高一英语重点语法总结

1、学习必备欢迎下载高一英语重点语法总结直接引语和间接引语1. 直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整；eg: he said :"i broke your cd player." 一般过去时改成过去完成时 he told me he had broken my cd player.jenny said, "i have lost a book."现在完成时改成过去完成时 jenny said she had lost a book. mum said,"i'll go to see a friend."一般将来时改成过去

2、将来时mum said she would go to see a friend.过去完成时保留原有的时态he said, "we hadn't finished our homework." he said they hadn't finished their homework.留意 直接引语是客观真理，过去进行时，时态不变；2 在直接引语变间接引语时，假如从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要依据主句中主语的人称变化；如：mary said, :"my brother is an engineer." mary sa

3、id her brother was and engineer.3 直接引语假如是反意疑问句，挑选疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句；如：he said,"can you run, mike."he asked mike whether/if he could run.4. 直接引语假如是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tellask, order, beg 等 + not to do sth." 句型； 如： "pass me the water, please."said he.he asked him

4、 to pass her the water.5. 直接引语假如是以"let's" 开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用 "suggest+动名词或从句 " 的结构；如：she said, "let's go to the cinema." she suggested going to the cinema.或she suggested that they should go to the cinema.现在进行时表将来的动作学习必备欢迎下载现在进行时表将来的动作，谓语通常为瞬时动词；如：come, go, arriv

5、e, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等；这些动词的进行时后不能再接详细的时间；（1）用现在进行时表示将来，指的是近期的，按方案或支配要发生的动作；（2）现在进行时表示将来与表示正在进行的动作的区分在于：前者通常用瞬时动词（有时一些常用动词也可以这样用如：do）如： go, come, start, return, get, arrive 等；而后者通常是连续性动词；he is reading a novel.他在看小说；the train is arriving soon.火车就要进站了；（3）用现在进行时表示将来的时间，在句中或上下文中通常有表示将

6、来时间的状语；（4）现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来动作的区分在于：前者表示的将来的动作往往是可以转变的， 而后者就是依据规定或时间表估计要发生的动作或事情，因此往往是不行转变或不行任凭转变的；what are you doing next friday.下星期五你们准备干什么？the plane takes off at 7 ：30 tonight.飞机今晚七点半起飞；限定性定语从句1、定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词；定语从句一般放在先行词的后面；引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which, who 宾格 whom,全部格 wh

7、ose和关系副词 where, when ，关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成份；the man who lives next to us sells vegetables. 住在我的隔壁的人是卖菜的；在该句中 the man 是先行词， who 是关系代词，引导定语从句who lives next to us.在定语从句中， who 作主语；2、由关系代词who, whom, which, that 引导的限定性定语从句；1假如先行词是人，就用关系代词who/that;假如先行词是物，就用关系代词which/that ； the number o

8、f people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250,000.无家可归的人多达25万；it sounded like a train that was going under my house.它听起来就像是在我的房子下行驶的一列火车；2）关系代词 who, whom, which, that既起联系作用，引导定语从句，使之同它句中的某个名词/代词发生关系，同时又充当定语从句的一个成份；（如作从句中的主语或宾语）；当它们在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略；学习必备欢迎下载the boywho/whom/thatwe saw yesterday was

9、 john's brother.我们昨天见到的那个男孩是约翰的兄弟；the car which/thatmy uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.我叔叔刚买的那辆汽车在地震上毁坏了；说明：关系代词 whom 用来指人，是宾格，常用在书面语中作定语从句的宾语；在口语和非正式文体中，常用 who/that来代替 whom或省略，如例句4；3）当关系代词that或 which 修饰事物，作介词宾语时，假如介词位于关系代词之前，就用which 不能省 而不用 that；the tool with which he is worki

10、ng is called a saw = the toolthat/whichhe is working with is called a saw.他干活的那个工具叫锯子（不说"with that" ）the factory in which his father used to work was closed last month = the factory that/which his father used to work in was closed last month.他父亲以前工作过的那家工厂上个月关闭了；说明：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面

11、；is this the watch which/thatyou are looking for.这是你正在找的那块手表吗？the babieswhom/thatthe nurses are looking after are very healthy.那些护士正在照料的宝宝们特别健康；定语从句（ the attributive clause ）1. 描述特定时间的特点- 由 when或介词 +which 引导定语从句：this was the moment when / at which spielberg's career really took off.2. 描述特定地点的特点-

12、 由 where或介词 +which 引导定语从句：chuck survives the air crash and lands on a deserted island where / on which there are no people.3. 描述特定缘由或理由的内容- 由why 或介词 +which 引导定语从句:the reason why / for which steven spielberg could not go to the film academy was that his grades were too low.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区分定语从句分限制性

13、定语从句和非限制性定语从句，归纳起来，二者有以下几点不同：一、作用不同限制性定语从句与先行词的关系特别亲密，是先行词不行缺少的定语，它所修饰的词代 表一个（些）或一类特定的人或物假如删去，全句的意思就会变得不明确；而非限制性定语从句在意义上是先行词的一个附加修饰语，对先行词只起进一步补充说明的作用；如把它去掉，全句意思仍旧清晰；例如：the girl who stood in the corner just now is my younger sister刚才站在角落里的那个姑娘是我的妹妹；mary smith， who is in the corner， wants to meet you玛

14、丽 ·史密斯在那个角落里，她想见你；学习必备欢迎下载第一个例句中的定语从句指明作为主语的“姑娘 ”不是任何一个，而是在角落的那个；如 果去掉定语从句，表达的意思就不明确；其次个例句已经说明主语是谁，定语从句只不过是补充说明一点情形而已；如去掉从句，句子意思仍旧完整；二、形式不同非限制性定语从句与先行词之间通常有逗号而限制性定语从句与先行词之间就无逗号；例如：he s the man who lives next door他就是住在隔壁的那个人；（从句不行少，从句前无逗号；）his wife ，whom you met at my house， is a teacher 他的妻子是一位

15、老师，你在我家曾见过她；（从句可有可无，从句前有逗号；）三、含义不同限制性定语从句有涉他性；非限制性定语从句有唯独性；例如：in the class there are ten students who speak english very well 这个班上有十名英语说得好的同学；（示意班上不只是十个同学；）in the class there are ten students， who speak english very well 这个班上有十名同学，他们英语说得很好；（非限制性定语从句，说明班上只有十个同学；）四、 译法不同在把限制性定语从句译成汉语时，通常在从句的末尾加.°

16、的.±字，放在它所修饰名词的 前边；而在把非限制性定语从句译成汉语时，一般译成一个单独的句子；请看下面例句：the film that we saw yesterday was very interesting 我们昨天看的电影特别好玩；beijing ， which is the capital of china ， is a very beautiful city 北京是中国的首都，它是一座特别漂亮的城市；被动语态结构 :1.行为动词的被动语态: 助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词. be有人称 .时态 .数的变化 ,其变化规章与 be作为连系动词时完全一样. 一般现在时am/

17、is/are+及物动词的过去分词一般过去时was/were +及物动词的过去分词一般将来时will +be + 及物动词的过去分词现在完成时have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词 2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词否定式 :是在助动词be 或情态动词后加not构成疑问式 :是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成.被动语态主要的用法 1）我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁（这时都不带由 by引起的短语） ； the book is written for teachers.这种书是为老师写的； 2）动作的承担者是谈话的中心（这时可带有b

18、y引起的短语） ；the shop is run by a young man. 这家商店是由一个年轻人经营的；学习必备欢迎下载3）出于礼貌措辞等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁；it is generally considered not advisable to smoke here. 一般认为在这儿吸烟是不妥当的；4）被动结构能使句子得到更好的支配；liu dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 刘德华在台上显现， 观众赐予了热闹的掌声；5）在汉语中被动结构的句子是许多的，有些带有.°被.±、 .°受.±、.°由.±等词，译成英语时较易想到用被动结构；ù他被选为我班班长；he was elected monitor of our class.但在更多情形下却不带这类标记，这种情形值得特殊留意； 运动会什么时候开？when will the sports meet be held.注