写作明喻和暗喻

1、Figure of speech By Group1: 彭清蓉、王莹、梅香 杨梅、廖亚霜、李颖 2 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ words used in their original meanings are used literally, while words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the readers or listenrs mind are used

2、 figuratively. Definition: Figures of speech 3 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ There are various ways of using words figuratively. they are called figures of speech. among the most common of them are: Simile-明喻 Metaphor-隐喻 Personification-拟人 Metonymy-换喻 Synecdoche-提喻 Euphemism-婉

3、言 Irony-反语 Overstatement and Understatement夸大和缩小 Transferred Epithet-移位修辞 Oxymoron-矛盾修辞 Alliteration-头韵 Types: 4 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Simile Metaphor Similarities Differences Exercises Attention He is something of a political chamelion.他有点像政治上 的变色龙。 Illustrative simil

4、e说明型(通过简单具体的形象说明复杂， 抽象的概念或过程.) Eg;Some reviews of the book can be found on the back part of the jacket. The reviews are always positive, because theyre just like the ads for the books. Illuminative simile启发型(通过暗示性的联想启发人们洞 察深层的内涵。不一定能直接理解，须经思索，方能霍 然.) Eg;Living without an aim is like sailing without

5、a compass. 8 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Formation A simile is made up of three parts: (1) the tenor (the thing described)-本体 (2) the vehicle (the thing compared to)-喻体 (3)comparative words such as “as, like, as if, or as though,” and the structure “of noun” used to show the

6、 relationships of comparison-比喻词 9 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Different ways of expression 1、like pattern: Magduluna became a skeleton of its former self, desolate and forsaken, like tombs, a place to get away from. The Telephone 马格达路纳成了以前的村庄的一个空架子，像墓地一样荒凉孤独， 成了一个该逃离的地方。 Th

7、e police were there to reassure the audience that it was being protected; the rotating red lights was like a campfire in the wild,-Lions and Tigers and Bears 警察在那里是为了让观众放心，使他们相信他们正在受到保护；旋 转着的红色警灯就像野外的篝火 10 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ 2、as pattern: a. as + adj. + as + n. For

8、the next two years， I was as busy as a squirrel storing nuts for the winter.-Maheegun My Brother 在接下来的两年里我忙的像一只忙着储存过冬坚果的松 鼠一样。 b. as + S + V Man enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill.-Thinking as a Hobby 就像牛群会以相同的方式在一面山坡上吃草一样，人类也喜欢彼此 意见的统一 11 Copyright 2012 Andy

9、Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ c. as, so像那样，犹如 (the main clause introduced by so) As the lion is king of beasts, so is the eagle king of birds. 鹰是鸟中之王，犹如狮是兽中之王。 d. as if / as though 好像，仿佛 He closed his eyes an instant, but opening them his face lit up as though he had struck a match in a dark room

10、.-A Dill Pickle 他闭上眼，但随即又睁开了。当他睁开眼时，脸上顿时容光焕发就 像他在漆黑的房间里划亮一根火柴。 e. may / might as well +V as + V You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him. 你把钱借给他好比/还不如把钱扔进海里。 12 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ 3、what pattern: what = as a. A is to B what C is to D. / A is

11、 for B what C is for D. Soap opera is for TV what the popular novel is for books. 肥皂剧之于电视，犹如通俗小说之于书籍。 Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. 阅读之于思想，犹如锻炼之于身体。 b.What C is to D, (that) A is to B. What sculpture is to a block of marble, that education is to the soul. 教育之于心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。 Wha

12、t blood vessel is to a mans body, that railway is to transportation. 铁路之于运输，犹如血管之于人体。 13 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ 4、 than pattern: A home without love is no more than a body without a soul. 没有爱的家好比一具没有灵魂的躯体。 He had no more idea of money than a cow. 他对金钱像牛对金钱一样一无所知。 14 Cop

13、yright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ 5、 seem to pattern: In the forum the tall columns toppled. The entire city seemed to shake in the grip of a giant fist.Pompeii 广场上高高的石柱倒了。整个城市好像在一只巨 手的手心中晃动。 15 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Metaphor u Definition u Classificati

14、on u Patterns 16 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.It is also a comparison,but the comparison is implied,not expressed with the word as or like. Definition: 17 Copyright 2012 Andy

15、 Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Classification: Anthropomorphic metaphors Animal metaphors Synaeathetic metaphors 18 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Many inanimate objects are compared to the parts of the human body Eg: Anthropomorphic Metaphors the eye of a flower the centre

16、of a flower the mouth of a riverthe place where a river enters a sea the lungs of Londonparks and open spaces in a close to a great city 19 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Animal Metaphors Another source of imagery is the animal kingdom. A great many inanimate objects, including

17、 various instruments, machines, and parts of machines are called after an animal Eg : an assa stupid foolish person “She was not very clever, but by dogged effort she learnt a great deal at school” having or showing a character which refuses to give up in the face of difficulty or opposition 20 Copy

18、right 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Synaesthetic Metaphors Used to refer to a direct association between the form and the meaning of language. That is to say, this type of metaphor is based on the similarity of two things. 1. He is fond of blowing his own trumpet. 2. a stony heart 3. “L

19、eave me alone”, he said to her in a cold voice. 4. He finally had this golden opportunity to be promoted to senior vice president because of several years hard work. Examples: 21 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ The patterns of metaphor 1. “noun” pattern: A is B 2. “verb” pattern

20、” 3. “adjective” pattern 4. -of- phrase pattern 5. “idiom” pattern” 22 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Some people think that marriage is a lottery. 有些人认为婚姻是缘分。 He is the eyes and ears of the manager. 他是经理的耳目。 Look at that guy all meat and no potatoes. 瞧那个家伙，浑身都是肉。 I was, inward

21、ly, all white flag. 我内心里却妥协了。 Greece was the cradle of Western culture. 希腊是西方文化的发源地/摇篮。 The old mans face is a map of time. 那老人脸就是岁月的写照。 “noun” pattern名词型名词型 : A is B” 23 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ “verb” pattern动词型动词型”: Snow clothes the ground. 雪覆盖了大地。 A stranger then is s

22、till dogging us. 一个陌生人仍在跟踪我们。 My desk is flooded with paper. 我的桌子上堆满了纸，就像洪水 泛滥一样。 The years have silvered her hair. 岁月已使她的鬓发如霜。 The population mushroomed in the postwar decades. 战后数十年里人口快速增长。 My heart was pumping. 我的心怦怦直跳。 He doesnt have any idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say. 他没

23、有自己的观点，只会鹦鹉学舌。 24 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ adjective pattern形容词型形容词型: The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship. 山一般的巨浪吞没了那艘船。 I was all smiles, looking forward to a pleasant, homey evening. 我满心欢喜，盼望度过一个家庭般舒适的夜晚 。 He gave Blakey a wintry smile. 他给布莱基一个 冷笑。 25 Copyright

24、2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ -of- phrase pattern The lecturer looked down at the sea of faces beneath him. 演讲者俯视下面无数的面孔。 We have come a long way since then, in part as a fruit of his labors. 从那以后，我们取得了巨大进展，其中一部分是他 努力的结果。 They tied pillows on top of their heads as protection against the

25、 shower of rocks. 他们把枕头绑在头上以 防倾泻而下的岩石。 26 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ “idiom” pattern” We mended our fences. 我们重修旧好。 27 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Similarities Comparison Example Sentences Appreciation 28 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved

26、。 http:/ A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily and primarily denotes one thing is applied to another in an implied comparison. A simile is a rhetorical figure expressing comparison or likeness that directly compares two objects through some connective word such a

27、s like, as, so, than, or a verb such as resembles. Comparison 29 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Similarities: 1）They both compare two unlike things； 2）They not only help the audiences understand the address better, but make the speech more vivid and novel. 30 Copyright 2012 And

28、y Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Hes become a shell of a man. Hes like a shell of a man. Example sentences: 31 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Appreciation All the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances. William Shak

29、espeare, “As You Like It” 32 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ 闲静时如娇花照水，行动处似弱柳扶风。 In stillness, she made one think of a graceful flower reflected in the water; In motion, she called to mind tender willow shoots caressed by the wind. 曹雪芹红楼梦，David Hawkes 译 33 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo

30、. All rights reserved。 http:/ My heart is like a singing bird Whose nest is in a watered shoot. (C.G.Rossetti:A Birthday) 我的心像正在歌唱的小鸟， 巢儿就筑在沾满雨露的嫩枝间。 I wondered lonely as a cloud.(W.Wordsworth:The Daffodils) 我像一朵浮云独自漫游。 Beauty is as summer fruits,which are easy to corrupt and cannot last(Francis Bac

31、on:Of Beauty) 美者有如夏日蔬果，易腐难存。 34 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ 择书如择友。 Choose an author as you choose a friend. 信誉丧失，犹如破镜难圆。 Credit lost is like a Venice-glass broke. 心灵的贫乏比金钱的贫乏更可悲。 A poor spirit is poorer than a poor purse. 献媚者外表看起来向朋友，就如狼看起来像狗。 Flatterers look like friends,as

32、 wolves like dog. 35 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Truth always rises above falsehood,as oil rises above water. 真理总是高于谬误，就像油总是在水面上。 Her happiness vanished like the morning dew. 她的幸福像晨露般消失了。 The check fluttered to the floor liked a bird with a broken wing. 支票像只断了翅膀的小鸟似的飘落到地板上。

33、Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit;we cannot flower and grow without it. 对于人的精神来说，赞扬就像阳光一样：没有它，我们就不能开花生长。 36 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ To eat like a horse To drink like a fish Like a drowned rat As merry as a cricket As plentiful as blackberries As mute as a fish

34、As close/mute as an oyster Like a cat in a hole Talk like a book As grave as a judge As large as life As American apple pie 37 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ There be none of Beautys daughter With the magic like thee; And like music on the waters Is thy sweet voice to be 纵使丽人之女

35、， 未有汝之魔力。 汝之莺声燕语， 如水面之乐曲。 没有一个美丽的女儿， 像你那样富于魅力； 对于我，你甜蜜的声音， 犹如水上漂浮的音乐。 （Byron:”For Music”） 38 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ A Red，Red Rose by Robert Burns O, my Luves like a red, red rose Thats newly sprung in June; O, my Luves like the melodie, Thats sweetly playd in tune. As

36、fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in luve am I; And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang dry. 心上的人儿啊，你像玫瑰红艳艳心上的人儿啊，你像玫瑰红艳艳 六月花苞才乍现六月花苞才乍现 心上的人儿啊，你像歌儿那样甜心上的人儿啊，你像歌儿那样甜 曲调悠扬美如仙曲调悠扬美如仙 你像花儿那样美，漂亮的人儿你像花儿那样美，漂亮的人儿 爱你深深在心间爱你深深在心间 我爱你啊到永远，亲爱的人儿我爱你啊到永远，亲爱的人儿 直到四海都枯干直到四海都枯干 39 Copyright

37、 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Differences 1.A simile is a metaphor, but not all metaphors are similes. 2.Metaphor is the broader term. 3. A metaphor, on the other hand is a substitution or an “equation in principle”. Thus while simile is an approximation, metaphor is an equation. Such

38、as: She is as sweet as sugar. While,My mother was the pillar of strength in my fathers life. 40 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Differences between Simile and Metaphor Structure Element Function 41 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Structure A simile makes a c

39、lear comparison by means of words like, as, as if, asso,etc. eg: 1) A good book is like a good meal. 2) The staff member folded like an accortion. 3) Army and people are as inseparable as fish as water. 42 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ A metaphor makes a comparison which is im

40、plied rather than stated. So the metaphor is also called condensed simile(压缩了的明喻) A metaphor generally uses the words, is ,are, was and were. eg: 1) A vein is a road for blood cells. 2) Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is written poetry and remaining in prose. Beverley Nichols Structure

41、 43 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Element A simile always contains the subject and the reference, which are connected by simile markers. It states literally that A is like B. A metaphor compare things implicitly. Read literally, it dose not state that things are alike; it says

42、 that they are the same thing. Sometimes there is only the subject and no reference in a metaphor. 44 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ Eg: SIMILE: He is stubborn like a mule(骡子) METAPHOR: Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested. 45 Cop

43、yright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ 明喻中的明喻中的主体主体与与喻体喻体一定一定同时同时出现在在句子中，出现在在句子中， 而暗喻中的主题与喻体在句子中却有而暗喻中的主题与喻体在句子中却有三种情况三种情况： 或同时出现在句子中（或同时出现在句子中（visiblevisible）；或句子只出现）；或句子只出现 喻体，主体隐去；或句子中只有主体，喻体隐去喻体，主体隐去；或句子中只有主体，喻体隐去 （invisibleinvisible） Further. 46 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights re

44、served。 http:/ Function Comparing with mataphor,a good simile can draw sharper pictures in the mind than could possibly be done by any means .And it explains abstract or complicated idea or processes in simple, concrete imagery, so it is easy to understand. Such as: * Her brown hair was like a birds

45、 smooth wings. * She trembled like a leaf when he held her. 47 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ a. Identify the similes and metaphors in the following; then convert similes into metaphors or expand the metaphors into similes, if possible. He is like a wolf in sheeps skin. 2、His v

46、oice sounded like a thunder in the hall. His voice thundered in the hall. 1、He is a wolf in sheeps clothing. Exercises: 48 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ 3、 Slimy canals crept like green snakes besides the road. Slimy green canals snaked besides the road. 4、 Money is a lens in

47、a camera. Money is like a lens in a camera. 49 _1.The students in that school all work very hard. They know time is money. _ 2. Compared to my house, his is a palace. _3. The firefighter was as brave as a lion in the face of danger. _ 4. The old gentlemans beard is as snow. _ 5. He was an emotionles

48、s man and it was said that his heart was made of stone. b. Write “simile” or “metaphor” in the blanks. metaphor metaphor metaphor simile simile 50 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ _ 6. My love is like a red, red ros e. _ 7. He slept like a do g. _ 8. The day we passed together fo

49、r a while seemed a bright fire on a Winters nigh t. _ 9. You are like a hurricane: theres calm in your eye, but Im getting blown awa y. _10. I am not Angel. simile simile simile simile metaphor 51 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reserved。 http:/ as busy as _ as brave as_ as black as _ as sharp as _ as cunning as a dead _ as happy as a _ c. Fill in the blanks with proper noun. bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌 lion 像狮子一样勇猛 crow 像乌鸦一般黑 knife 像刀一样锋利 pig 像狐狸一样狡猾 cow 快乐得像只百灵鸟 52 Copyright 2012 Andy Guo. All rights reser