ConversionPPT优秀课件

1、1 Word-formation IIIConversion2 Important PointsnI. The Definition of ConversionnII. Types of ConversionnVerb-NounnNoun-VerbnAdjective-NounnAdjective-VerbnNoun-Adjective3I.The definition of conversionnConversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of ano

2、ther without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生零位派生).4 n1. Noun-verb conversionn2. Adjective-verb conversionn3. Verb-noun conversionn4. Adjective-noun conversionn5. Noun-adjective conversionn6. Minor category of conversionn7. Change of secondary word-class: noun, verb,

3、adjectiveII. Major types of conversion51.Noun-verb conversion1. Noun-verb conversionnHe elbowed his way through the crowd.nProblems snowballed by the hour.nThe newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments.nKissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David. 6Changes of pronunciation an

4、d spellingnAbusenAdvicenHousenUsenBeliefnGriefnShelfnmouthnAbusenAdvisenHousenUsenBelievenGrievenShelvenMouth 7nThis noun to verb conversion may be subdivided into the following groups, based on A Grammar of Contemporary English by R. Qirk et al.8a) To put in/to N: Usually locative nous denoting a p

5、lace, a container or a specified location.bottle (to put into a bottle), corner, catalogue, floor, garage, positionb)To give N, to provide with N:coat (to give a coat of paint), commission, grease, mask, muzzle, plaster c)To deprive of N: to remove the object denoted by the noun form somethingtore (

6、to remove the core from), gut, peel. skin, top and tail (BrE)9d) To. with N”: the meaning of the verb is “to use the referent of the noun as an instrument for whatever activity particularly associated with it”brake (to stop by means of a brake), elbows, fiddle, finger, glue, knife e)To be/act as N w

7、ith respect to. i.Verbs from human nouns: mother, nurse, boss, chaperon, pilot, referee, usher eg. She mothered the orphan.10ii.Verbs from animal nous: parrot, ape, monkey, dog, wolfeg. Tom parroted what the boss had said. Our cat has kittened.iii.Verbs from inanimate nous: shadow, balloon, flood, g

8、host, mushroom, snowballeg. The police shadowed the suspect.11f) To make/o Ncash (to change into cash), cripple, groupeg. Please cash this cheque for me.( Please change the cheque into cash.g)To (a) send/(b) go by N(a) mail (to send by mail), ship, telegrapheg. Will you please mail the par

9、cel?(b) bicycle (to go by bicycle), boat, canoe, motor eg. We bicycled to the Summer Palace.12nh) “ To spend the period of time denoted by N”:nsummer, holiday, winter, weekend, honeymoon, and vacation.neg. We summered in Qingdao.nNote: Most of the verbs in this category are transitive, with the exce

10、ption of type (g) (ii), and type (h).132. Adjective - verb conversiona. (transitive verb) to make adjective or to make more adjective: to cause someone or something to be, become, the quality denoted by the adjective Such as: calm (to make calm), dirty, humble, lower, soundproofb. (intransitive verb

11、s) to become adjective: to be, become the quality denoted by the adjectiveSuch as: pale, slim, sour, mellow, dim, and idle14Sometimes the phrasal verb is derived fromadjective by the addition of particle: smoothout (“to make smooth”), sober up (to becomesober), calm down (to become calm) 15n3. Verb-

12、noun conversionnHe was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.nThis little restaurant is quite a find.nIt is a good buy.nHe took a close look at the machine.ndoubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, reply, divide16Phrasal verb-noun conversionRight branchingLeft branchingBreak downBreakd

13、ownBreak outOutbreakPick upPick-upSpill overOverspillTake overTake-overStart upUpstartGet togetherGet-togetherPut inInputBreak throughBreakthrough Keep upupkeep17nThe following sub-division of verb to noun conversion is also based on A Grammar of Contemporary English by R.Qirk et al.18a) to denote s

14、tate of mind or state of sensation: desire, dismay, doubt, love, smell, taste;b) to denote an event or activity: attempt, fall, hit, laugh, release, search, shut-down, swim; to give a cry, shudder, start, howl, laugh to have a look, swim, ride, try, drink to make a dash, dive, guess to take a peep,

15、turn 19c) Agent /Subject of V”: bore, cheat, spy, coach, help, rebel, show-off, stand-ineg. He is a great bore.=He is a person bores everyone. d) as object of the verb: answer, bet, catch, find, handout, reject, import eg. This little restaurant is a quite find.= We found a nice little restaurant.20

16、e) as instrument of the verb: cover, wrap. wrench; eg. The cloth is a good cover for the table. g) place of the verb: divide, retreat, rise, turn.eg. This is the divide between the two rivers.=This is the place where the two rivers divide. f) as manner of the verb (+ing): walk, throw, lie;21n4. Adje

17、ctive-noun ConversionnPartial ConversionnComplete Conversion22nPartial conversion: some adjectives are used as nouns when preceded by the definite article; yet these converted nouns take on only some of the features of the noun; they do not take plural and genitive inflections, nor can they be prece

18、ded by determiners like a, this, my, etc. Such as the poor, the wounded.nMeanwhile they also remain some features of adjectives, which can be modified by adverb and assume the comparative degree. 23nComplete conversion: the conversion of adjective to noun is complete when the converted form takes on

19、 all the features of a noun. Such as native, married, regular, progressive244.1 The Types of Partial conversion a. Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded eg. The poor were oppressed by the rich during preliberation days. Note: one cannot

20、 say: I saw a poor./These poors are good people./Those poors houses need repairing. b. Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch eg. In former days the English and the Scotch were often at war.25nc. Denoting a quality in the abstract: neg

21、. a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the ridiculousnd. Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned nAdverbial superlatives are sometimes preceded by a definite article.neg.

22、 I will give you a definite answer on Tuesday at the latest.nHe is at his best in his description of college life.264.2 Complete conversionnA native, two natives, a returned nativenHe is a natural for the job.nTom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night.nTo them s

23、he is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate.nThey are the creatives in the advertising department.275.noun adjective conversion Only the noun form which occurs in predicative as well as in attributive positions can be included in this category: a brick garage The garage is brick. reprodu

24、ction furniture this furniture Is reproduction. Worcester porcelain This porcelain is Worcester a very Oxbridge accent His accent is very Oxbridge (BrE)Note:This excludes those nouns used in the function of attributive adjectives only: He said it in a business tone. In this sentence business cannot

25、be regarded as genuine conversion, because we cannot say: His tone is business. 28 6. Minor categories of conversiona)Conversion from closed-system words to nouns: This book is a must for the student of aerodynamics.b)Conversion from phrases to nouns: Whenever I gamble, my horse is one of the also r

26、ans (i.e. one of the horses which also ran but was not among the winners)c)Conversion from phrases to adjectives: an under-the-weather feeling, I feel very under- the-weather. (i.e. indisposed)d)Conversion from affixes to nouns: Patriotism, and any other isms youd like to name.297. Change of seconda

27、ry word-class: nouns, verbs, adjectives7.1 Change of secondary word-class: nounsa)non-count count(i) a unit of n: two coffees (cups of coffee)(ii) a kind of n: Some paints are more lasting than others(iii)an instance of n (with abstract nouns.): a difficulty b)count non-countn viewed in terms of a measurable extent (normally only after expressions of amount): a few square feet of floor30c)Proper common (initial capital usually retained)(i) A member of the class typified by N: a Jeremiah (a gloomy prophet)(ii) A person, place, etc. called N: There are several Cambridge (places c