完成的动作，强调过程。动作，强调过程。 Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.一般过去时一般过去时与过去完成时与过去完成时的区别的区别 一般过去时表示动作发生在一般过去时

10、表示动作发生在过去某时过去某时(其时间参照点是现其时间参照点是现在在)，而，而过去完成时则表示动过去完成时则表示动作发生在过去某时之前作发生在过去某时之前(其时其时间参照点是过去间参照点是过去)。 They had done the work at five oclock.They did the work at five oclock.1. Were you surprised by the ending of the film? No. I _ the book, so I already knew the story. A. was readingB. had read C. am re

11、ading D. have readPractice2. I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone _ it. Was it you? A. has doneB. had done C. would doD. will do3. I walked slowly through the market, where people _ all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed. A. sell B.

12、were selling C. had sold D. have sold4. Have you finished reading Jane Eyre? No, I _ my homework all day yesterday. A. was doingB. would do C. has done D. do5. Excuse me. I _ I was blocking your way. A. didnt realize B. dont realize C. havent realized D. wasnt realizing6. The book has been translate

13、d into thirty languages since it _ on the market in 1973. A. had come B. has come C. came D. comes英语中英语中, 表示对过去某种情况进行推测表示对过去某种情况进行推测或对已发生的动作或存在的状态进行推或对已发生的动作或存在的状态进行推测时测时, 常用情态动词常用情态动词must, may (might), can(could), should (ought to), would等等have过去分词表示。依据说话人的语过去分词表示。依据说话人的语气或推测的把握程度不同气或推测的把握程度不同, 使用的

14、情态使用的情态动词也不同。动词也不同。“情态动词情态动词have过去分词过去分词”的用法的用法1. musthave过去分词过去分词 表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态的肯定判断。用于肯定的陈述句态的肯定判断。用于肯定的陈述句中中(在否定句及疑问句中用在否定句及疑问句中用can代替代替must), 意思是意思是“一定已经一定已经”。 If he had really been there, I must have seen him. 2. can (could)have过去分词过去分词 表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态的否定或疑问判断

15、。的否定或疑问判断。 Where can he have gone? 他可能去哪里了呢他可能去哪里了呢? Jim cant have been at home yesterday. 吉姆昨天不可能在家。吉姆昨天不可能在家。 3. may/mighthave过去分词过去分词 表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态进行的不肯定的推测进行的不肯定的推测, 语气比使用语气比使用can (could)弱。弱。might的语气比的语气比may更弱。更弱。 She may have read the book. He might not have got your letter.4

16、. needhave过去分词过去分词 常用于否定句常用于否定句, 表示过去做了不必做表示过去做了不必做或不需要做的事情或不需要做的事情, 表示表示“本来不本来不必必”。You neednt have told him the news. 你没有必要告诉他那消息。你没有必要告诉他那消息。5. should/ought tohave过去分词过去分词 肯定式表示肯定式表示“过去本应做某事过去本应做某事(但但没做没做)”;否定式表示否定式表示“过去不该做过去不该做某事某事(但做了但做了)”,含有不满或责备之含有不满或责备之意。意。 Youre right. I should have thought

17、of that. She ought to have come earlier.6. wouldhave过去分词过去分词 表示过去本来要做某事却因某种原因表示过去本来要做某事却因某种原因未做未做, 用来说明某种情况用来说明某种情况, 不含有责备不含有责备之意。之意。 I would have written to you earlier but I have been ill. 我本来要早点给你写信我本来要早点给你写信, 但我生病了。但我生病了。If I had seen the advertisement, I would have applied for the job. 我要是看见那个广

18、告了我要是看见那个广告了, 我就申请我就申请那份工作了。那份工作了。1. “When I was younger, I worked as a miner.” “That _ have been hard.”2. Im surprised David didnt apply for the job. He _ have seen the advertisement.PracticeComplete the sentences with must, cant or might.mustcant3. “Wheres Sam?” “I dont know. He _ have gone to the

19、 meeting.”4. I dont know why the manager didnt reply. He _ not have received our letter.5. Jackie looks happy. They _ have increased his salary.6. The secretary wasnt listening. She _ have heard what I said.mightmightmustcantA: I visited China last yearB: That _ very interesting.A: Not really. I sti

20、ll had to look after a group of French children who were visiting China.B: That _ easy!Complete the dialogue with the correct words and phrases.must have beencant have beenA: No, it was a nightmare.B: They _ have got lost, or had an accident.A: Yes, but luckily there were no disasters. I managed som

21、ehow.might1. John _ a better job, but he was too careless. A. should do B. must have done C. could do D. could have done2. - I dont know why he is late.- Nor do I. He _ have had an accident. A. can B. should C. might D. must 3. He must have seen the inspector last night, _ he? A. mustnt B. hasnt C. didnt D. doesnt4. -Mary looks sad. Did you tell her about the accident? -Yes, but I _ have told her. A. should B. shouldnt C. must D. ought to not5. The playground is all wet. It _ rained last nig