汉英篇章对比

1、汉英篇章对比信息结构信息结构指称衔接指称衔接结构衔接结构衔接词汇衔接词汇衔接 信息结构 （Information structure) Information structure) 句子信息结构句子信息结构l词语词语leg: cold weatherl句子句子leg:The weather is so cold that we have worn coat.主位（主位（theme)述位述位 (rheme)主题（主题（topic）述题（述题（comment）汉语：主题显著，强调意义和汉语：主题显著，强调意义和功能功能英语：主语显著，重形式和功英语：主语显著，重形式和功能能衔接手段cohesive

2、 devicescohesive devicesI. 指称衔接（照应）referential cohesionII. 结构衔接 structural cohesionIII. 词汇衔接 lexical cohesion IV. 语音衔接 phonetic cohesionI.I. 指称衔接按指称范围分：1. 外指 exophoric 2. 内指 endophoric 1)回指anaphoric 2)下指cataphoric 张明是我的朋友。(外指，张明存在于客观世界之中)张明是我的一个朋友。他是西安人。（内指，“他”回指“张明”）他在那边！张明。（内指，“他”下指“张明”）按指称手段分：1.

3、人称照应2. 指示照应3. 比较照应人称照应人称照应是通过人称代词(如 they, she, him 等）、所属限定词（如his, your, its 等）,和所属代词（hers, theirs， mine 等）来实现。英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率大大高于汉语。指示照应指示照应指说话人通过指明事物在时间和空间上的远近(proximity)来确定所指对象。“汉语的这和那以及英语中的this和that 都常用于指示照应，在语义上基本相同，但指称功能却大不一样。汉语的这往往起一种化远为近的作用，使用频率也高于那。而在英语中却恰恰相反。”比较照应比较照应指通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式以及其它

4、一些有比较意义的词语（如same, so, as, such, differently, other, otherwise 等）表示的照应关系。Tom gets ten dollars a week for pocket money, and Bob receives a similar amount. 零式指称（zero anaphora) zero anaphora) 零式指称的基本概念是在语篇中本该出现的指称词被省略了汉语使用零式指称远比英语多一路上吃了半斤炒栗子，睡了一会儿觉，就到了北京。We ate half a jin of roast chestnuts, had a nap a

5、nd soon arrived in Beijing. 1 1. . 语境意识还是从火车上说起吧！ 大约在我四岁多的时候，我坐过火车。当时带我坐火车的人，是我的舅舅，叫张全斌。Lets begin with the train. Lets start from the train. Lets begin from the time when I was on the train. 应该译为：Let me begin with my trip on the train. 2.2.文化意识我现在对我原来的父母还有个模糊不清的印象关于我个人的历史情况，我就知道这一些，再多一点都记不起来了。(My p

6、arents ) (This is what I know about my childhood and beyond that I do not remember much else.)结构衔接 定义：指信息结构之间的衔接 方法：替代、省略、对偶、排比、反复等修辞格实现。 我仍旧站在那棵柿子树下，望着树梢上那个孤零零的小火柿子。它那红得透亮的色泽,依然给人一种喜盈盈的感觉。可是我却哭了。哭那陌生的，但却疼爱我的卖灶糖的老汉。 替代（substitution)名词替代、动词替代和句子替代1.May I have a look at that scarf? Yes.Which one? The

7、red one or the black one?2.Whod like to play basketball with us? No, I wont.3.Theyve always made a mess of the room. Why have you, too?省略（ellipsis)省略已知信息，突出新信息Have you made your mind to work in Tibet after graduation? Sure!(Ive made my mind to work in Tibet after graduation?）对偶（antithesis)语法结构相似，字数基

8、本相等表达两个相反、相对或相似的意思 Marriage is easy,housekeeping is hard.排比（parallelism)排比次序一般由轻到重，由低潮到高潮。 Large shopping centers provide not only pleasant environment, abundant goods but also excellent services. 顶针（anadiplosis)上递下接，前一句的末尾作为下一句的开头回环（palindrome)也是一种重复，是以相反的顺序重复前面出现的词语Its better to make friends fast

9、than to make fast friends.Better to know everything of something than something of eyerything.渐进（climax)We want peace, we want freedom, we want a better life.三 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion)lexical cohesion)指篇章中的词汇之间存在着的语义上的联系。 重复（repetition) 同义词 近义词 衔接 搭配 （collocation)Masks, applied to the two roles of th

10、e “jing” or “male character(花脸）” and the “chou” or “clow（丑角）”, serve two purposes. One is to indicate the identity and character of the role. For example, a “red face” means the person is loyal and brave; a “black face” signifies the person is straightforward; and a “white face” identifies the person as crafty and evil. The other purpose is to express peoples appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, or ridiculous.(京剧）脸谱主