主谓一致问题

1、主谓一致问题1、 主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致，即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was agreatinvention.（计算机是个了不起的发明）The water in the glass is very cold.（玻璃杯里的水很冷）2、集体名词（如family, class, team,group,row,police, school等）做句子主语时， 如果表示整体概念，则谓语用单数形式，如：Class Three is a very good class.（三班是好班） 如果表示其中的所有成员时，则谓语用复数形式，如：Class

2、 Three have a map of China.（三班有张中国地图）3、 Chinese,Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数，表示许多时，谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.（院子里有只绵羊）There are some sheep in the yard.（院子里有一些绵羊）4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾，但不是复数，因此谓语仍用单数：The news is veryexciting. （这个消息令人兴奋）5、 glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用

3、复数形式，故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.（裤子很便宜，我想买）6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式，跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playingbaseballnow.（现在有许多学生在打垒球）A lot of time was wasted on that work.（大量的时间花在了那个工作上）（被动句）7、and 连接两个名词做主语时，谓语原则上用复数，但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时，谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and

4、his son are picking apples now.（老师和他的儿子在摘苹果）Fish andchipsis very famous food. （鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品）8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.（房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子）9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时，谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I arerequiredto be here tomorrow.（你和我明天要求都来）10、主语中含有with的短语时，谓语单复数由wit

5、h之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. （一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子（当时）就站在路边）11、 eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时，谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.（要么是你对，要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的）Neither you nor I am going there.（你和我都不打算去那里）12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时，谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is no

6、t a short time.（两个月不是个短时间）Twothousandkilometers is quite a longdistance（距离）。（两千千米是相当长的一段距离）13、 主语中含有half of / three quarters of / all (of) the 等词语时，谓语的单复数由名词确定，如：Over three quarters of theinformationon the Internet is in English.（因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的）A third of the students were playing near the lake

7、.（学生的三分之一（当时）正在湖边玩耍）All of the water in these rivers has beenpolluted.（这些河流中的水已经被污染了）（被动句）但是，population一词又有特殊情况：Whats the population of China?（中国人口是多少？）（句子用单数）Three quarters of the population in this city areArabs（阿拉伯人）。（这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人）（句子用复数） 完型填空（一）完型填空概述和解题技巧1各小题有四项答案的完型填空中，只有一项最佳，其余均是干扰性的或迷惑性的

8、。做完型填空时，要注意下列几个步骤：第一步，要快速通读全文，了解文章大意，正确分析、归纳文章主旨。第二步，在理解文章大意基础上，对每道题所给的词语进行剖析，考虑语境，上下呼应，运用逻辑思维进行推理，再根据自己最有把握的、最熟悉的短语、习惯用语、动词形式和句子结构等，先完成简单的，把难的留在后面。第三步，再细读全文，集中精力解决难点，填补空缺。第四步，答题完毕，遵循由整体到局部、由局部到整体的规律，再耐心通读全文，认真复查所选答案是否得当，语法是否正确，逻辑推理是否合理。2首字母已给的完型填空比“四选一”的完型填空还要难些。除了掌握上述四步的答题技巧外，还要了解空格所缺词的词性，确保语法的正确性

9、，注意数的变化。在填名词时，应联系文章的主题，注意它的单复数；在填动词时，要注意它的时态、语态；在填连词时，注意分析文章中前后句和上下文的逻辑关系；在填形容词和副词时，注意比较级和最高级的用法；在填代词时，要注意它的性、数、格是否准确；在填介词时，注意它的固定搭配和常用语法特点。（二）经典例题解析1根据上下文的情景确定“意义”上正确的词利用上下文信息，选择或填写正确的词是完型填空解题时最常用的方法之一。在做四选一的完型填空时，我们有时会发现每一个选项从语法角度来讲都可以说得通，遇到这种情况，我们应细读上下文，正确答案会在上下文中得到提示。试看以下例题：例1 What do I remember

10、 about my childhood? There were good things and bad things. We used to live_ , and my parents always got up early in the morning to feed the cows and sheep.A. in a town B. on a farm C. on a busy street D. in a city【解析】本段主要讲作者回忆儿童时代所居住的地点。从四个选项来看都是可能的，语法上都说得通。但通过下文my parents always got up early in th

11、e morning to feed the cows and sheep.提示我们可以知道作者生活在农村，正确答案选B。例2 1 was making a trip from Paris to London. At a small town near London, I stopped to do some s_ .As l was going into a very crowded shop. I saw a few young people talk in about something they had just b_.【解析】本段主要讲作者在伦敦的一个小镇的经历。在第一空格上，由下文a

12、 very crowded shop这个词组可以推断应填shopping，这样也就很容易判断第二空格内应填bought了。例3 I always remember waking up to the smell of the breakfast my mother was cooking. What a wonderful smell! I used to _ ,wash quickly and run downstairs. My breakfast would be waiting for me on the table.A. leave the bed B.lie in bed C. ju

13、mp out of bed D. get up【解析】本段讲每天早上妈妈煮的早餐发出诱人的香味，使得躺在床上的我立即起床。根据题干，A、C、D均和床有关联，但是按上下文情景的提示，此处还要表达作者的一种迫不及待的心情。因此只能选C。例4 This is a special class. The students come from different c_ 1 . Some come from America, others from Germany, France, Japan. Their parents are w_ 2 in Shanghai. 【解析】这是一个特殊的班级，学生们来自于

14、不同的地方。根据下文提到的America，Germany，France，Japan，可以判断第一格指的是国家country，由此也推断出学生的父母亲目前在上海工作。第二格由于谓语动词是be动词，所以这里的时态为进行时，表示目前状态。故应填现在分词working。2根据词汇的辨析和词组的搭配来解题在选项中设置四个词性一致、意义相近的词是完型填空命题时常用的手段之一。在做此类题目时，必须要在特定的语境中选择最佳，或者也可以推敲一些固定的词组搭配来进行选项。在做首字母完型填空时，尤其应注意空格所缺单词的词性及词组搭配。例1 On the train, Tom was looking for his

15、ticket_1 ,because the conductor was coming _ 2 to his ticket.1. A. out B. forward C. anywhere D. everywhere2A. down B. up C. in D. on【解析】第一空格指Tom在火车上到处找车票，因此选D。everywhere为最佳答案，anywhere常用于否定句和疑问句中。第二空格意为列车员上前查票，走到某人面前come up to sb.为固定词组搭配，因此选B。例2 A Japanese manager once said he himself and his worker

16、s would all stand while they were having meetings. Do you _what he means?A. think B. guess C. know D. understand【解析】本段讲述了一个日本经理和他的员工在开会时将都站着。本题问的是你知道他说话的含义吗。从四个选项看，A和B放人句中意思不通，而C和D两个答案很接近。D选项强调理解他的意思，从上文句子看当然很好理解这句话讲述了什么事。但是其中的含义就不知道了。因此选项C才是最合适的。例4 In March 1982, there was a t_ drought in Australia

17、. The summer rain didnt fall, and the grass didnt grow. The farmers had to sell all their sheep. Many sheep d _of hungry.【解析】从下句the summer.推断这是一场严重的干旱，第一空格填terrible。根据上文提及的严重干旱可以知道由此而导致很多羊死于饥饿，die of是固定词组，第二空填died。3利用逻辑关系解题利用逻辑关系是完型填空命题设计过程中用得较多的方法之一。解这类题目时需要我们多注意周围生活常识、行文的脉络及句子之间的转承关系。例1 The Englis

18、h language has nowbecome an international language because it is widely used by most countries in the world, _you want to do business with foreigners, you have to learn English, for most of them speak and write English.AAs BIf CSo DSince【解析】本段主要讲述英语语言在世界上被广泛地运用，后面一句是举例说明。假如你想跟外国人做生意，你就必须学英文，因为他们大多数人

19、讲英文。两句句子是论点和论据的关系，论据部分用了假设的条件关系。因此，在理清句子之间的脉络之后，很容易知道应选B。例2 Western country music describes life. It talks about love, jobs, home and money. It talks about friends and enemies, farms and crops. People in many parts of the world like western country music b_ everyone knows something about these ideas

20、.【解析】我们中国人对于西方乡村音乐还是有所了解的，它描述生活中的一些事情，如爱情，事业，家庭，朋友，农场，庄稼等，人们对乡村音乐耳濡目染。本段的最后一句因与前文存在因果关系，因此填because。例3Sadly, it is very difficult for pandas to live in the world. Here are some of the_ that pandas may have in the future. If hunters catch apanda, they will kill it for its fur. If farmers cut down tree

21、s and forests, pandas will have no place to live in.A. examples B. questions C. matters D. problems【解析】根据下文people will kill pandas和pandas will have no place to live in可以判断，这都是说明熊猫在将来可能面临的问题。B选项questions只是表达一般的问题。D项最为恰当。例4 A month later, Mary hadnt heard from Peter or received any money, s_ she phone

22、d him.【解析】根据上文Mary hadnt heard from Peter和下文she phoned him可以判断两句之间存在着因果关系。因此填so。4利用语法和句型解题这类题目主要考查学生在一定的语境中运用语法知识和识别句型的能力。由于学生对这类选项把握较大，因此这类题型的数量越来越少。例1 The earth is our home. We must take care of it. Life today is easier than it was_ years ago, but it has brought some new problems.A. hundred B. hun

23、dreds of C. hundred of D. hundreds【解析】答案为B。此句主要考查数词的用法。表示具体几百时，应是some hundred；表示成百上千时，则是hundreds of。例2Every day, standing at my information desk, I have to answer a lot of questions of the travelers coming from all _o_ the world.【解析】答案为over。all over the world是一个最为常见的固定搭配。例3 Grandma Yang lives alone

24、in our neighborhood. Her husband has been dead for eight years. Her only son lives and works in Britain. He asked her mother to go to Britain so that he can look _her. But Grandma Yang wont go.A. for B. around C. after D. care【解析】look for寻找；look around向四周看；look after照顾。根据上文He asked her mother to go

25、to Britain这一提示我们可以知道儿子为了是照顾妈妈，所以选C。例4 April Fools Day is on April l. People can play j_ on others on this special day. If you succeed, you usually laugh and say, “April Fool!”【解析】根据文章意思，在4月1日愚人节这天，人们经常相互开玩笑。从语法角度看，play jokes on sb.是固定词组。所以答案是jokes。例5 Around the world, people have different ideas abo

26、ut what good manners are.When you go to restaurants in different parts of the world, its important to know the right and wrong things to do. For example, in China its OK to 1_ a lot of noise in a restaurant. In fact, if a restaurant isnt noisy and 2_ ,you may think theres something wrong with it. Ho

27、wever, in many western countries, restaurants are quiet places. If a table is too loud, other people who are eating there might even 3_ to the owner of the restaurant.Paving the bill is also different from country to country. In China, one person usually pays for 4_ In western countries, one person

28、pays if he or she isentertainingclients（宴请宾客）, but _5_ friends eat together, they usually share the cost. This is called “going Dutch”（均摊费用）Also, when westerners pay the bill, they usually leave some money for the waiter. This is called “leaving a tip”. Leaving atipis thought to be polite. In the US

29、, its _6_ to leave tips of 10%, 15%, or 20% of the bill, which is decided by how good the service is, Good waiters can make a lot of money!The way people eat food is different in the world, but you can _7_ the same kinds of food in many countries. Chinese and Italian food, for example, is popular al

30、l over the world.1. A. cause B. keep C. hear D. make 2. A. lively B. friendly C. lucky D. polite3. A. shout B. explain C. complain D. peak4. A. everybody B. nobody C. somebody D. none5. A. until B. when C. unless D. since 6. A. terrible B. common C. serious D. unusual7. A. invent B. discover C. pref

31、er D. find【解析】第一选D，在不同国家有不同风俗习惯，根据我国特有的风俗习惯在餐厅都是吵吵闹闹的。make a noise是固定搭配。第二选A，事实上，如果在中国的餐厅不热闹那就意味着出事情了。lively也是表达活跃的气氛，而BCD三个意思都不对。第三选C，根据上文论据in many western countries, restaurant are quiet places.和下文论点If a table is too loud（如果餐厅吵闹），可以推断出客人甚至可以向店主投诉。第四选A，按照中国风俗习惯在付费方面与西方人也不一样，中国人常常一人付所有人的钱。第五格选B，这里讲述

32、西方人在情况下一个人付所有人的钱，在情况下，他们是AA制。这里句子之间存在状语从句关系。因此，选B。第六选B，强调西方人付小费是比较常见的风俗习惯。unusual表达特殊的习惯。第七选D，虽然吃饭的风俗习惯不同，但是在不同国家却能找到相同的食物。例6People often think Dimetrodon is adinosaur(恐龙),but it was in fact _n_(1)_ a dinosaur at all. It was one of thereptiles（爬虫动物）on Earth during the _l_(2)_Permian（二叠纪）period.It wa

33、s a large reptile. It lived inswampy（沼泽的） areas and had a very funny _ f_(3)_ -a largesail(脊鳍)on its back. Dimetrodon was a (4) to warm up in the morning and cool off _q_(5)_ during the day with the help of its sail.Its easy todistinguish（区分）a Dimetrodon _f_(6)_ a dinosaur. Dimetrodons legs were on

34、the side of its body while dinosaurs had their legs under their bodies.It probably ran very fast _a_(7)_ it was very heavy.【解析】 第一格填not。根据前半句人们经常认为是一种恐龙，但事实上它并不是，but表达转折与前句的否定。第二格填late。表达时间是很清楚的，这种动物在二叠纪时期的后期出现，所给首字母是l，而不是e。如果是早期出现，那么应填early。第三格填feather。本题所缺词性为名词，讲这种爬行动物的后背有一个大的脊鳍，这是讲它的特征。第四、第五格分别填a

35、ble和quickly。表达这种动物的脊鳍的作用：可以早上暖和，白天又很快地冷却。Be able to是固定搭配。第六格填from。从语法角度看，distinguish只能与from搭配。第七格填although。上句It probably ran very fast和下句it was very heavy.推断两句为转折承让关系。因此填although。写作练习及参考作文Write a passage of at least 60 words on the following topic according to the given information1 Leaving SchoolOl

36、d school life Teacher(s) and. schoolmate(s) Future plan参考作文I dont want to leave school,because my old school life was full of fun and I had many good friends in my old school. We used to share our lunch together. We used to play ball games together. We often did some surveys during the holiday. All

37、of my teachers and schoolmates are very friendly and helpful. Now I have to leave school, I hope l will keep in touch with them and my new school life will be more enjoyable.2. Everyone Needs HelpDid you get any help from others?Did you give help to people when they needed? Tell your story参考作文In our

38、 daily life, we are dealing with different kinds of people, no matter at home, in school, or at some other places. Everyone needs help, I think. And only those who are willing to help others will also be helped. One day I saw a little girl in the street carrying a heavy schoolbag on her back. She wa

39、s walking happily. Then suddenly an old man fell down while he was crossing a street. She ran towards him at once, but she was too short to help him to stand. I helped her and we together brought the old man to safety. He thanked us over and over. I think the little girl was, though very young, a ve

40、ry warm-hearted person.3Saving Water What do we use water for?Why water is very important in our daily life? How do we save water?参考作文As we all know, water isessentialin our daily life. We drink water every day, we use water to wash things and cook food, we also use water to make machines. People ca

41、nt live without water. Though about 75% of the earth is covered with water, only 3% of it is fresh water. So we must save water by having a shower instead of a bath. We can save water by fixing the dripping taps immediately and we can also save water by not washing under a runningtap.4. Growing Pain

42、s and Gains一个戴深度近视眼镜的女孩面对一大堆的作业一个小女孩在弹钢琴，母亲站在旁边拿着尺小女孩和许多人在开生日晚会，脸上露出微笑 小女孩孜孜不倦地在看书参考作文I think I have a happy life, though sometimes I cannot do the things I like. For example, I like reading different kinds of books in my spare time, especially some detective stories. But my mum always asks me to pr

43、actise playing the piano one hour every day. Thats boring. I like having parties with my friends during the holidays. But I have to do lots of homework. Teachers always give us more homework when we have holidays. Thats my growing pains and gains.5. Changes in Shanghai300年前的上海 上海的今天（东方明珠、金茂大厦）上海的明天（

44、2010年的世博会）参考作文Shanghai was a small town three hundred years ago. There were only a few thousand people living here. Many of them were fishermen and farmers.Today, Shanghai isbecoming an international city. Many tall buildings have been built. Some bridges have been put up over the Huangpu River. Mor

45、e and more foreigners come to Shanghai for a visit every day.Shanghai has already won the bid for holding the World Exp0 2010. I think the environment will be better and better and the city will be more and more beautiful.6. An Accident四个孩子刚出校门回家一卡车经过，车速较快，掉下几只西瓜 一骑车人倒下，身边有血 孩子们有的打110，有的打120，有的保护现场他

46、们向警察陈述经过，救护车把伤者送医院参考作文Last Thursday afternoon, four students were on their way back home. Suddenly they saw a truck coming round the corner at a high speed and some watermelons fell off. At the same time, a middle-aged man on a bicycle fell to the ground. Blood came from his body. One of them called

47、 the policeman, one dialed 120. and the others were taking care of the cyclist. Soon the police came and they reported what they had seen and an ambulance took the cyclist to the hospital soon.第六部分 写 话 （一）写话概述和指导根据英语学科教学基本要求与训练，要求中学生能对人物、事件、物件和场所等作简单的描述和议论，内容贴切，意思连贯，不少于60个词。并且能填写表格，能写简单的便条、信件和日记。英语写

48、作是体现学生英语水平和能力的重要表现形式。综观近年中考的书面表达题目，一般有三种体裁，分别是记叙文、说明文、应用文（写信、告示、邀请函等）。看图写话是初中英语作文常考的一种形式，随着上海英语教材的多样化，学生的写作能力有了较大的提高，因此中考作文的要求和难度也相应提高。但它是一种情景作文，多数是以记一次活动或一件事为主。也有其他可能。考生一定要认真审题，理解图意，注意提示的图片内容或提示词，分清体裁，准确地进行描述。怎样才能写出好文章？我觉得我们应从文章的取材、文章的结构与布局以及语言表达等几个方面考虑。下笔前，要认真审题，仔细阅读前面的中文提示以确定文章的主题和体裁。写作时，要切记“凤头、猪

49、肚、豹尾”的要领。要想写好中考作文要做到：第一，审题要准，然后，定文体、定人称、定中心句，切不可丢三落四。第二，根据已经确定的要点，先写什么，后写什么，需要用哪些单词、词组、句型等，都要心中有数。动笔写时，要多用学过的词汇，尽量不出现语法错误，如：名词的单复数、所有格等；句子结构、语序、标点等都要准确无误。第三，要理顺全文，然后再检查一下文章格式是否正确、要点是否齐全、开放式作文还需要再想一想观点是否正确等。最后要保持卷面整洁，还要发挥自己的聪明才智、观察力、想象力和创造力写好句子，这样会增强文章的可读性，使文章具有感染力。这看似简单，但做起来很难，我们要多写多练。（二）记叙文及范文点评记叙文

50、记人叙事，初中英语记叙文与语文中的记叙文是相通的，耍弄清是写人、写事。初中学生的英语写作处于入门阶段，写人作文只是介绍性的，但要重点突出，用词力求准确贴切，多用简单句，适当使用复合句。写人可以写的方面很多，如姓名、年龄、职业、兴趣爱好、外貌、特长等，常见的句式如：This is my friend, Mary. She is . years old.She is a teacher/an artist/a singer. She/He gets up at 6/5 . /early/late.She/He has sports at school. She/He likes.She/He is

51、 strong/fat/slim/kind/thin. She/He looks like.She/He is good at English/maths/Chinese/physics.（三）说明文及范文点评说明文是就某一件事说明清楚，一般总是以空间顺序展开的，可以自上而下，自左而右，从里到外，从整体到局部等等。写物的文章常用“某处有某物”的句子表示物的存在。 常用的句型如：There be. I have got a/an.It is-red/green/colour/round. I likebest.It looks like. I like it very much.I will k

52、eep it for ever.范文1 Our Language LabThere is a language lab in our school. Its on the third floor. Its big and clean. There are 50 desks and 50 chairs in it. There are 50 computers and a control desk（操纵台）in it. There are50 headphones（耳机）on the desk. Every week we have our English lessons here. We wa

53、tch slides, TV, video and listen to tapes. Then the teacher asks us questions. We like our language lab and always keep it clean and tidy.点评：这篇文章写了“我们的语音室”，按照一定的空间顺序，先写设备，再写功能，让人对语音室的概貌有一个全面，准确的了解。 范文2 Our Housing EstateThere are many nice housing estates in Pudong New Area. Our Housing estate Rainb

54、ow Estate is one of them. You can see three blocks in the middle. There is a beautiful garden in front of Block 2.In the garden there is a fountain. There is a shop on the right of Block 1.A big playground lies on the left of Block 3. You can see many men, women, boys and girls having exercise there

55、. There is a small kindergarten in our housing estate. It is convenient and comfortable for us to live in our housing estate.点评：文章的结构与布局较合理，有一定的顺序，层次分明。（四）议论文及范文点评议论文要有自己的观点，要有论证过程，强调观点。常用的句型如：1.论点Computer is important. We must learn English well.Its very important for us to. In my opinion.2.论证过程常用一

56、些衔接词可使文章读起来流畅，紧凑。如：Firstly.Secondly，Lastly . Above all等3结尾强调观点，最好用不同的句型来表达相同的观点，如：So we must. So its very important for us to.I believe. We should.范文1 Why Are Trees Important?Trees are very important to us. Do you know why? Let me tell you.Trees take in carbon dioxide from the air and make oxygen. Thats important. People and animals need oxygen to live. Many small animals and insects live in the trees. Some of them also get food from trees. Trees can also stop water and soil fro