物流管理第一章

1、现代物流学Contemporary LogisticsBAI HuaPart 1 Overview of LogisticsFChapter 1 Logistics and the Supply ChainFChapter 2 The Supply-Chain ConceptFChapter 3 Logistics and Information Technology1-2CHAPTER 11-4Learning ObjectivesFTo learn the definition of logisticsFTo understand the economic importance of lo

2、gisticsFTo gain an understanding of logistics practices within a firmFTo learn different pricing policiesFTo know about logistics careersFTo learn the characteristics and activities of logisticsFTo understand Philosophies of logistics1-5Logistics and the Supply ChainFKey Terms Channel intermediaries

3、 Cost trade-offs Economic utility FIFO FOB origin/destination pricing systemsFKey Terms Form utility F r e i g h t absorption Landed costs LIFO M a r k e t i n g channel1-6Logistics and the Supply ChainFKey Terms Phantom freight Place utility Possession utility Reverse logistics Supply chainFKey Ter

4、ms Stock-keeping units (SKUs) Stockouts Systems approach Time utility Total cost approach1-7OutlineFEconomic Impacts of LogisticsFLogistics: What It IsFThe Increased Importance of LogisticsFThe Systems and Total Cost Approaches to LogisticsFLogistical Relationships within the FirmFActivities in the

5、Logistical ChannelFLogistics CareersFThe Philosophies of logistics1-8Economic Impacts of LogisticsFMacroeconomic ImpactsFEconomic Utility Possession utility Form utility Place utility Time utility1-9Economic Impacts of LogisticsFMacroeconomic ImpactslWhile absolute and relative logistics costs in re

6、lation to GDP vary from country to country, logistics is most definitely and important component in a countrys economyl Logistics can also play an important role in a nations economic growth and development1-10Table 1-1: The Cost of the Business Logistics System in Relation to Gross Domestic Product

7、 (GDP) in $ BillionYearInventory Carrying CostsTransportation CostsAdministrative CostsTotal U.S. Logistics CostLogistics As a Percentage of GDP1960314437814.719653864410614.719705691615314.7197597116922213.519802202141745116.119852272742052112.419902833512565911.419953024413077310.42000377590391,00

8、610.120053937444611839.5Source: R. Wilson and R. Delaney, Twelfth Annual State of Logistics Report, 20011-11Table 1-2: The Cost of the Business Logistics System in Relation to a Countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP)1-12Table 1-2 Logistics Cost In Relation to GDP In $Billion (China vs. US, 2005)Calcu

9、lation:1、如果中国能实现美国物流水平，每年能节省多少？、如果中国能实现美国物流水平，每年能节省多少？2、如果美国按中国、如果美国按中国GDP水平计算物流费用，与其费用水平水平计算物流费用，与其费用水平比，比，可节省多少？Logistics As aPercentage of GDPGDPChina 18.5% 18321 RMBUS 9.5%12450 USD1-131-14Logistics: What It IsFCouncil of Logistics Management definition:“Logistics is that part of the supply chai

10、n process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements.”Source: 1-15The Increased Importance of L

11、ogisticsFA Reduction in Economic RegulationFChanges in Consumer BehaviorFTechnological AdvancesFThe Growing Power of RetailersFGlobalization of Trade1-15 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall1-16Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Why So Popular?Globalization Thomas Friedman: The Wo

12、rld is Flat. The trend for globalization is unstoppable.Information TechnologyMRPMRPIIERP, EDI, E-commerce,GPS, RFID1-17GlobalizationWhat every country or company should do is to position itself on the supply chains according to its core-competence.Concentrating on core business and out-sourcing non

13、-core activities.1-18The Systems and Total Cost Approaches to LogisticsFSystems Approach Interdependence of company and logistics goals Interdependence of functional areasuStock-keeping units (SKUs) Interdependence of logistics activities or Intrafunctional logistics1-19Figure 1-1: Control Over the

14、Flow of Inbound and Outbound Movements1-20The Systems and Total Cost Approaches to LogisticsFTotal Cost Approach Cost trade-offs: changes to one activity cause some costs to increase and others to decrease Total Logistics Concept: to find the lowest total cost that supports an organizations customer

15、 service requirements1-21运输成本、仓储成本和定购成本运输成本、仓储成本和定购成本之间的权衡之间的权衡1-22案例 ：物流系统分析技术 通过案例介绍物流总成本分析中的一种较为基础的方法,进一步深入理解物流系统分析的概念. 短期/静态分析 长期/动态分析1-23短期/静态分析F研究短期状况.F研究每一种备选系统的物流成本,根据成本资料,选择具有最低总成本的系统.F这种方法分析了某一时点或某一产出水平上与物流系统各组成部分相关的成本,因此,也成为静态分析.1-24Static Analysis of C & B Chemical Company (50,000 po

16、unds of output)1-25F解释：解释：系统系统1 1：C&B公司目前正在使用的物流系统，该系统全部采用铁路运输的路线将货物从工厂及相应的工厂仓库运送到客户。在工厂仓库，化工药品经过包装后由铁路运输到客户.系统系统2 2：建议C&B公司采用市场所在地仓库。产品将从工厂运送到市场仓库，然后包装运送到客户。企业使用驳船将货物运到仓库而不是铁路运输，是利用了批量运送运费低的优势。然后打包后，化学品将通过铁路运输从仓库运往客户。F分析结果：分析结果：在这个例子中，存在着降低的运输成本与增加的仓储成本的相对。根据静态分析，建议的系统比现有的系统成本高。因此，除非能够提供详细信

17、息说明建议的系统更加有利，否则企业将继续使用现有系统。1-26Dynamic AnalysisSystem 1Total Cost = Fixed Costs + Variable Cost/unit x number of units y = $4200 + 0.0315xSystem 2Total Cost = Fixed Costs + Variable Cost/unit x number of units y = $4800 + 0.0230 xTrade-off PointSystem 1 Total Costs = System 2 Total Costs $4200 + 0.0

18、315x = $4800 + 0.0230 x0.0085x = $600 x = 70,588 pounds1-27Dynamic Analysis1-28分析分析 通过对该案例动态分析，我们发现尽管系统1在50000磅的产出水平上的成本较低，但在大约70500磅的产出水平上，系统2的成本要低于系统1如果企业增长相对较快，它可能在相当短的时间内取得70500磅的产出 因此，正处于快速增长的企业应转向系统2期望第二个系统在将来带来更低的成本 选择系统2的另外一个原因是考虑到系统1没有关于客户服务要求的信息，新的市场所在地仓库可能因提供了更好的客户服务而增加销售额与利润，从而抵消了系统的一部分成

19、本1-29Logistical Relationships within the FirmFMarketing Place Decisions Price DecisionsuFOB origin/FOB destination pricing systemsuLanded costsuPhantom freightuFreight absorption1-30Figure 1-3: Phantom Freight and Freight Absorption1-31Logistical Relationships within the FirmFMarketing Product Decis

20、ionsuStockouts Promotion Decisions1-32The Traditional Logistics/Marketing Interface1-33Marketing ChannelsF“sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption.”Source: Louis W. Stern and Adel I. El-Ansary, Marketing Channels, 4

21、th edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992, p. 1F Ownership channel Manufacturers Wholesalers Retailers1-34Marketing ChannelsFNegotiations channel Buy and sell agreements are reachedFFinancing channel Payments for goodsFPromotions channel Promoting a new or existing productFLogistics ch

22、annel Moving and storing product throughout the channel1-35Channel Intermediaries/ FacilitatorsFOwnership channel Banks, public warehousesFNegotiations channel BrokersFFinancing channel Banks, insurance companiesFPromotions channel Advertising agencies, public relations agenciesFLogistics channel Fr

23、eight forwarders1-36Activities in the Logistical ChannelFCustomer serviceFFacility location decisionsFInventory managementFOrder managementFProduction schedulingFReturned productsFTransportation managementFDemand forecastingFIndustrial packagingFMaterials handlingFParts and service supportFProcureme

24、ntFSalvage and scrap disposalFWarehousing management1-37Logistics CareersFMost business organizations are potential employersFLogistics is the second-largest employment sector in the United StatesFThe CEO of Wal-Mart began his Wal-Mart career in the logistics area!1-38Logistics ProfessionalismFCounc

25、il of Logistics ManagementFCanadian Association of Logistics Management FAmerican Production and Inventory Control SocietyFAmerican Society of Transportation and LogisticsFAssociation for Transportation Law, Logistics, and PolicyFDelta Nu AlphaFInternational Society of LogisticsFTransportation Resea

26、rch ForumFWarehousing and Education Research CouncilProfessional Organizations Dedicated to Advancing the Professional Knowledge of their members:1-39物流职业中出现了一些极富挑战和吸引力的新型职位物流职业中出现了一些极富挑战和吸引力的新型职位 物流主管（物流主管（Chief Logistics Officer） 供应链总监供应链总监(Supply Chain Director) 物流总监（物流总监（Logistics Director 分销与物流

27、总监分销与物流总监(Distribution Director) 区域配送中心经理（区域配送中心经理（Manager for Regional Distribution Center） 物流系统分析师（物流系统分析师（Logistics System Analyst） 物流咨询师（物流咨询师（Logistics Consultant） 物流方案策划工程师（物流方案策划工程师（Logistics Planning Engineer） 物流信息工程师物流信息工程师(Logistics Information Engineer) 物流客户经理（物流客户经理（Major Logistics Accou

28、nt Manager)New Logistics Related PositionsOSRAM 招聘高级物流分析师/Senior Logistic AnalystFJob Responsibility:- Report to Logistics manager- Working as contact point for overall logistics operation between Panyu and HongKong.-Analyze data to look for opportunities and work collaboratively with 3rd party logi

29、stics on opportunities-Propose ideas and projects to management -Lead specific projects, as agreed, from concept to realization-Work collaboratively with Asia Logistics Transportation on analysis/solutions-Represent the company to negotiate logistic contract with 3pls and make sure relevant contract

30、 available to support normal operations-Traveling to HK if necessary-Other task assigned by manager1-40Job Responsibility:-University graduate in trading, logistics or related area-Good command of English in written and spoken-Minimum 3 years experience in shipping/logistics functions-Strong knowled

31、ge in shipping operation-3rd party logistic agent working experience-Familiar with China and HK customs regulation-Strong sense of responsibility-Good communication skills-Able to work under pressure.1-411-42Logistics is a system 物流是一个系统物流是一个系统Logistics is a Process 物流是一个过程物流是一个过程Logistics is a Care

32、er 物流是一种职业物流是一种职业Logistics is a discipline in science 物流是一门学科物流是一门学科我们还可以这样来认识物流 Eight Basic Philosophies ofLogistics现代物流的八大理念是贯穿全课程的思想基础1-43Philosophy1: Logistics is the Extention ofthe Market 物流是市场的延伸理念在20世纪世纪20年代，物流还是被作为流通的附年代，物流还是被作为流通的附属机能30年代起，人们主要从有利于商品销售的愿年代起，人们主要从有利于商品销售的愿望出发，探讨如何进行“物资的配给物资

33、的配给”和怎样和怎样加强对“物资分布过程物资分布过程”的合理化管理，其核的合理化管理，其核心部分“物流被看成是市场的延伸物流被看成是市场的延伸” 通过为用户提供物流服务来开拓市场 将物流功能和物流设施的建设，看作为潜在的市场机会 物流被看作为市场竞争的手段和策略 物流被视为企业的核心竞争力1-44Philosophy2: Logistics is a kind of Service 物流服务理念服务是物流的核心！管理模式的变革 传统是以企业为中心的管理 现代是以客户为中心的管理 从推动式（PUSH）生产到拉动式（）生产到拉动式（PULL）生产）生产 “为订单生产为订单生产”方式方式 产品质量差

34、异化的不断缩小 物流服务层次性的不断扩大1-45Philosophy3:Logistics is another source to generate value & profit 物流价值与利润理念logistics is “an economic community of the dark continent,” “not a virgin land cultivation,” -fromThe economys dark continent （1962）father of management: Peter F. drucker1-46Logistics is an Iceberg日本早稻田大学教授西泽修在主要社会的物流战一书中阐述的：“现在的物流现在的物流费用尤如冰山，大部分潜在海底，可见费用只是露在海面的小部分。”1-47物流是企业的第三利润源Logistics is the third profit source of company1-48Philosophy 4: Systems Approach物流系统化理念F物流系统是在特定的社会经济大环境里由所需位移的物资和包装设备、搬运装卸设备、运输工具、仓储设施、人员和通讯联系等