跨文化交际整理版

1、跨文化交际技巧参考答案定义题1、Intercultural communication跨文化交际 P3There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. H

2、owever, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other in other words,"intercultural communication."2、Individualist个人主义Individualist culture is one in whi

3、ch people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist.They view themselves asindependent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established wi

4、th others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.3、Collectivist集体主义Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units,

5、tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties impose

6、d by, those collectives; arewilling to give priorityto the goals of these collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.4、public behavior /private behaviorPublic behavior is the behavior in public settings, such as in work places, shops and

7、 so on. Private behavior is the behavior in private life, such as when you are at home or with your family and so on.Both individualist and collectivist cultures make a distinction between public life and private life. However, individualist Western cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm

8、 distinction between the public and private, and generally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other.In other words, Westerners tend to believe that having a personal relationship with someone should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situa

9、tions.5、Generalizations 文化的笼统性 P26It 's a neutral word which is a general conclusion drawing from particular examples or evidence.( In any culture group there will be many different beliefs represented, but most of the members of the group will tend in a certain direction. It is this "prepo

10、nderance of belief," not uniform acceptance of a given belief that gives a culture its nature and is the legitimate subject of generalization. People in the same culture share many things in common, such as shared knowledge, shared values, shared perspectives, shared beliefs, shared behavior.)6

11、、Stereotypes 老套思路 P26It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow.( A way of thinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, and does not ackn

12、owledge exception to its general rules or principles. These stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other, equally important aspects of a person's character or behavior. Stereotypes may have been created by direct experience with only o

13、ne or two people from a particular group. Others are probably based on the second-hand information and opinion, output from the mass media, and general habits of thinking; they mayeven have been formed without any direct experienee with individuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to ass

14、ume that stereotype is an accurate represe ntati on of all members of a specific group.)7、Hierarchy 不同的等级权利 P33Differe nt in rank and power-equalityEvery society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, somepeople have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stro

15、nger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position. On the other hand, however, most modern societies alsobelieve that equality is a virtue, at least to some extent. So each culture n eeds to find its own bala nee betwee n hierarchy andequality.1) Wester ners gen erally have less respect for se

16、ni ority age,positi on and so forth tha n would be the case in a collectivist culture.2) Wester n societies ofte n try to limit the power of gover nment officials.3) Wester ners tend to have a somewhat suspicious and eve n n egative view of power and authority.8、 Culture shock文化冲击 P369、Culture shock

17、 is a feeli ng of being con fused and overwhelmed bylife inanother culture. People who experienee culture shock oftenfeel fatigued,impatient and irritable.They may also begin tryingto avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in Chin

18、a sometimes experience culture shock and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries.9、 Projected cultural similarity P4810、Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assum

19、e that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same". People from different culture assume they understand each other instead of asking each other what they think. Because they each expect the other person t

20、o react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would.10、 loose culture and tight cultureLoose culture doesn' t demanda high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relative

21、ly wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior. They also tend to be relatively tolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms. And there is less pressure on individuals within the same culture tobehave the same way most other people in the culture do.Tight culture : e

22、xpect a relatively high degree of conformity.There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.Here is an example of how people deal with people who are born left-handed. In tight cultures, children who

23、 favor their left hand are encouraged or even forced to use their right hand instead, and the percentage of left-handed people in the adult population is much smaller.11、Ethnocentrism 民族优越感 P5912、"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one's own culture as being at the center of th

24、e world and identify with one's in -group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standards; in other words, to assume that one's own culture's wayof thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act, and

25、tend to view one's own cultural values and ways of doing things as more real, or as the right ' and natural valuesand ways of doing things.12、 In-groups and out-groups P70In-Groups: “In-groups ” are the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family

26、, classmates, or co-workers. Wealso have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation.In-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are concerned, with whom we are willing to cooperate without demanding equitable returns, and separatio

27、n from whomleads to discomfort or even pain. Out-groups: out groups are those groups of people who we do not identify with-people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Out-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are not concerned, and groups with whom we require an equi

28、table return in order to cooperate.13、war stories P80The term “war stories ” originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now“war stories ” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about

29、 unusual encounters with foreigners.14 low context/ high context1. Low context: the way westerners communicate tends to be relatively explicit and direct. In other words, Westerners tend to put most of their ideas and feelings into words, and then state their ideas and feelings plainly and openly. I

30、t's generally considered a good thing to get to the point and say what you mean, and it largely the speaker ' s responsibility to ensure that his/her massage is stated in a way that is clear and easy to understand.-low context, people are expected to pay more attention to the words used in c

31、ommunication than to context in which things are said. They expect others to take them at their words' -to believe that whatthey say is what they mean.2. High context: in collectivist cultures, people tend to communicate in a way that is more indirect and subtle, and listeners are expected to ta

32、ke more responsibility for inerpreting messages correctly. -High context, people are expected to pay much attention to the context in which communication takes place- who the speaker is, where and why the conversation is taking place, body language, and so forth-and when people interpret what others

33、 mean, they often give more weight to the context than to the actual words said. People in high context often view direct, explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude.问答题1、 Whywould interculturalcommunication be more difficult than thecommunication between people from the same culture?( W

34、hy is it hard to learn a foreign culture?)先定义 intercultural communication1) Some stumbling blocks2) Assuming more cultural similarities leads to misunderstanding3) Language difference4) Misinterpreting verbal communication and body language from other country5) Stereotype and preconceptions6) Evalua

35、te before really understanding7) Interact with foreigners stressfully and suffer from cultureshock8) Tend to generalize or simplify9) Tend to define groups by a few key characteristic10) Assume everyone is similar2、 What are some differences between an individualist culture anda collectivist one?Are

36、 all Westerners individual ? Are all Chinese collectivist?先定义 individualist 和 collectivist(1) Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel they ha

37、ve a right to expect help from other members of their groups(family, classmates, and so forth), and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups.(2) Westerners generallyfeel that the rights of individualsshould not be subordinated to the needs of a larger grou

38、p, or atleast that individuals should have to right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their benefit for the sake of the group.(3) Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have

39、 personally done.(4) A final difference lies in the way people in difference cultures view the idea of “ individualism ” . Westerners tend to view individualismas a good thing. In English,the word“ individualism ” has no negative connotation. In fact, its connotation is somewhat positive. In contras

40、t, the Chinese term for “ individualism ” , often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for“ selfishness ”.3、What are the different virtues Chinese and Americans emphasize most?先要定义一下 virtueChinese: formality/hierarchy/ industriousness/being filial/hardwork/ modesty

41、/ thriftyAmericans: activity-dominant/equality/motivationbased onrather than spiritual/achievement/ the world is material optimistic/ individualist/ materialism/ success/ humanitarianism4、Howdo Western cultures view the relationship between public and private life?先 定 义 public: work, national duty;

42、private: home, family, personal friendshipsWestern cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm distinction between the public and private, and generally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other.In other words, westerners tend to believe that having a persona

43、l relationship with someone should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situations. (In fact, some westerners try to avoid mixing work and play completely, and keep their circle of work acquaintances quite separate from their circle of personal friends)Of course, personal rel

44、ationships do make a difference in how people in the west treat each other, even in public settings. However, the wall between public and private life tends to be somewhat higher in the individualist west than it is in collectivist cultures.5、What are stereotypes? Why are they a problem?It is a dero

45、gatory word. It means that image, idea, or chance that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and it is therefore false and shallow. A way of thinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, exception to its general rules or principles. Th

46、ese stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other equally important aspects of a person ' s character or behavior.Stereotypes may have been created by direct experience with only one or two people from a particular group. Others are pro

47、bably based on the second hand information and opinion output from the massmedia, and general habits of thinking; they may even have been formed without any direct experience with individualsfrom the group. Yetmany people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate representation of all me

48、mbers of a specific group.6、Try to think of several more generalization that can be made about important characteristics of Chinese culture.Collectivism: emphasis on the doctrine of the meanLarge power distance-hierarchyIntergroup harmony and avoidance of over conflict in interpersonal relationsBeli

49、ef in the naturalness, necessity and inevitability of hierarchy Inequality based on achievement, especially academic, moral and finance achievementBelief that“the judgment of wise people” is a better way toregulate life than rigid artificial laws.People exist “ in and through relationship with other

50、s”Academic emphasis on memory, attention to details, and lengthy homeworkBrain washThe golden meanHypocriticalThe judgment of wise people/law8、What are the similarityand difference between Projected Culturalsimilarity and Ethnocentrism? P48两个定义 Projected Cultural similarity and EthnocentrismThe simi

51、larity: both of them can not be avoided or overcame in intercultural communication. These two phenomena show that every country or nation considers their own culture as the center.The difference: E is taking one's own culture norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures. PCS

52、is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way you do.PCS: People have the tendency to assume that other people from other cultural background basically think and feel more or less the same way as they do.E: People have the tendency to think their culture has the superiority to o

53、thers ' and assume that their own culture ' s way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal and correct than the way people from other cultures' thinking and act.9、Commenton “Do unto others what you would have them do unto you.先定义 Projected cultural similarityThe sentence means that

54、 it 's better not to do things to others what you don't want others do to you. This behavior shows the phenomena” projected cultural similarity” . In our cultural system, if youdon' t like thing done to you, you just don't impose on others.It 's a kind of virtue. But from the asp

55、ect of PCS, people just assume people from other cultures view things the same way we do. What we think is right, we consider others will think it's right, too.However, it just doesn ' t work out like that. Because of different cultural background, we have different interpretations of everyt

56、hing happened. We can not expect others o think or act the same as we do.10、Why would people project cultural similarity? P49 定义 Projected cultural similarityIt is hard for people to imagine a perspective different from their own. It is effected by human nature, people are accustomed to self-centere

57、d. Whenthey communicate with foreigners, they usually assume that foreigners are similar to us. As we grow up and learn what is right and wrong, truth and false, normal and abnormal, and so forth, we naturally learn to view the world as our culture viewit. The only way to solve PCS is communication.

58、11、comment on conformity in western cultures p56 定义Loose cultures do not demanda high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior.Tight cultures, in contrast, expect a relatively high degree ofconformity. There is a c

59、lear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.Chinese culture is tight culture, and western cultures are looseculture. So conformity in western cultures is less in Chinese culture.Weak conformity12、What factors lead to looseness or tightness in culture? P54 定义(1) The degree of