How to write a scientific paper.ppt

1、English Writing of Science Papers & Reports Part I Academic Writing Part II Practical WritingI. Academic Writing Research paper Short communication Thesis or dissertation Poster or oral presentation Conference proceedings Review article Book reviewI. Academic WritingResearch paper Short communicatio

2、nThesis or dissertationPoster or oral presentation Conference proceedings Review article Book reviewII Practical Writing Formal letters ( letters of enquiries, application letters, letters of recommendation) Resume Email Fax Memorandum Research proposal Feasibility report Design report Report (progr

3、ess report, periodic report, final report, laboratory report, invitation for bids and bid proposal)Part I Academic Writing General elementsTitle (Title page) 所有论文、报告（长篇文章、论文、专著） Authorship and affiliation 所有论文、报告 Abstract部分论文、报告，特别是期刊论文Keywords 期刊论文Acknowledgements一般都有必要Contents较长的文章、长篇论文应有目录页list o

4、f illustrations图表多的论文、报告Glossary of terms and abbreviations特殊术语、符号及缩略语多的文章Background如果需要General elementsIntroduction 所有论文、报告Materials and methods论文、报告的主体，都需要。有的文章称为ProcedureResults除项目申请报告可行性报告外，所有论文、报告都需要Discussion除项目申请报告、可行性报告外，其他论文、报告都可能需要Conclusions所有论文、报告适用。但有的将其同Discussion合在一起Suggestions for fu

5、ture research部分论文、报告List of references 凡间接、直接引用了他人研究成果的文章 Appendices论文、报告的支撑性材料、参考材料多且复杂时Index长篇论文Facts about the author著名学术期刊论文、博士论文Preparing the Title Not too long(国际标准化组织规定不超过8 8个单词) 简洁简洁,恰当恰当 No need to make sentence Meaningful, make sense, specific do not use excess words: (论、议、浅谈、研究、调查、探讨、考略、初

6、论) a study of、 an experimental investigation of、 a survey of 、 research on 、 discussion on; a novel/new type theory 、 a new type method (design); 标题中尽量使用专业性术语标题中尽量使用专业性术语 -有利于被同一领域读者了解 -有利于提高该论文的检索率 -有利于控制字数 Preparing the TitlenResearch on controllable air room for motorcycle motor performance test

7、Controllable Admission Chamber of Motorcycle MotornNovel design of nanometer metrology-STM Nanometer Metrology-STM Preparing the Title 题目中用得最多的通常是名词及名词性词组题目中用得最多的通常是名词及名词性词组, ,包括动名词包括动名词: Developing coal mining technology of the 21st century 开始的冠词可以省略开始的冠词可以省略: : The use/Use of optical microscopic 一

8、般不用介词短语一般不用介词短语,但可用但可用on on 引导的短语引导的短语, ,意为意为“论论”: On the reliability of porcelain bushing in internal-combustion engine 一般不包含从句一般不包含从句, ,但也有例外但也有例外, ,不过从句一定要简短不过从句一定要简短: Temperature and pressure measurements of an ideal gas that is heated in a closed container 勿滥用缩略词语（简称）和符号勿滥用缩略词语（简称）和符号 应是国际应是国际(

9、 (或国内或国内) )标准组织提出的标准组织提出的, , 本专业中广为人知的。本专业中广为人知的。 避免用化学结构式、数学公式，不为同行熟悉的符号、简称、缩写。避免用化学结构式、数学公式，不为同行熟悉的符号、简称、缩写。Preparing the Title - New techniques in carbon materials - The use of optical microscopic techniques in new carbon materials - Use of optical microscopic techniques in characterizing new car

10、bon material - Interactive petrology: an introduction of concepts and applications using virtual microscopy as an analytical tool for computer modeling of physical and geological processesPreparing the Title Title and Subtitle Composition Analysis of Milk with Near Infrared Diffuse Reflection Spectr

11、oscopyMethods of Analyzing Milk Composition：Near Infrared Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy Methods of Analyzing Milk Composition-Near InfraredPreparing the Title 拟题写文章重新确定题目题目形式：题目形式： 悬垂题目悬垂题目（hanging title）：colon； dash Analysis of atmospheric particulate matter： petrological and chemical approach 陈述

12、句题目陈述句题目（sentence title） 问句题目问句题目 （question title） 系列题目系列题目 （series title） 页首题目页首题目 （running title 或 running head）栏外题目，出现在页眉（top of the page）上Preparing the Title题目性质：题目性质： 说明性的题目说明性的题目（indicative titles） Application of organic petrology in the brake industry 结论性的题目结论性的题目（conclusive title） Relation b

13、etween lake eutrophication and nitrogen losses from paddyAuthorship and affiliation Zhu，Yinmei （Yinmei Zhu） （Zhu Yinmei）（Zhu Yin Mei） LIU Lin （Liu，Lin） （Liu Lin） Keywords一般 2 至 8 个，一般用名词或名词性的词组，不用动词。 crystallize crystallization同义词、近义词不能并列为关键词不以化学分子式或数学公式作关键词How to List Authors British journals: alph

14、abetical. Other journals: order reflects authors amount of input on paper. If equal input, gracious senior scientist will give first authorship to a junior colleague. Full names (some journals want initials)Footnotes to Addresses Grant funding numbers and sponsoring organization. If author has moved

15、 by time of publication: “present address”. If graduate student or someone who left research group is first author: “to whom all correspondence should be addressed”. 摘摘 要要 期刊论文摘要 学位论文摘要 会议论文摘要 概要（向管理人员简要汇报项目的结果、进展， 或得到批准、资助）摘要摘要 Abstract 面向专业读者的摘要，如dissertation ，journal paper，conference paper，poster

16、 Summary 一般指面向专业水平低一些的普通读者的摘要，读后能理解其大意、主要论点及新发现和见解等。有时Abstract 和Summary也可互换。如果前面有Abstract ，Summary经常位于文章最后，功能相当于conclusion。 Executive summary 通常指面向专业水平可能更低的公司、基金会决策人员的摘要，篇幅比Abstract 、 Summary 长得多。在正式项目报告中可以既有Abstract，又有 executive summary。Abstract Enables readers to identify basic content of a docume

17、nt quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and to decide whether they need to read entire document.AbstractSpecific, concise and must stand alone from the rest of the paper.Should include no abbreviations, acronyms, or citations of other papers.Abstract 空间位置：在前空间位置：在前

18、写作时间：在后写作时间：在后 语言：简练、准确、自然语言：简练、准确、自然 Summarizes major parts of paper. Mini version or skeleton of the paper摘要的特点摘要的特点 (1)篇幅短小篇幅短小 250500词 较短论文：正文长度5% 较长论文：正文长度3% Biological Abstract 3%Biological Abstract 3% Physical Review 5% Physical Review 5% Revue de Geological 5pages 125words Revue de Geologica

19、l 5pages 125words 25pages 250words 25pages 250words 数学，化学论文数学，化学论文 200 words 摘要的特点摘要的特点(2)概括完整，语言精练 研究目的、方法、成果、结论 不是简单地对论文标题加以扩展，对那些不通读论文，只使用索引或摘要刊物进行研究的读者来说，一个完整概括的摘要非常重要。 避免列举例证等需要在正文中涉及的细节 based on great efforts on a lot of experiments during a long period of two years based on two years experime

20、nts摘要的特点摘要的特点（3）用词规范 用正规的英语和标准的科技词汇,不能口语化 不使用图表、符号、结构式、脚注、尾注， 避免缩略语 不用第一人称，用第三人称 时态：叙述实验方法、结果时常用过去时态、 现在完成时 描述性摘要通常用一般现在时 语态：被动语态为主，主动语态为辅摘要的特点摘要的特点（4）内容具体 每一个论点都具体鲜明表达清楚。 不能笼统地说该论文与什么问题有关。 语言使用：具体准确 It can reduce the noise and power dissipation of a filter. The noise and power dissipation of a filt

21、er are about 17dB and 12dB lower than 摘要的形式摘要的形式 Descriptive Informative Descriptive and Informativedescriptive: Comparison of different soil reclamation methods in Geevor Mine Abstract: This paper aims to evaluate the three land reclamation methods applied to the reconstruction of contaminated land

22、s in Geevor Mine, Cornwall in recent years. Methods of evaluation are discussed and the results of the three land reclamation methods are compared and contrasted. Conclusions as to the effectiveness of the three methods are given, together with suggested recommendations for further studies.描述性（陈述性）摘

23、要描述性（陈述性）摘要 通常只描述论文的要点，而不写出研究的结通常只描述论文的要点，而不写出研究的结果和结论的细节内容果和结论的细节内容1，作者以旁观者的角度，站在论文以外的立场上来介绍论文，使用的是描述性的语言。 An integration simulation is proposed to, It demonstrates, This paper introduces, In this method.2，只进行一般性的描述和介绍，没有实质内容，不列举具体的实验方法和数据。3，篇幅不长，仅是对论文题目的补充和说明。4，常使用一般现在时进行描述Informative: 题目 说明论文主题说明

24、论文主题 研究的背景研究的背景 研究方法研究方法 研究结果研究结果 结论结论Comparison of different soil reclamation methods in Geevor Mine ABSTRACT：This paper evaluates the three land reclamation methods applied to the reconstruction of contaminated lands in Geevor Mine, Cornwall in recent years. With 3871 ha of land associated with me

25、talliferous mining and processing in Cornwall, high contents of heavy metals always exist in the land. Thus land reclamation has been an important task in Cornwall. For the investigation, three differently remedied plots and one comparison plot were selected and the main physical and chemical proper

26、ties of the soils were tested. The plot with the topsoil removed was still of high contaminants and low pH value. The plot remedied by using industrial mineral amendments showed a reduction in contaminants and a buffering of pH, but it still had level of metals. The subsoil covered plot showed the l

27、owest content of contaminants, which was less than the threshold value. It is concluded that remedies with industrial minerals and subsoil are effective for reclaiming contaminated lands in Cornwall. 资料性（报道性）摘要资料性（报道性）摘要 具体报道论文研究的目的、方法和结果具体报道论文研究的目的、方法和结果1，作者以主观者的角度，站在原论文的立场上来介绍论文，不使用描述性的语言。2，包含实质性内

28、容，对实验的材料、目的、方法、结果和结论都有摘录。3，不仅是对题目的补充说明，也提供论文梗概和关键性的内容。4，涉及到具体实验的材料、方法及结果时，多用过去时态。 Descriptive类似目录,只列出文章内容,不涉及实质性问题.让读者读后决定是否需要通读全文.用于文摘、会议报告、政府报告、以及评论性文章 Informative全文的缩影,常常能代替论文全文.用于研究性论文用于研究性论文中中,是最常用的是最常用的类型类型. Descriptive and Informative有时可在资料性摘要中加入描述性成分.资料性资料性摘要（摘要（informative）:回答：why to study，

29、what to study，how to study，how the conclusions are made 1, Presents the principle objective or scope of investigation. (要注意同论文的关联性，不要介绍众所周知的宏观背景) 2, Describe methodology employed：experimental technique，analytical method，design technique，system design. 3, Summarize results: Experimental findings, the

30、oretical breakthrough, improved design, improved system. 4, State principle conclusions. (通常12主要结论) 5, Makes recommendations or discusses the implications of the report to which it is attached. 资料性资料性摘要（摘要（informative）: 资料性资料性的摘要重点介绍研究成果和结论。这类摘要至少应包括三部分内容： （1）说明论文研究的背景或论文所涉及领域 存在的问题； （2）论文解决的问题或研究的方

31、法; （3）得出的主要结果或结论。 Abstract: Objective The first sentence of an abstract states why a project was carried out and/or why the report was written.(This sentence by itself is often called a descriptive abstract; it is sometimes found below the title of a scientific paper, as in Scientific American.) The

32、 materials and methods used in a study are usually not focused upon in an abstract,but they can be included in the first sentence.Examples: The formation of nitrogen compounds in engine exhaust gas was investigated. Time-lapse photography was used to study cell-cycle progression and cell-division ab

33、normalities in rat 9L brain tumor cells after treatment in culture with 2 g/ml of 1,3 bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea(BCNU).描述目的描述目的ThisThepaperthesisarticlestudysurveyprojectresearchinvestigationpresent study workadvances the view that ; advocates;analyzes; argues that;discusses ; develops;explai

34、ns the reason why; expresses;focuses(attention)on the fact that;focuses on several aspects of the following;gives detailed explanation for;holds that; offers;investigates the features of;is an attempt to study;investigates(at first hand) into;makes a comparative study upon the;presents; proposes tha

35、t;propounds; supports;ventilates ; voices;描述目的描述目的The chief major main primary principal aim goalobjective object proposal purposeof thisof thepaperstudyprojectresearchsurveyworkisto investigate discuss evaluate examine determine measure reveal the cause of描述目的描述目的This research is designed study pro

36、ject investigationThe experiments onwere madeThe author attempts intendsThe authors endeavor istodeterminemeasure the amount ofevaluatecalculateobtain the result ofobtain some knowledge ofexplain the reason whyoutline the framework of描述观察角度描述观察角度 1). from the angle of 2). in the light of the context

37、 that 3). to view something at a different angle/from various angles 4). from the point of view of 5). from the perspective of描绘方法描绘方法 1). Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using 2). This is a theory based on the idea that 3). Several sets of experiments have been performed to te

38、st the validity of 4). The method used in our study is known as 5). The technique the author adopted is referred to as 6). The approach taken in the investigation is called 7). The experiments consisted of four steps, which are described in Abstract: Results and conclusions The second sentence (or p

39、art) of an informative abstract describes the actual results and/or conclusions of the report.描述结果描述结果1). The results show/indicate that 2). The results are as follows :3). The analysis of the samples indicates that 4). We found that 5). Data suggested that (从句中不用虚拟语气)6). It is shown that 7). Based

40、on / upon the outcome / findings / results of the research,8). The results / findings / observations have shown that 9). The outcome has proved that 10). The data obtained seem to be very similar to those reported earlier by11). The authorpoint outBelievesConcludesdeclaresthatSuggestsRecommendsasksT

41、hat(从句中用虚拟语气)描述结论描述结论 1). This is particularly true of 2). It is widely /universally /generally /accepted that 3). It can be concluded /acknowledged that 4). The examination /investigation proves that 5). In summing up it may be stated that 6). All the preliminary results throw light on the nature o

42、f 7). These findings of the research have naturally led the author to the conclusion that Abstract: Recommendations or implications The third sentence (or part) of an abstract discusses the implications of the findings and/or makes recommendations based on those findings.Abstract The abstract is usu

43、ally about 6 to 8 lines long, representing 2 to 5 percent of the total paper, and 250 words, and it usually has the form of a paragraph. However, different publications have their own styles, and the abstract is sometimes broken into short paragraphs. Pedosphere Abstract An informative, self-explana

44、tory, less than 250 words abstract should be specific, telling why and how the study was made, what the results were, and why they were important. Use quantitative terms where possible. Acknowledgement 感谢为实验、研究及论文写作提供 financial support, technical help 的单位和个人。表现了作者的修养和礼貌。 不要罗嗦，感谢“谁”及“为什么致谢”即可。 For，I

45、would like to thank the following people： 长篇论文：在摘要或术语表之后，引言之前。 短篇论文：在文章最后一段鸣谢即可。 可写上小标题 Acknowledgements，也可不写。The authors thank XXX and YYY in Dept. of for 表示感谢的词 thank vt. I would also like to thankfor For contributing ideas or commenting on specific points, the author wishes to thank thankful a. t

46、o be thankful that to be deeply thankful to somebody for Thanks n. 前面可用best, cordial, heatfelt, hearty, sincere,等形容词修饰 to acknowledge/express/convey/extend/give/present/tender ones thanks for to owe somebody thanks Thanks go/are due/are owed to somebody for The author wishes to express his most sinc

47、ere thanks to ,who Tremendous thanks are extended to for the valuble advice he gave me during表示感谢的词 appreciate vt. to deeply/gratefully/highly/appreciate ones valuable/kind help/advice during appreciation n. to express/show ones appreciation for something acknowledge vt. to acknowledge something ack

48、nowledgement n. to express/give/owe/send ones best/grateful/sincere/special/warm acknowledgement to for grateful a. to be deeply/very/particularly grateful to for For the support and organization of the program at University of , I am grateful to gratitude n. to express ones warm/heartfelt gratitude

49、 to for His generous and selfless assistance deserves our deepest gratitude. He certainly merits our gratitude. Indebted a.Indebtedness n.ContentsAbstract IList of Illustrations IIIGlossary of Terms and abbreviations IVAcknowledgementsIntroduction and Overview 1. 4 2.1 . 4 2.2 8 2.2.1 Conclusions Re

50、ferences Appendices Appendix 1 A-1 Appendix 2 A-2IntroductionConcisely states why you did the research and puts your work into the context of previous research.Keep it short and simple.Introduction前言前言/引言引言/序言序言/绪论绪论/导论导论 写作背景 立题依据 文章主题 研究目的 勾勒文章的基本轮廓 体现出个体同整体之间的关系： 把握论文的研究课题同该专业、学科领域内他人研究之间的关系把握论文的

51、研究课题同该专业、学科领域内他人研究之间的关系正确反映论文的研究课题在该专业、学科当前研究正确反映论文的研究课题在该专业、学科当前研究 中的位置中的位置Introduction 介绍课题目前的状况及现在存在的问题，或指出现有知识介绍课题目前的状况及现在存在的问题，或指出现有知识技术的缺陷和局限性，或说明自己研究的目的和意义。技术的缺陷和局限性，或说明自己研究的目的和意义。 why is topic important? Present nature and scope of problem investigated. Review pertinent literature to orient

52、readers. Do not write comprehensive review of literature. Cite only significant papers that together show that a problem or question exists. State specific aim(s) of project. State methods of investigation. Include enough information to help readers appreciate work; establish background, context and

53、 relevance of your study.Review of literature（Literature review） Tertiary sources（三级资料）： 教科书，专著（权威性） Secondary sources （二级资料）：首先查找 系统性较强的综述文章，源于一级资料 Primary sources （一级资料）： review 以此为主 学术期刊上的文章、论文及报告，第一手资料Review of literature 不能照抄原文，要用自己的话转述，再加上恰当的评述。不能照抄原文，要用自己的话转述，再加上恰当的评述。 Green(1995) discovered;

54、 In 2000,Black conducted experiments and discovered that; Later Brown(2003) illustrated this in There seems to be general agreement on X,(for example, White 1994, Brown 1995, Black 2000, Green 1995), but Green(1998) sees X as a consequence of Y, while Black (2000)puts X and Y as Although Greens work

55、 has some limitations in that it, its main value lies in Recent advances in ,however, have led to Therefore it is universally believed that列出本专业领域内进行过、正在进行研究的学者及其主要贡献。恰列出本专业领域内进行过、正在进行研究的学者及其主要贡献。恰当地引用权威人士的话语、数据或评论支撑自己的观点。如：当地引用权威人士的话语、数据或评论支撑自己的观点。如： In this area, Dr. Yu is the chief contributor wh

56、o has thrown light upon Prof. Wu is quite right when he says “”, which enlightens us on Review of literature肯定成就后，指出不同学者的研究之间的相似性、矛盾性、含混性及理肯定成就后，指出不同学者的研究之间的相似性、矛盾性、含混性及理论、技术方面的空白。评述现有的知识、研究技术或材料的局限性、缺论、技术方面的空白。评述现有的知识、研究技术或材料的局限性、缺陷或需要进一步完善、研究的方面。陷或需要进一步完善、研究的方面。 The question arises as to whether N

57、evertheless，the cause of still remains unexplained. Unfortunately, he failed to brush away the ambiguity of Recent studies, however, have shown this theory is not inconsistent with There have been, however, few studies that But it is not know whether However, the mechanism/correlation of is not well

58、 understood. Despite the recent progress reviewed in , there is no generally accepted explanation about The major problem that is the undesirable effect exerted by So far there us not enough convincing evidence that shows The data available in literature failed to prove that The theory of failed to

59、explain the reason why the difference betweenReview of literature要注意紧紧抓住文献资料之间的相关性，尤其要抓住文献资料同自己要注意紧紧抓住文献资料之间的相关性，尤其要抓住文献资料同自己研究的关联性，说明所引文献同自己课题之间支持或矛盾的关系。指研究的关联性，说明所引文献同自己课题之间支持或矛盾的关系。指出现在需要解决的问题，即说明自己的切入点，证明自己研究出现在需要解决的问题，即说明自己的切入点，证明自己研究 的必的必要性和正确性，说明自己的研究要性和正确性，说明自己的研究 将会带来的新贡献。将会带来的新贡献。In this r

60、espect, the present research has investigated/studied /discussedOn the basis of existing literature data, we intend to study further.On the basis of the previous studies, the author makes every effort to prove.Inspired by the idea that, we carried out a number of studies inAware enough of the fact t