英语语法教案.宪宗

1、高中英语语法教案整理 中小学英语 名词(一)概述名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词,可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：学英语 ，请看生活英语简易读物，长知识，学英语人的名字 Li Ming, Tom资料：世界著名大学(Universities & Colleges)大全地方名称 China, London资料：世界学校(K12 Schools)大全职业称呼 teacher, doctor少女护肤(Skin Care) 网上最好的几篇文章，白皙清纯，青春无限物品名称 pencil, dictionary行为名称 study, inv

2、ention抽象概念 history, grammar(二)普通名词和专有名词1普通名词凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词,都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型：1)个体名词个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物,例如：He has two aunts.1 / 77他有两个姑姑。Most classrooms have computers.多数教室里都有电脑。也可指抽象东西,例如：Weve lived here for twenty years.我们在这里住了二十年了。I had a dream last night我昨晚做

3、了一个梦。个体名词有复数形式,如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用,如：a week, a problem, an old man.2)集体名词集体名词表示由个体组成的集体,下面是一些常见的集体名词：family(家,家庭) army(军队) company(公司；全体船员) enemy(敌人) government(政府)group(小组,团体) public(公众) team(队；组) police(警方)作单数看待 作复数看待His family isn't large.他家人不多。The government is planning to build

4、a dam here.政府打算在这里建一座水坝。The public was unlikely to support it.公众支持它的可能性不大。 His family are all music lovers.他家的人都喜欢音乐。The government are discussing the plan.政府在讨论这个计划。The public were deceived by the newspaper.公众受到报纸的蒙骗。集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待。一般说来,视为整体时作单数看待,想到它的成员时作复数看待：例如：有的集体名词通常用作单数,例如：Our company is

5、 sending him to work in Berlin.我们公司将派他去柏林工作。有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如：The police are looking for him.警察正在找他。3)物质名词物质名词指无法分为个体的东西,我们学过的常见的物质名词有：beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, w

6、ine, wood, wool等。一般说来,物质名词是不可数折,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：a有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”,“一杯”：Tree beers, please.请来三杯啤酒。A chocolate ice-cream for me.给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。b有此物质名词可作可数名词,表示“一种”：It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.这是一种特别的茶,有桔子花叶。It was a delicious wine.那是一种美味的红酒。c个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义：It was now th

7、e time of the spring rains.现在是春天雨季的时候。Here are the snows of last year.这是去看的积雪。d抽象名词抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念,一般不可数,因此没有复形,前面也一般不加不定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有：age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, s

8、afety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。在多数情况下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词。例如：safety first!安全第一!Its wonderful weather.天气好极了。但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an.例如：I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.我永远不会忘记那个湖的美丽。Theres a beauty in simplicity.朴实之中有一种美。2专有名词

9、专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如：1)人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua2)地名：Beijing, West Lake3)某类人的名称：Americans, Russians4)某些抽象事物的名称：English, Chinese5)月份、周日及节日名称：May, Saturday, Easter6)书名、电影及诗歌的名称：Cone with the Wind7)对家人等的称呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom专有名词的第一个字母要大写。(三)可数名词和不可数名词名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式,不可数名

10、词一般没有复数形式。单数 复数a countrya classa sheepa tomato countriesclassessheeptomatoes普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的,所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词a或an连用,复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的,这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰,也不存在复数形式,如ice (冰),water (水), rice (稻子)等。在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词,又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同,它们的意思往往也不大相同,对这些名词要特别

11、注意。例如作不可数名词 作可数名词glass 玻璃paper 纸张time 时间work 消息 玻璃杯；镜子；眼镜报纸；文件；考卷次数；时代单词；话语一般说来,汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词,而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词,对这些名词也要特别注意,发如：fun ,work ,advice ,weather ,homework ,news ,money ,information ,bread ,hair ),chalk ,furniture 等。(四)可数名词复数形式的构成可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es,现将其复数的一

12、般构成方法及读音列表如下：情况 构成方法 例词 读音一般情况 在词尾加-s deskdesksmapmaps -s在请辅音后发s音daydaysgirlgirls -s在元音私浊畏音后发z以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词 在词尾加-es bus busesboxboxeswatchwatchesfishfishes es发iz音以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为I再加-es familyfamiliesfactoryfactoriespartyparties -ies发iz音以元音字母y结尾的词 在词尾加-s daydaysboyboyskeykeys -s发z音以f或fe 结尾的词 变f或fe

13、为v再加-es knifekniveslifeliveswifewiveshalfhalves -ves发vz音以辅音字母加o结尾的词 在词尾加-es potatopotatoestomatotomatoesheroheroes -es发z音以元音字母加o结尾的词 在词尾加-s radioradioszoozoos -s发z音少数以辅音字母加o结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。如：photophotos, pianopianos 等。有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如：handkerchiefhandkerchiefs, roofroofs等。英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的,必须把

14、它们牢记在心。如：manmen, womanwomen, FrenchmanFrenchmen, childchildren, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice, sheepsheep, deerdeer, fishfish等。(五)名词的所有格在英语中,有些名词的词尾 可以加上s,用来表示所有关系,这种结构称为名词的所有格。1名词所有格的构成名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况：1)如果名词是单数,只在词尾加s。例如：the boys schoolbag 这男孩的书包the workers shoes 这个二人的鞋2)复数名词如果以s结尾,

15、只加(在s的右上角)即可如：the teachers office 老师们的办公室the students classroom 学生们的教室3)复数名词如果不以s结尾,则在词尾加s如：Womens Day 妇女节the Peoples Park 人民公园2名词所有格的用法名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法：1)表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。例如：He is Marys younger brother.他是玛丽的弟弟。They are reading Lei Fengs Diaries.他们在读雷锋的日记。2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。例如：Our sch

16、ool is half an hours walk from here.我们学校离这儿步行有半小时的距离。Beijing is Chinas capital.北京是中国的首都。3)表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系,一般使用与of构成的短语结构。例如：The front door of the house was painted red.那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom.我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。4)名词所有格后面跟地点,往往要将地点名词省略。例如：My sister of

17、ten goes to my uncles.我的妹妹经常到我叔叔家去。You look ill. Youd better go to the doctors.你脸色不好,最好去看看病。5)被名词所有格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提出到过,一般可以省略。例如：I am using my dictionary. You can use Toms.我们字典我正在用,你可以用汤姆的。Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dicks.我们的寝室比约翰私迪克的大得多,(六)可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达1两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some, any, plent

18、y of, a lot of, lots of等。例如：Please give me some paper.请给我一些纸。I dont want to borrow any magazines.我不想借什么杂志。2用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。例如：You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition.你的俄文中有很多拼写错误。Several days later, a group of stud

19、ents went to help the old man.几天以后,一群学生去帮助了那位老人。3用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a little, little,等。例如：I want a piece of red chalk.我想要一支红粉笔。Please give her a bit of bread.请给她一点面包。(七)名词的用法1作主语例如：The radio says that it may stop raining later.广播说一会儿雨可能会停。2作表

20、语例如：Class 3 were the winners.三班获胜了。3作宾语例如：I told him a story.我给他讲了个故事。4作宾语补足语例如：He named her Jenny.他给她取名詹妮。5作定语例如：We are discussing the population problem.我们正在讨论人口问题。6作状语例如：He sat here a long time.他坐在这儿很久了。7与介词组成词组例如：I am working hard on my Chinese.我正在努力学习汉语。8作介词宾语例如：Give the money to your sister.把钱

21、给你姐姐。三、随堂监测A组I. 写出下列名词的复数形式：1. house _ 2. village _ 3. map _4. orange _ 5. bag _ 6. exercise _7. brush _ 8. family _ 9. bus _10. city _ 11. box _ 12. baby _13. class _ 14. factory _ 15. glass _16. dictionary _ 17. watch _ 18. woman _19. match _ 20. man _ 21. wish _22. German _ 23. tomato _ 24. polic

22、eman _25. kilo _ 26. human _ 27. potato _28. Chinese _ 29. shelf _ 30. Japanese _31. leaf _ 32. American _33. life _34. tooth _ 35. wife _ 36. foot _37. knife _ 38. sheep _ 39. half _40. child _II. 将下列词组译成英语：1、一群孩子 2、两箱子苹果3、三篮子蔬菜 4、九块面包5、十杯牛奶 6、五块肉7、多种植物 8、一副眼镜9、两块冰 10、三张纸11、四瓶橘汁 12、五杯茶13、六碗米饭 14、七袋

23、米15、八块木头 16、九块金属III. 写出下列各词的名词形式：1. work _ 2. teach _ 3. sing _ 4. ill _5. fight _ 6. invent _ 7. wait _ 8. woolen _9. win _ 10. thankful _ 11. foreign _ 12. cloudy _13. run _ 14. dirty _ 15. visit _ 16. funny _17. wooden _ 18. medical _ 19. operate _ 20. hot _21. invite _22. worried _ 23. build _ 2

24、4. please _25. help _ 26. safe _ 27. die _ 28. dangerous _29. draw _ 30. noisy _四、随堂监测B组. 选择填空：1. I want to buy _.A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of ink C. two bottle of inks D. two bottles of inks2. They dont have to do _ today.A. much homework B. many homeworks C. many homework D. much homewor

25、ks3. The _ of machine made us feel sick.A. voice B. noise C. sound D. noises4. The blouse is made of _.A. a wool B. these wood C. wools D. wool5. There are three _ and seven _ in the picture.A. cows, sheeps B. cows, sheep C. cow, sheep D. cow, sheeps6. June 1 is _.A. childrens day B. childrens Day C

26、. Childrens Day D. Childrens day7. _ room is next to their parents.A. Kates and Joans B. Kates and Joan C. Kate and Joans D. Kate and Joan8. Miss Green is a friend of _.A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. Mary mothers D. mothers of Mary9. Tom is _. He will come to see me.A. my a friend B. a friend C

27、. mine friend D. a friend of mine10. Sheep _ white and milk _ also white.A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are11. Id like to have a glass of milk and _.A. two breads B. two pieces of breadsC. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread12. Its a long _ to Paris. Its two thousand kilometers.A. str

28、eet B. road C. way D. end13. Many _ are singing over there.A. woman B. women C. girl D. child14. He bought _.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoesC. two pairs of shoe D. two pair of shoe15. Mr. White has three _.A. child B. children C. childs D. childrens16. Beijing is one of the biggest _ in t

29、he world.A. citys B. city C. cityes D. cities17. - Wheres Mr. White? - Hes in _.A. the room 202 B. Room 202 C. the Room 202 D. room 20218. Shops, hospitals and schools are all _.A. places B. homes C. rooms D. buildings19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _ to his office.A. 20 minutes walks B. 20 minu

30、tes walk C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk20. -Are these _? - No, they arent. Theyre _.A. sheep, cows B. sheep, cow C. sheeps, cow D. sheeps, cows21. There are many _ in the fridge.A. fish B. fruit C. eggs D. bread22. - Whose room is this? - Its _.A. Li Ming B. Li Mings C. Li Mings D. Li Mings23.

31、 Here are _ for you, Sue.A. potatos B. some potatoes C. three tomatos D. some tomato24. Here are some birthday cards with our best _ for her.A. wish B. hope C. wishes D. hopes25. I always go to that _ to buy food on Sunday.A. shop B. park C. zoo D. garden26. Whats the Chinese for “ PRC”?A. 中国人民解放军 B

32、. 中华人民共和国 C. 联合国 D. 中国共产党27. Sam gave Ann some _ to look after Polly while he was away.A. picture-books B. inventions C. instructions D. messages28. - Which of the following animals lives only in China? - The _.A. monkey B. elephant C. panda D. cat29. _ room is on the 5th floor.A. Lucy and Lily B. L

33、ucy and Lilys C. Lucys and Lily D. Lucys and Lilys30. The third month of the year is _.A. March B. January C. February D. April31. Mum, Im quite thirsty. Please give me _.A. two orange B. two bottle of orangesC. two bottles of orange D. two bottles of oranges32. How wonderful! The _ is made of _.A.

34、house, glass B. house, glasses C. houses, glass D. houses, glasses33. I met some _ in the park and talked with them the other day.A. Janpaneses B. American C. Chineses D. English34. _ is the best time for planting trees.A. Summer B. Winter C. Spring D. Autumn35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. They

35、 carried him to the _ as quickly as possible.A. bank B. post office C. shop D. hospital36. There are two _ in the room.A. shelf B. shelfs C. shelfes D. shelves37. There are seven _ in a week.A. years B. months C. days D. minutes38. My father is a _. He works in a hospital.A. teacher B. doctor C. far

36、mer D. writer39. Its very cold today. Why dont you put on your _?A. watch B. shirt C. sweater D. glasses40. - Excuse me, are you _? - Yes, Im from _.A. Japan, Japanese B. China, Chinese C. England, English D. American, AmericaV. 各地中考题选编：1. - Where is Tom? - Hes left a _ saying that he has something

37、important to do.A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. news2. There is no _ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms D. seats3. - Would you like some _? - Oh, yes. Just a little.A. pears B. oranges C. sugar D. apples4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _. KEEP I

38、N A COLD PLACEA. food B. money C. clothes D. books5. Mr. Green has lived in the _ hotel since he came to China.A. five-star B. five-stars C. five stars D. five stars6. She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second _.A. home B. family C. house D. place7. - Whats the _ today? - Its June 26.

39、A. day B. date C. time D. hour8. English is spoken as a first language in _.A. the USA B. India C. Japan D. China9. _ comes from cows.A. Wool B. Chicken C. Pork D. Milk10. Which of the following does paper burn in?A. B. C. D.11. Let the children go away. Theyre making too much _ here.A. noise B. voi

40、ce C. noisy D. sounds12. _ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk13. - Oh, there isnt enough _ for us in the lift.- It doesnt matter, lets wait for the next.A. ground B. floor C. place D. room14. _ is the biggest city in China.A. Beijing B. Shanghai C. Guan

41、gzhou D. Kunming15. The Englishman Stephenson (史蒂芬孙), invented _.A. the ship B. the car C. the plane D. the train冠词重点知识归纳及讲解(一)概说1冠词是一种虚词,不能独立担任一个成分,只能附着在一个名词上,帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词：1)定冠词the2)不定冠词a/an定冠词the通常读作,在元音前读作i,特别强调或单念时读作i:。不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用an这个形式,读作n；在其他情况下则使用a,读作。2冠词的基本意义不定冠词a/an与数词one同源,表示“一个”的

42、意思,用在可数名词单数前。例如：She is a nurse.她是个护士。He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife.他是一位英国人,有一个爱尔兰妻子。定冠词the,与this同源,有“这(那)个”的意思,但比较弱,表示一(几)个特定的人或东西,有时可译作“这个(些)”或“那个(些)”。例如：Thats the book you want.这就是你要的那本书。Whos the young man over there?那边那个年轻人是谁？但在很多情况下,“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。例如：Put it on the table.把它放在桌上。Shut

43、 the door, please.请把门关上。3特指和泛指一般来说,名词有特指和泛指两种情况,请比较下面的句子：A gentleman is asking to see you.有位先生要求见你。(泛指)Ask the gentleman to come in.请那位先生进来。(特指)在特指时一般前面要加定冠词,而泛指时则有三种情况：1)在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。例如：She sent me a postcard她寄给我一张明信片。2)在可数名词复数前可不加冠词,可使用some, any这类词。例如：These are new words.这些是生词。She sent me some fl

44、owers.她送给我一些花。3)在不可数名词前多不加什么,有时也可加some, any等。例如：Its lovely weather.天气真好。Do you want any sugar in your tea?你茶里要放点糖吗？Give us some help.给我们一些帮助。(二)不定冠词的基本用法1泛指某一类人或事物中的一个,代表某一类别(不一定译为“一”)例如：His father is a doctor.他父亲是医生。2代表某一类人或事物,相当于any(+名词)(不必译为“一”,但必须用a,表示类别)例如：A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。3指某

45、人或某物(不是指某一类),但不具体说明何人或何物(一般译为“一”)例如：This book was written by a worker.这本书是一位工人写的。4表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈(一般译为“一”)例如：Wait a moment.等一下。5表示单位,相当于“每”的意思例如：We have three meals a day.我们每日吃三餐。6用于某此固定词组中例如：a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。(三)定冠词的基本用法1特指某(些)人或某(些)事物例如：Give me the book.把那本书给我。2指谈话双方

46、都知道的人或事物例如：Where is the doctor?医生在哪儿？3再次提到上文提到过的人或事物例如：I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.昨天我买了一本词典。词典在家里。4用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物例如：The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.地球比月亮大,但比太阳小。5用在序数词和形容词最高级前例如：Mr Wang teaches the first class.王先生上第一节课。Of all the stars

47、 the sun is the nearest to the earth.在所有的恒星中,太阳离地球最近。6用在单数可数名词,表示某一类人或事物例如：The horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。7与下列专有名词连用1)在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前例如：the Changjiang River, the Great Lake2)在姓氏的复数名词前,表示夫妇二人或全家人例如：The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。8和某些形容词连用,表示一类人例如：the old 老人 the y

48、oung 年轻人the rich 富人 the poor 穷人the sick 病人 the dead 死人9在一些习惯说法中the east (west, south, north)in the morning (afternoon, evening)on the left (right)in the endgo to the cinema(四)不用冠词的几种情况1在专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前例如：Have you ever been to Shanghai?你到过上海吗？We love science.我们爱好科学。2在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前例如：Girls can be sci

49、entists.女孩子可以当科学家。3在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前例如：It is hot in summer.夏天天气热。Its Tuesday, August the 22nd.今天是八月二十二日,星期三。Have you had breakfast?你吃过早饭没有？4称呼语或表示头衔,职务的名词前例如：Whats the matter with you, Mike?怎么啦,迈克？He is headmaster of our school.他是我们学校的校长。5学科和球类运动的名称前例如：We study English.我们学习英语。Do you like to play fo

50、otball?你喜欢踢足球吗？6名词前已有用作定语的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时,不用冠词例如：That is her bike.那是她的自行车。Each student in his class studies hard.这个班的每个学生都努力学习。7在某些固定词组的名词前例如：at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。三、随堂监测A组I. 在下列句子的空格

51、中填上适当的冠词,不需要的地方用“/”表示：1. This is _ old map. It is _ useful map.2. We have no classes in _ afternoon on _ Saturday.3. _ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _second.4. Beijing is _ capital of _ China. It is _ beautiful city.5. Roman was not built in _ day.6. Chinese is quite _ difficult language for Mike.7. Many _ students will take _ active part in sports meet.8. There is _ interesting picture on _ wall.9. Jenny found _ wallet lying on _ground. _ wallet was Mr. Blacks.10. Which is _ biggest, _ sun, _ moon, or _ earth?11. - Which picture is