(旅游英语)环球之旅-意大利必备学习

1、美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的

2、利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Foot

3、notes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作

4、。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical

5、 Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改

6、，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。 （旅游英语）环球之旅意大利意大利共和国位于欧洲南部。它北连欧洲大陆，东临亚得里亚海，西濒利古里亚海和第勒尼安海，南接奥尼亚海。意大利西同法国接壤，北与瑞士、奥地利相连，东同南斯拉夫毗邻。东邻的阿尔巴尼亚、南部的阿尔及利亚、突尼斯、利比亚和马耳他等北

7、非诸国均与意大利隔海相望。          When I sit there thinking of where to start to tell you about Italy, I close my eyes and so many wonderful pictures and memories (n. 记忆，回忆) flood back that I don't know where to start. I spent three wonderful years there that wh

8、en it came time to move on I was so sad to leave. It is a country so steeped (steep v.浸, 泡, 沉浸) in history mixed with a lifestyle that anybody would envy (v. 嫉妒，羡慕). Now I would like to share some of my wonderful memories with you and start with some of the major cities I visited and lived in. 

9、          Milan(米兰) is the true fashion capitol of the world, home to the most famous fashion designers (服装设计师) and brand labels (名牌，商标) in the world. There are every size exclusive (adj. 高级的) glitzy (adj. 闪光的，耀眼的, 眩目的) boutiques (时装专卖店) purveying (v. sup

10、ply; furnish提供，供给，供应) their high-class wares.           The café society is something to behold (v.看到，目睹) as all the beautiful people come out to be seen all wearing the latest fashion and sit in the cafes sipping (sip v. 吸，吮) their coffees eati

11、ng mouth watering home-made (adj. 自制的) cakes chatting until the early hours of the night.           Rome(罗马) is the capital, with its magnificent (adj. splendid; grand宏伟的,崇高的,高贵的) historic coliseum (n.圆形体育馆, 大剧场) where the ancient Romans held the gam

12、es, the countless fountains including the most famous Fontana di Trevi (意大利著名的许愿池) where lovers everyday toss (v. 投, 掷) coins over their shoulders wishing for eternal love (永恒的爱).           The Vatican City n.梵蒂冈(罗马教廷所在地) is the citadel (n. 根据地，

13、大本营) of the Roman Catholic Church (罗马天主教堂) including the Sistine Chapel n.(罗马梵蒂冈的)西斯廷教堂 that took Michael Angelo (宗教革命领袖) seven years to paint by hand.          There are so many ancient monuments (n. 纪念碑) and sights to visit all setting this city as

14、 one of the true great capitals of the world, so many wonderful restaurants to choose from with authentic (adj. 真的；真正的) Italian recipes (n.菜谱，烹饪法) that will haunt (v. come to mind continually, obses时常萦绕心头) you for years to come. No Pizza Hut 必胜客(西餐厅) here, just the real thing. An evening at the oper

15、a (n. 歌剧) is enchanting (adj.迷人的；醉人的) to the soul.          Turin(都灵，意大利西北一城市，位于波河河畔、米兰西南偏西方。) is the city where every man' s dream cars are manufactured-the sleek (adj. 油光可鉴的) red, sexy ultimate Ferrari sports cars. There are so many cars driving aro

16、und the city that they become such a part of the everyday life. Turin is a manufacturing city with so many international and domestic companies based here, also the gateway (n. 门，通路) to northern Switzerland.           Venice(威尼斯)- the city surro

17、unded by water. Romance abounds (abound vi.富于, 充满) all along its waterways with lovers everywhere drifting by in the gondolas (n.刚朵拉，一种狭长的轻型平底船) oblivious (lacking all memory; forgetful健忘的；忘却的) to everything but each other, once the trading capital of the east and the home of the great explorer Marc

18、o Polo n.马可波罗(意大利旅行家,商人).            The magnificent St. Peters Basilica (a Roman Catholic Church圣彼得斯罗马天主教堂) stands in St. Peters Square (圣彼得斯广场), with so many other romantic and unique places to visit. This makes it a must place to visit along

19、with so many historic places to visit that you are spoiled for choice (不知所措，眼花缭乱).           With other famous cities such as Verona n. 维罗纳(意大利北部城市), Pisa n.比萨(意大利城市, 城内有著名的比萨斜塔), Florence n.佛罗伦萨(意大利都市名), Naples n.那不勒斯(意大利西南部港市) and so many others, e

20、ach with their own special places of historic interest and traditions (历史名胜古迹), cultures and attraction (places of cultures and attraction文化风景区), each one with so much to offer that you must visit them all and sample all on offer for yourself.   Food And Wine     &

21、#160;   意大利的菜肴源自古罗马帝国宫廷，有着浓郁的文艺复兴时代佛罗伦萨的膳食情韵，素称“欧洲大陆烹调之母”，在世界上享有很高的声誉。意大利菜多以海鲜作主料，辅以牛、羊、猪、鱼、鸡、鸭、番茄、黄瓜、萝卜、青椒、大头菜、香葱烹成。制法常用煎、炒、炸、煮、红烩或红焖，喜加蒜茸和干辣椒，略带小辣，火候一般是六七成熟，重视牙齿的感受，以略硬而有弹性为美，形成醇浓、香鲜、断生、原汁、微辣、硬韧等12字特色。这都表现在佛罗伦萨牛排、罗马魔鬼鸡、那不勒斯烤龙虾、巴里甲鱼、奥斯勃克牛肘肉、扎马格龙沙拉，米列斯特通心粉、鸡蛋肉末沙司、板肉白豆沙拉子、青椒焖鸡、烩大虾、烤鱼、冷鸡、白豆汤

22、、火腿切面条等名食之中，四方游客趋之若鹜。         The main characteristic (n. feature特性, 特征) of Italian cooking is its healthy balance, the excellent basic ingredients being simply cooked and retaining their original (adj.最初的, 原始的) goodness (n. the beneficial or nutritious part精华

23、,富有营养的部分) and freshness, simple and yet with such a variety of flavors (n.风味，口味) and rich inventiveness (n. 独创性; 独创能力) in preparation that even the most demanding (adj. 苛刻的，要求过分的) gourmet (n. 美食家) is delighted.         Italian breakfast is quite different

24、 from American or English. Colazione (意早餐) is usually light: cappuccino (coffee and milk牛奶咖啡) and a brioche (意sweet pastry一种意大利甜饼), or simply espresso (意black-short-strong coffee浓咖啡) .         Pranzo (意 lunch 午餐) is the big meal except in the industrializ

25、ed cities (工业城市). It consists of antipasto (n. starter头盘) a primo piatto (pasta, rice or soup意大利面), a secondo piatto (meat or fish肉或鱼) with contorno (vegetable salad蔬菜沙拉), then frutta (fresh fruit水果). Finish with espresso (浓咖啡) and maybe a grappa(<意>n.格拉巴酒(用酒渣酿制的一种白兰地) or amaro (strong digesti

26、ve liqueur一种帮助消化的酒).          Cena (dinner晚餐) is similar to lunch. Nowadays there is a tendency (n. 倾向，趋向) of having a light lunch, then dinner becomes the major meal.          Gelato (ice-cream冰淇淋) has hundred

27、s of different flavours and can be enjoyed at anytime of the day as well as the granita n. crushed ice with flavoured syrup格兰尼它冰糕(一种意大利的粗制冰糕).Where to eat ?          意大利人请客，星期天和节日多在家中，平时是去餐馆。其程序是开席时先喝点香槟酒。他们轻轻撬动瓶塞，让瓶内的气体慢慢外推，突然间“乒”的一声，弹出瓶塞，宾主都以此为吉兆，鼓

28、掌祝贺，开怀畅饮。接着上海鲜大拼盘，再饮葡萄酒。随后正菜有4道：一是什锦菜汤、炒米饭（或通心粉）、干酪；二是牛排、鱼虾或各式鸡菜、生菜；三是水果、冰淇淋之类；四是甜点及蛋糕。饭后要饮消化酒及咖啡。若是富裕人家，节日的正菜常常多达7道，还须配置开胃的苦艾酒以及助消化的烈酒。意大利人在宴会上从不呆板拘泥，想吃就吃，想喝便喝，并且确信古训：“客人喝得高兴，主人脸上光彩。”           There are thousands of ristoranti (restaurants餐厅),

29、 the most formal type of place to eat when one is not in a hurry, sometimes a little fancy (adj. of superior grade; fine优良的；好的), pricy (adj. 昂贵的) and family-run (用于家庭聚会); trattoria and osteria: less formal than a ristoranti,where local specialties are served; panineria (一种长条三明治): a sandwich bar, whe

30、re a quick meal can be had at any time of the day; pizzeria  (比萨饼) is not only for pizza lovers!Italian Wine      意大利美酒 古罗马时代的诗人喜欢称意大利为“欧诺特利亚之地”，即葡萄酒之乡；实际上，欧诺特利亚是古希腊语中的一个名词，意指意大利东南部。人们往往认为意大利葡萄酒价格便宜，并且容易使人兴奋。从柳条长颈大肚瓶装契安第红葡萄酒，到味甜多泡的摩德纳葡萄酒。虽然在国际声誉上意大利酒远远落后于法国酒，但是，在一定程度上说意

31、大利这个国家本身也是一个新生产物。意大利的地方主义也反映在酒上。           Italy is not only the largest producer of wines, but above all a producer of great wines.            Its climate, soil and very old traditions of viticu

32、lture (n. 葡萄栽培) make Italy a natural wine- growing nation. The wines are as personal as a name, as different as the colours of the rainbow and as much a part of Italian life as almost 3,000 years of tradition can make them.            The Etrusc

33、ans (n.伊特鲁里亚人) of North-Central Italy, who created one of the peninsula's (n. 半岛) earliest civilizations, left evidence of how to make wine. The Greeks who soon after established themselves in the South gave Italy the name Enotria (意)the land of wine产酒之乡.       

34、;   For centuries wine growing has been the cultivation (n.培养, 教养) which used most of the labor of the Italian farmers. This is still true today. A large part of the population is engaged in the vine (n. 葡萄种植) and wine industry.         

35、60;Other Italian drinks include aperitifs (n. 开胃酒), blended principally (adv. 主要地) over a base of the world-famous Piedmontn (地名)皮德蒙特 Vermouth (n.味美斯酒); dessert wines, such as Moscato, Marsala and Malvasia from Sicily and sparkling wines from Piedmont, Veneto (地名)威尼突区, Tuscany 托斯卡纳区(意大利行政区名) and the

36、 Islands. Italy also has excellent beers and a great variety of effervescent (adj.冒泡的) mineral waters.Are you planning a trip to one of Italy's "natural" attractions?              Surprisingly, Italy can offer many protec

37、ted natural areas and national parks that are definitely worth a visit. Imagine peaceful lakes located high up in the mountains, or the prosperous marine life (adj. 海洋生物) along the coasts, with an opportunity to spot rare animals (稀有动物) that live freely in the undiscovered  regions; or imagine

38、a walk in one of the less renowned (adj. famous有名望的；著名的) rural villages located deep in the heart of the country, or within slightly populated islands.             The Italian physical environment (自然环境) offers the perfect settings for all

39、kinds of holidays, from tranquil (adj.安静的，宁静的) camp-site activity to the more challenging trekking (adj. 艰苦跋涉的) itineraries (n. route or journey旅程，路线). You will be able to discover by your own the many resources (n.资源) available in the different parks, or take advantage of guided tours to explore th

40、e most beautiful natural places accessible (adj.易接近的, 可到达的) in each region.Regional Specialties              Although everyone loves Italian food, figuring out what kind of meal to have and where to have can be difficult. Italian

41、cuisine varies from region (n. 地方，区域) to region but, in spite of regional differences, Italian food in general is often characterized (v. 以为特征,特征是) as being flexible (adj. 灵活的; 可塑造的) and innovative (adj.革新的，创新的), building itself on a model of theme (n. 主题) and variation (n. 变化，变更). Here is a selecti

42、on of the most well-known regional specialties (特色食品) that the tourist should taste:              bistecca alla Valdostana: a breaded cutlet fried then topped with fontina (n.意大利果仁味羊奶干酪) and ham;      

43、0;       carbonade: a stew (n. 炖肉) made of lean meat (瘦肉) cooked with minced onions and wine;           cheeses: the famous fontina, toma (熟奶酪) a ripe cheese, fromadzo and salignon (咸奶酪) a spicy robiola &#

44、160;          bagna cauda: a hot sauce made with oil, garlic (n. 大蒜) and anchovies (n.凤尾鱼) used for dipping with raw vegetables (新鲜蔬菜);           fonduta cheese with eggs and truffles 块菌(味鲜美, 调味用) agn

45、olotti (意大利肉饺) stuffed pasta           brasato al Barolo: braised beef (炖牛肉) with Barolo (巴罗洛葡萄酒意大利产的一种香醇浓烈的红酒) toffees (太妃糖), chocolates and marrons glaces (栗子糖)           risotto alla milanese:

46、 rice with saffron n. 干藏红花粉(用于食品上色和调味的)            minestrone: a substantial soup with stock and vegetables (加蔬菜,大麦,通心粉等煮成的)蔬菜通心粉汤           panettone: a cake with candied peel(加糖的水果或蔬菜的外皮) in it

47、          risi e bisi: soup with rice and peas          polenta: a corn meal dish (以玉米或大麦或栗粉等煮的粥)           zuppa di pesce: fish soup   

48、0;       scampi: prawns (挪威海蛰虾)           fegato alla veneziana: calf's liver (牛肝) with onions (葱)          trenette al pesto: flat pasta (意大利扁面条) with Genovese

49、sauce (热那亚香蒜酱), very aromatic (adj.芬芳的) with garlic (n. 大蒜) and basil (n. 罗勒；紫苏)           farinata: a thin layer of chick pea dough dressed with olive oil and cooked in a wood oven (一种用木制烤炉烤的薄饼，里面有鸡肉豌豆)       

50、   torta Pasqualina: a pie with a filling of spinach (菠菜), artichokes (n.朝鲜蓟，一种蔬菜) and cheese          tortellini: home-made pasta stuffed with ground meat (意大利饺子)         Once you have tried Ita

51、lian traditional home cooking known affectionately as Mama Mia (对妈妈的昵称)'s, you will be hooked for life. Shop till you drop! History at every corner, fashion fashion fashion and more fashion, then Italy is for you, as 007 has told you. He has such a soft spot for it in his heart for this wonderfu

52、l romantic country. "Bella Bella 'Chou!" It is a country where all your dreams will come true as you absorb (vt.吸收, 吸引) this very special country and its culture. 英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半

53、解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a frie

54、nd indeed. 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 15、A mother's love never changes. 母爱永恒。 16、An apple a

55、 day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。 18、A year's plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22、Care and diligence bring

56、 luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。 26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。 27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。 28、Don't put off till tom

57、orrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。 29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。 31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为

58、了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。 35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。 36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。37、Each coin has two sides. 38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 40、God helps those who help themselves.

59、自助者天助。41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。 42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。 43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。 47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）48、You never

60、 know till you have tried. 不尝试，不知晓。49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，使人健康、富裕和聪颖。52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set

61、 your mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。54、Where there's a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成。55、Practice makes perfect （熟能生巧。）56、Pride goes before a fall（骄傲必败。）Superstar and IIts common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors. However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart. He

62、 is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianistChopin. When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around. Whats more, I can feel his strong love for music. Rome wasnt built in one day. He achieved the great success through huge effort. I can learn from him tha

63、t we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and IHer name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder. She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart. Although shes not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me. The song I dreamed a dream that she sang touched

64、 everyones heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it. She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up. She is like a sunshine that gives me hope. Where there is a will, there is a way.英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little knowle

65、dge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 13、A good book is a good fr