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1、名词性从句知识要点:1、熟悉并掌握各个连接词、关系代词和连接副词的用法。2、熟悉并掌握复合句即名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句),定语从句和状语从句。什么叫复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体,从句是全句的一个成分,不能独立。从句通常是用关联词来引导的。在这里关联词还起联系从句和主句的作用。主从复合句一、从句的种类:主语从句(Subject Clauses)1、名词性从句表语从句(Predicative Clauses)Noun Clauses宾语从句(Object Clauses)同位语从句(Appositive Claus
2、es)二、名词性从句的连接词 单纯连词 that, if, whether连接代词who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever 连接副词 when, where, how, why 1. 单纯连词在从句中不补充当任何成分,只起到连接从句的功能。That 没有实际意义,而Whether/ if 在句子中表示“是否” 的意义。Eg : That the prices of rice will go up is certain. (that引导主语从句,补充当任何成分) He asked if I could come to
3、see him this weekend.注意只用Whether 不用 if 的情况:Whether 引导主语从句位于句首时,表语从句及同位语从句时Eg: Whether he can come to the party on time depends on the traffic.Whether 从句作介词宾语时Eg: I am thinking about whether he likes me.后紧跟不定式时Eg: I do nor know whether or not to tell her the news.位于discuss 后引导宾语从句时Eg: they are discus
4、sing whether we can have a rest this weekend.1、主语从句:种类关联词例 句说 明连that That he will come and help you is certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 that在句首不可省去词whether Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。主语连接代词whowhatwhichwhatever What he wants to tell us is
5、not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 主语从句放在句首,句子常显得笨重,因此一般从句连接副词whenwherewhyhow It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。把它移到句子后面,前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。(2)形式
6、主语it 代替主语从句位于句首时,常见的几种情况: (1)It + adj +that 从句(大多数情况下that从句后用should+动词原形) Adj: necessary right clear unlikely strange obvious natural important Eg: It is necessary to learn English well.(2) It +系动词+名词+that 从句 Non: a pity an honor good news a wonder a fact no wonder no surpeiseEg: It is a fact that y
7、ou are a good boy.(3) It +be + 过去分词+that从句 过去分词:said / heard/ reported/ told/ decided/suggested/thought/considered/ hoped/ announcedEg: It is announced that the plan has been canceled.注意:It + be+ suggested/ advised/ ordered/ requested/ insisted/ demand+ that从句, that从句要用should +动词原形,should可以省略。Eg: It
8、 is suggested that you (should ) spend more time in studying English .d但当suggest表示“表明”时,不可以用虚拟语气Eg: It suggests that you are an honest boy.Insist 表示“坚持某种说法(事情已经发生过了)”,不用虚拟语气。 表示“坚持要做(事情没有发生)”,要用虚拟语气。Eg: she insisted that I have never done such thing . She insisted that I study abroad. (4) It +动词(+宾语
9、或状语)+that 从句动词如: appear(显得)/ happen(碰巧)/ matter(重要)/ occur(出现)/ turn out(结果是)Eg: It happened to me that I was away when he came.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况: (1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2)It is said /reported结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: 正确表达:It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达:That President J
10、iang will visit our school next week is said. (3)It happens/occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: 正确表达:It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达:That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (4)It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 例如: 正确表达:It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误
11、表达:Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. 5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如: 正确表达:Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 错误表达:Is that will rain in the evening likely? 2、宾语从句:种类关联词例 句说 明宾语从句陈述意义that I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。We must never think(that) we are good in everything while
12、 others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。疑问意义ifwhether I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I dont know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。 He doe
13、snt care if it isnt a fine day. 他不在乎天气是否好。 whether常与or not连用,不能用if代替。 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。从句是否定句时一般用if引导。特殊疑问意义who, whom,which,whose,what, when,where, why,how,whoever,whatever, whichever Please tell me what you want. 请告诉我你需要什么? She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give
14、 whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。2. 宾语从句可以分为三类(1).动词的宾语从句1.1 大多数位于动词后面Eg:I hope you can join us in the game.1.2 有些是“动词+副词”后 Find out / point out / figure out / turn out/ figure outEg; Can you figure out what the poet really means in this poem?1.3 有些动词短语后面 M
15、ake sure / make up ones mind / keep in mindEg; we should keep in mind that sports can be a great boost to our health.(2) it 作形式宾语代替宾语从句 第一类动词; find/ feel/ think/ consider/ make / believe/ guess/ suppose /assume等后面有宾语不足语时,需要用it 作形式宾语而将that引导的真正的宾语从句后置。 Eg; I think it necessary that we do some sportin
16、g. 第二类动词 带宾语从句时需要在从句前面加it。这类词:hate / like/ dislike/ appreciate/ depend on/ see to / Eg: I hate it when they talk without considering others feeling.但是如果宾语从句是WH-类引导的,其后面有to be 短语作宾语补足语,不可以用it 代替。We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. (right)We all consider it to be unbelievable what you sa
17、id .(wrong)(3) 形容词后的宾语从句 Adj: sure / certain/ glad/ pleased/ happy / afraid / sorry 等等。Eg; I am not sure whether you will come or not. 3. 宾语从句的语序问题(1).要把疑问语气改为陈述语气 Eg; I could not understand why you refused this good opportunity. (2) 宾语从句引导词that 的省略问题 That在一般情况下可以省略,但在一下情况下不可以省略。a. 一个动词带有两个或多个并列的宾语从
18、句,第一个that可以省略,第二个和以后的都不可以省略。Eg; Our parents tell us that we should be honest and that we need learn how to share our feelings with others and that we must know how to learn from others. b. 宾语从句是双宾语中的直接引语Eg; lily told me that she would not come to school tomorrow.c. 有it 作形式宾语Eg; we all consider it im
19、portant that children need enough sleep.(3)宾语从句的否定转移 条件:1 主语是第一人称 2 谓语动词是think/ believe / suppose/ imagine/ guess / expect意义:“主句否定形式,从句否定意义”Eg: I dont believe that you are a good guy.(4)宾语从句的时态 宾语从句的谓语动词时态通常受到主句时态的影响1.(主现,从不变)主句为一般现在时态,宾语从句根据需要选择时态。Eg I know that you did not finish your homework yes
20、terday. 2.(主过,从过)主句为一般过去时态,宾语从句选择与过去有关的时态。Eg; he told me that he had been to America . 3.(主过,从真理现)主句为一般过去时态,宾语从句如果是客观事实和永久不变的真理,用一般现在时态。Eg; My mother once told me that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (5)运用虚拟语气的情况 建议 suggest 、advise、propose; 要求demand 、desire、request; 决定 decide; 命令 ord
21、er、command、require; 坚决主张 insist;等动词后跟宾语从句,用(should)+v.(虚拟语气)3、表语从句:种类关联词例 句说 明表连词thatwhetheras if The problem is(that) they cant get here early enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 It looks as if its going to rain. 看起来天要下雨。 在非正式的文体中that可以省去。语从连接代词whowhatwhich Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 The question is who(w
22、hich of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁(你们哪一位)接着发言。 表语从句位于主句系动词之后句连接副词whenwherewhyhow This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 表语从句需要注意的问题1. 当主语为reason 时,表语从句的连接词要用that,不用because,构成句型“the reason (why) is that.”Eg : The reason why you di
23、d not join us seems unbelievable.2. A is to B what C is to D. English is to me what fish is to water.3 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示,should可省略。如: My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发4.
24、系动词分类:一、根据系动词后所跟结构,我们可以把英语系动词分为两大类:完全系动词(其后只能跟表语的动词,如be, seem)和半系动词(其后既可跟表语作系动词用法,也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用,如look) 例如:1) He looked sadly at the boy.(“看着”,实义动词用法) He looks a clever boy .(“看起来”,系动词用法)
25、; 2) He looks at a clever boy.(“看着”,实义动词用法)在英语中,某一动词是多义词,既有实义动词用法,又有系动词用法。二、根据系动词的意义,我们把英语系动词分为四类:A五大感官系动词 B状态系动词C动态系动词 D双谓语系动词A五大感官系动词,描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来,都是半系动词。1look“看起来像是”,后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。 The girl bit her lips and looked thoughtful.这位女孩咬着嘴唇,看上去若
26、有所思。2smell“闻起来”,后接adj.分词。 The flowers smell sweet. 这些花气味真香。3sound“听起来”,后接adj.分词。 The music sounds sweet.这首诗听起来真悦耳。4taste“尝起来”,后接adj.分词。The apples taste very good. 这些苹果很好吃。5Feel “摸起来,给感觉”;“觉得”,后接adj./p.p. You will feel better after a nights sleep. 睡上一晚,你会觉得好些。B状态系动词:1be,“是”,属完全系动词。 I am a student. 我是
27、一个学生。2seem,“似乎,好像”,完全系动词。 They seem quite happy. 他们似乎很快乐。3appear,“显得,看起来好像”,半系动词。 It appeared(to be)a true story.看来这是一个真实的故事。4keep, “保持的状态”,半系动词,后接adj或介词短语。 Youd better go to bed and keep warm. 你最好躺在床上去暖和一下。5remain,“仍是”,半系动词。 I remained silent. 我仍然缄默。6stay“保持(某种状态)”,半系动词,后接adj.、过去分词。 The windo
28、w stayed open all the ve “证明是”,半系动词,后接adj.n. The treatment proved to be successful. 这种疗法证明是成功的。C动态系动词:都属于半系动词,描述状态变化过程。1get“变成,变得起来”,后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。 The days are getting longer and longer. 白天变得越来越长了。 2fall“进入(某种状态),成为”,后常接以下形容词:asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat. The old me
29、n, unable to express himself, fell silent. 那位老人说不清自己的意思,就不做声了。 My father fell ill and died. 我的父亲生病死了。3grow“渐渐变得起来,长得” Its growing warm. 天气渐渐暖和起来了。4turn“转变成(新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质),变质(色)”。 Maple trees turn red in autumn. 枫叶在秋天变红了。 It was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned f
30、ine. 今天早上是阴天,幸好已经转晴了。 5go,“变成(某种坏的状态)” The telephone has gone dead. 电话不通了。 The material has gone a funny colour. 这料子的颜色变得奇怪了。 go之后常接的adj. 还有:bad, blind, wild, wrong, sour, hard, hungry, mad, red, with, anger, white, pale, blue, grey. 6become“变成,成为(好坏均可的情况)”I became interested
31、in drawing. 我开始对素描感兴趣了。 He became angry with me. 他对我生气了。 They became good friends. 他们成了好朋友。 7come,“变成为(已知的状态),证实为”,后常接形容词或前缀un-的过去分词作表语,表示状态或情况的变化。His wish to become a pilot has come true. 他想当飞行员的愿望实现了。If you look into the matter, everything will come clear. 如果你调查一下这事,一切都会清楚。后面常接的形容词还有:apart,
32、dear(昂贵),natural, open, short, right(好了),unstuck(没有粘住),untied(松开)。 8run,“变成”,后接adj. The price ran high. 价格上升了。9make,“达到某种状态后接形容词,如sure, certain, merry, bold, free We must make certain of facts.我们一定要弄清事实。D双谓语系动词 此类系动词既有系动词的功能,后接表语,又保留原实义动词本身的含义。例如:The run rose red.太阳升起红艳艳。She stopped and stood q
33、uite still.她停下来然后一丝不动地站着。The snow lay thick on the ground. 雪厚厚地堆积在地上。He married young. 他结婚很早。Lei Feng died young.雷锋早逝。He continued silent.他继续沉默不语。4、同位语从句:种类关联词例 句说 明同位语从句 由连词that引导,不担任成分,也可有when, how, where等引导。 The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。 I ha
34、ve no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容,常用的名词如:fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, pr
35、oof, belief, story等。1定义:用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。 2.用法:同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等,关联词多用从属连词。如: They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
36、 注:同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如:I have no idea whether hell come or not.我不知道他是否来。 连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where,when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。 The question who should do the work requires conside
37、ration.谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。 We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。1 that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别? that引导的同位语从句 that引导的定语从句 句法功能上 that只起连接从句的作用,无意义。
38、60;在从句中不充当句子成分。 不可省。 that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用, 还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作 动词的宾语时可省略。 意义上 从句是被修饰名词的内容。 从句起限定作用,是定语 如: The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句,that不可省) 李先生将
39、是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。 The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句,that在从句中作的宾语,可省)他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。 2一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如: This is our only request that this (shoul
40、d) be settled as soon as possible.这就是我们唯一的请求:尽快解决这个问题。1.间隔同位语从句 同位语从句通常是跟在它解释或说明的名词后,但有些情况下,由于句子结构的原因,同位语从句不紧跟在名词后,而被其他的词隔开。 A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might
41、;use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday 简析:由于that从句太长,为避免句子失去平衡,此处用了间隔同位语从句 3.短语及固定句式后的同位语从句 I will come on condition that John
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