高中英语语法动词不定式及主动表被动

1、Grammar一一 动词不定式动词不定式 动词不定式由动词不定式由“to+ +动词原形动词原形”构成，构成，可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等语、状语、补足语等, ,但但不能作谓语不能作谓语。动词不定式动词不定式To do that sort of thing is foolish。I want to see you this evening.All you have to do is to finish it quickly.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English.

2、I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation. 主语主语 宾语宾语表语表语 定语定语 状语状语 宾补宾补作主语作主语To master a foreign language is really important nowadays.To give up smoking is right.1.当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。2. 放弃吸烟是对的。放弃吸烟是对的。作宾语作宾语Fred didnt have any money, so he decided to look for a job.He

3、 promised not to tell anyone about it.1. Fred 没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。2. 他答应不告述任何人这事。他答应不告述任何人这事。习惯用法afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, expect, fail, get, guarantee, hate, help, hope, hurry, intend, learn, long, manage, offer,

4、 plan, prepare, pretend, promise refuse, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish The following verbs are normally followed by the infinitive. Remember! The following verbs are normally followed by v-ing. avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, mis

5、s, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, cant helpRemember them!作表语作表语My job is to teach English.To see is to believe.1. 我的工作是教英语。我的工作是教英语。2. 眼见为实。眼见为实。作定语作定语Do you have anything to say?1. 你有什么要说的吗你有什么要说的吗?2. Betty是第一个知道这真相的人是第一个知道这真相的人 Betty was the first to know the truthIt seems that he h

6、as no pen _ . A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with 注意如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，其后应加上必要的介词其后应加上必要的介词Eg. He is a pleasant person to work with.不定式作定语，往往表示将要发生的动作不定式作定语，往往表示将要发生的动作。I have a lot of work to do.The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.注意作状语作状语He spoke loud

7、ly (so as / in order) to be heard.They jumped with joy to hear the news.Im too tired to walk any further tonight.目的状语目的状语.原因状语原因状语.结果状语结果状语目的状语目的状语: 常用的结构常用的结构to do; in order to do, so as to do, so/ such as to do, etc.I come here to say good-bye to you.结果状语结果状语: 常与常与only , enough 或或too连用。连用。He studi

8、ed hard only to fail the exam.He is old enough to go to school.原因状语原因状语: 一般用在句尾一般用在句尾Im glad to see you.She wept to see the sight.作宾补作宾补She asked me to stay there.1. 她叫我呆在这儿。她叫我呆在这儿。2.请允许我介绍请允许我介绍Mr. White给你们。给你们。 Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you.习惯用法1) 带带to的不定式作的不定式作宾补宾补。很多动词如。很多动词如: a

9、llow, order, force, permit, tell, want, wish, forbid, advise, persuade, warn等等后面作后面作宾补宾补的不定式的不定式都带都带to。 如如: He didnt allow us to smoke in his house.他不允许我们在他的家里吸烟。他不允许我们在他的家里吸烟。2) 不带不带to的不定式的不定式作宾补作宾补。使役动词。使役动词make, have, let;感官动词感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, notice等后面等后面作宾补的不定作宾补的不定式不带式不

10、带to。如如: He made a face and made everybody laugh. 他做了一个鬼脸他做了一个鬼脸, 逗得大家都笑了。逗得大家都笑了。 如果上述结构变为被动语态如果上述结构变为被动语态, ,不定不定式就由原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语式就由原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语, ,此时第此时第2 2类动词类动词( (let, , have无被动语态无被动语态) )后后原来不带原来不带toto的不定式要加的不定式要加to。如如:I saw him go upstairs. He was seen to go upstairs. 有人看见他上楼去了。有人看见他上楼去了。Be

11、careful!注意注意 :2、不定式作定语不定式作定语，放在被修饰词后面，与前面，放在被修饰词后面，与前面被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，又在句子中与被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，又在句子中与另一名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动表另一名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动表被动含义。被动含义。 I have much work to do. （与（与work有动宾关系，与有动宾关系，与I有主谓关系）有主谓关系） Tom is looking for a room to live in. （与（与room有动宾关系，与有动宾关系，与Tom 有主谓关系）有主谓关系） He has a famil

12、y to support. （与（与family有动宾关系，与有动宾关系，与he有主谓关系）有主谓关系）3、不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，结构：结构：主语主语+系动词系动词+形容词形容词 + 不定式不定式； 动词动词+宾宾语语+形容词形容词+不定式不定式。如果形容词是表示。如果形容词是表示难易、利难易、利弊弊等含义，如等含义，如 difficult, easy, comfortable, convenient, hard, cheap, expensive等，不定式用主动表被动。等，不定式用主动表被动。 The question is diff

13、icult to answer. The work is easy to do. I found the car comfortable to ride in. That makes poetry difficult to write. 动词不定式的语态动词不定式的语态.被动式被动式( to be done / to have been done)1. He didnt like to be laughed at.2. He claimed _in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.A.being badly treate

14、d B.treating badlyC. to be treated badly D. to have been badly treated.当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时（被动关系）的动作的承受者时（被动关系）.动词不定式有两种被动式动词不定式有两种被动式, 即一般式和完成式即一般式和完成式, 例例如如do的被动式有的被动式有to be done, to have been done。只有及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语才有不定只有及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语才有不定式的被动式。一般说来式的被动式。一般说来, 当不定式的当不定式的逻辑主语

15、逻辑主语是是不定式动作的承受者时不定式动作的承受者时, 该不定式要用被动式。该不定式要用被动式。例如例如:He asked to be sent to work in that factory. 他要他要求派他去那个工厂工作。求派他去那个工厂工作。These books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 这些书不许带出室外。这些书不许带出室外。但在某些情况下但在某些情况下, 不定式虽然表示被动意思不定式虽然表示被动意思, 用的用的却是主动形式。常见的有下列几种情况却是主动形式。常见的有下列几种情况: 动词不定式动词不定式被动式动词不定式动

16、词不定式主动表被动一、在某些固定句型中一、在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式用主动形式表被动意义。表被动意义。1）have（give, show）sth. to do在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。例如例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do与与things是动宾关系是动宾关系, 与与I是主谓关系。是主谓关系。 否则否则, 在表示被动意义时在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动

17、式。试比较仍需要被动式。试比较:Do you have anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你今天下午你有事要做吗有事要做吗?（to do是由是由you发出的）发出的）I am going to your hometown . Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗你有要带给你父母的东西吗? （我替你带，不是你带）（我替你带，不是你带）再如再如: Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。请给我弄点读的材料。Hell show you t

18、he right path to take. 他会给你指出要走的正确的路。他会给你指出要走的正确的路。 2）It（This, That）beaanadj. n. to do在这种句型中在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。例如例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答这是个难答的问题。的问题。question与与to answer为动宾关系。为动宾关系。to answer可改为可改为 for me to answer。再如再如:I

19、t is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容易翻译。这个句子很容易翻译。 3）There be n. to do在此句型中在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式可用主动式, 也可也可用被动式用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。只是侧重点不同。用主动式作定语用主动式作定语, 重点在人重点在人, 用被动式作定语用被动式作定语, 重点在物。重点在物。例如例如:没有时间可以耽误。可译成没有时间可以耽误。可译成:There is no time to lose（to be lost）. 用用 to lose可看成可看成for us to lo

20、se; 用用to be lost, 谁谁 lost time不明确。不明确。但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不同义不同:a. There is nothing to do now. （We have nothing to do now. ）现在没事干。）现在没事干。b. There is nothing to be done. （We can do nothing now. ）现在没办法了。）现在没办法了。a. There is nothing to see. （nothing worth seeing）没有东西值得看。）没有东西值得看。b. Ther

21、e is nothing to be seen. （nothing there at all）看不见什么东西。）看不见什么东西。二、在某些二、在某些“形容词不定式形容词不定式”的结构中的结构中, 不定式有被不定式有被动意义动意义, 与句子主语构成动宾关系。其句型有与句子主语构成动宾关系。其句型有:1）n. beadj. to doThe question was very difficult to answer. 这问题很难回这问题很难回答。答。The job is very easy to do. 这工作很容易做。这工作很容易做。2）n. betooadj. to doThe thing i

22、s too small to see. 这东西太小看不见。这东西太小看不见。I was too excited to say a word. 我激动得连一句话也说我激动得连一句话也说不出。不出。3）n. be adj. enough to doThe box is light enough to carry. 这盒子轻得可带走。这盒子轻得可带走。The book is cheap enough to buy. 这本书很便宜可以这本书很便宜可以买。买。但下列两句可用不定式的主动式但下列两句可用不定式的主动式, 也可用被动式也可用被动式:This plant is fit to eat to be

23、 eaten. 这种植物可以食这种植物可以食用。用。The cake is ready to eat to be eaten. 这块饼可以吃这块饼可以吃了。了。三、某些动词三、某些动词, 如如to let, to blame （责备）（责备）, to seek（寻（寻找）用主动式表被动意义。找）用主动式表被动意义。例如例如:The house is to let. 这房子要出租。这房子要出租。Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁这得怪谁?The reason is not far to seek. 这理由不难找到。这理由不难找到。 动词不定式的时态动词不定式的时态1. He

24、 seems to know this.2. I hope to see you next week. 一般式一般式( to do ).不定式的一般式所不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）表示的动作（状态）与句子谓语的动作与句子谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或之后发生。发生，或之后发生。.进行式进行式( to be doing)1.He pretended to be working when I came in.2. He seems to be thinking deeply,without noticing me passing him.表示谓语表示的动作表示谓语表示

25、的动作（情况）发生时，不（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正定式所表示的动作正在进行。在进行。动词不定式的时态动词不定式的时态动词不定式的时态动词不定式的时态.完成式（完成式（to have done)1. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.2. You seemed to have read the novel written by Mr. Smith.不定式的动作不定式的动作发生在谓语表发生在谓语表示的动作之前。示的动作之前。动词不定式的语态动词不定式的语态.主动式主动式( to do / to be doing /to have do

26、ne)1. We want to learn English well.2.Robert is said_abroad, but I didnt know what country he studied in.A.to have studied B.to studyC. made D. to make当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的执行者时动作的执行者时.注意注意 A. 动词不定式的否定式只须在动词不定式的否定式只须在to 前加前加 not.My father decided not to take up the job.The teacher t

27、old us not to be late again.否定副词否定副词not, never, seldom, hardly 等要置于等要置于to前前My mother told me never to do it again.注意注意B. 动词不定式之后可加动词不定式之后可加疑问词，疑问词，通常做主语，宾语通常做主语，宾语。Mr.Lin will teach us how to use the computer.Can you tell me where to get the book?注意注意C. 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常常省去动词不定式

28、常常省去to 后面后面的动词，的动词，只只保留保留to 。A:Would you like to come to my party?Mary wanted to use my bike, but I asked her not to ( use my bike).B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).Mary想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。1. The light in the office is still on. -Oh, I forgot . A. turning it off B. turn it off C.h

29、aving turned it off D. to turn it off2. She cant help _the house because shes busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. Cleaned D. being c leaned练习练习3. Not everybody has the ability in public. A. of speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak4. Mary is always the first student to answer the teacher

30、s questions in class. A. rising B. to rise C. rose D. risen5. Mum ,why do you always ask me to eat an egg every day? -_ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting6.Would you be so kind as us out? -With pleasure. A. helping B. in helping C. help D

31、. to help7 The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating8. We agreed _ here, but so far she hasnt turned out yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met9. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to

32、 learn C. learned D. learning10. Wet umbrellas are not allowed into this hotel according to the rule.A. to be taken B. to take C. taken D. taking 11. Robert is said _ abroad, but I didnt know what country he studied in. A to have studied B to study C to be studying D to have been studying高考链接高考链接1.

33、I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. (2008(2008全国全国I I卷卷) ) A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathedB 2. Did the book give the information you needed? Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. (2008北京卷北京卷) A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding3. I feel greatly honored _ into their soc