点阵LED外文文献+翻译

1、基于at89c52的led概述led（light emitting diode），发光二极管，是一种固态的半导体器件，它可以直接把电转化为光。led的心脏是一个半导体的晶片，晶片的一端附在一个支架上，一端是负极，另一端连接电源的正极，使整个晶片被环氧树脂封装起来。半导体晶片由两部分组成，一部分是p型半导体，在它里面空穴占主导地位，另一端是n型半导体，在这边主要是电子。但这两种半导体连接起来的时候，它们之间就形成一个“p-n结”。当电流通过导线作用于这个晶片的时候，电子就会被推向p区，在p区里电子跟空穴复合，然后就会以光子的形式发出能量，这就是led发光的原理。而光的波长也就是光的颜色，是由形成

2、p-n结的材料决定的。led历史50年前人们已经了解半导体材料可产生光线的基本知识，第一个商用二极管产生于1960年。led是英文light emitting diode（发光二极管）的缩写，它的基本结构是一块电致发光的半导体材料，置于一个有引线的架子上，然后四周用环氧树脂密封，即固体封装，所以能起到保护内部芯线的作用，所以led的抗震性能好。 发光二极管的核心部分是由p型半导体和n型半导体组成的晶片，在p型半导体和n型半导体之间有一个过渡层，称为p-n结。在某些半导体材料的pn结中，注入的少数载流子与多数载流子复合时会把多余的能量以光的形式释放出来，从而把电能直接转换为光能。pn结施加反向电

3、压时，少数载流子难以注入，故不发光。这种利用注入式电致发光原理制作的二极管叫发光二极管，通称led。 当它处于正向工作状态时（即两端加上正向电压），电流从led阳极流向阴极时，半导体晶体就发出从紫外到红外不同颜色的光线，光的强弱与电流有关。 最初led用作仪器仪表的指示光源，后来各种光色的led在交通信号灯和大面积显示屏中得到了广泛应用，产生了很好的经济效益和社会效益。以12英寸的红色交通信号灯为例，在美国本来是采用长寿命、低光效的140瓦白炽灯作为光源，它产生2000流明的白光。经红色滤光片后，光损失90%，只剩下200流明的红光。而在新设计的灯中，lumileds公司采用了18个红色led

4、光源，包括电路损失在内，共耗电14瓦，即可产生同样的光效。 汽车信号灯也是led光源应用的重要领域。 对于一般照明而言，人们更需要白色的光源。1998年白光的led开发成功。这种led是将gan芯片和钇铝石榴石（yag）封装在一起做成。gan芯片发蓝光（p=465nm，wd=30nm），高温烧结制成的含ce3+的yag荧光粉受此蓝光激发后发出黄色光射，峰值550nm。蓝光led基片安装在碗形反射腔中，覆盖以混有yag的树脂薄层，约200-500nm。 led基片发出的蓝光部分被荧光粉吸收，另一部分蓝光与荧光粉发出的黄光混合，可以得到得白光。现在，对于ingan/yag白色led，通过改变yag

5、荧光粉的化学组成和调节荧光粉层的厚度，可以获得色温3500-10000k的各色白光。这种通过蓝光led得到白光的方法，构造简单、成本低廉、技术成熟度高，因此运用最多。 上个世纪60年代，科技工作者利用半导体pn结发光的原理，研制成了led发光二极管。当时研制的led，所用的材料是gaasp，其发光颜色为红色。经过近30年的发展，现在大家十分熟悉的led，已能发出红、橙、黄、绿、蓝等多种色光。然而照明需用的白色光led仅在近年才发展起来，这里向读者介绍有关照明用白光。 led显示屏分为图文显示屏和视频显示屏，均由led矩阵块组成。图文显示屏可与计算机同步显示汉字、英文文本和图形；视频显示屏采用微

6、型计算机进行控制，图文、图像并茂，以实时、同步、清晰的信息传播方式播放各种信息，还可显示二维、三维动画、录像、电视、vcd节目以及现场实况。led显示屏显示画面色彩鲜艳，立体感强，静如油画，动如电影，广泛应用于金融、税务、工商、邮电、体育、广告、厂矿企业、交通运输、教育系统、车站、码头、机场、商场、医院、宾馆、银行、证券市场、建筑市场、拍卖行、工业企业管理和其它公共场所。 led显示屏可以显示变化的数字、文字、图形图像；不仅可以用于室内环境还可以用于室外环境，具有投影仪、电视墙、液晶显示屏无法比拟的优点。 led之所以受到广泛重视而得到迅速发展，是与它本身所具有的优点分不开的。这些优点概括起来

7、是：亮度高、工作电压低、功耗小、小型化、寿命长、耐冲击和性能稳定。led的发展前景极为广阔，目前正朝着更高亮度、更高耐气候性、更高的发光密度、更高的发光均匀性，可靠性、全色化方向发展。 led显示屏的分类 1、按颜色基色可以分为 ，单基色显示屏:单一颜色（红色或绿色）。双基色显示屏：红和绿双基色，256级灰度、可以显示65536种颜色。全彩色显示屏：红、绿、蓝三基色，256级灰度的全彩色显示屏可以显示一千六百多万种颜色。2、按显示器件分类 led数码显示屏：显示器件为7段码数码管，适于制作时钟屏、利率屏等，显示数字的电子显示屏。 led点阵图文显示屏：显示器件是由许多均匀排列的发光二极管组成的

8、点阵显示模块，适于播放文字、图像信息。 led视频显示屏：显示器件是由许多发光二极管组成，可以显示视频、动画等各种视频文件。3、按使用场合分类，室内显示屏：发光点较小，一般3mm-8mm，显示面积一般几至十几平方米。室外显示屏：面积一般几十平方米至几百平方米，亮度高，可在阳光下工作，具有防风、防雨、防水功能。4、按发光点直径分类，室内屏：3mm、3.75mm、5mm。室外屏：10mm、12mm、16mm、19mm、20mm、21mm、22mm、26mm 。室外屏发光的基本单元为发光筒，发光筒的原理是将一组红、绿、蓝发光二极管封在一个塑料筒内共同发。5.显示方式有静态、横向滚动、垂直滚动和翻页显

9、示等。单块模块控制驱动12块（最多可控制24块）8x8点阵，共16x48点阵（或32x48点阵），是单块max7219（或ps7219、hd7279、zlg7289及8279等类似led显示驱动模块）的12倍（或24倍）！可采用“级联”的方式组成任意点阵大显示屏。显示效果好，功耗小，且比采用max7219电路的成本更低。led显示屏检验方法，一看屏体规格，外观，平整度，屏内的连线等。二看屏点亮后坏点，在不在不范围之内，（一般来说现在的屏基本上没有了）色差一致性，显示文字是否正常，显示屏图片等，全彩的要全屏打白色，红，绿，蓝。 技术优势评述。现有常见的室内全彩方案的比较：1点阵模块方案： 最早的

10、设计方案，由室内伪彩点阵屏发展而来 。优势：原材料成本最有优势，且生产加工工艺简单，质量稳定。缺点：色彩一致性差，马赛克现象较严重，显示效果较差。2单灯方案：为解决点阵屏色彩问题，借鉴户外显示屏技术的一种方案，同时将户外的像素复用技术（又叫像素共享技术，虚拟像素技术）移植到了室内显示屏。 优势： 色彩一致性比点阵模块方式的好。 缺点： 混色效果不佳，视角不大，水平方向左右观看有色差。加工较复杂，抗静电要求高。实际像素分辨率做到10000点以上较难。 主要性能l 与mcs-51单片机产品兼容l 8k字节在系统可编程flash存储器l 1000次擦写周期l 全静态操作：0hz33hzl 三级加密程

11、序存储器l 32个可编程i/o口线l 三个16位定时器/计数器l 八个中断源l 全双工uart串行通道l 低功耗空闲和掉电模式l 掉电后中断可唤醒l 看门狗定时器l 双数据指针l 掉电标识符功能特性描述at89c52是一种低功耗、高性能cmos8位微控制器，具有8k在系统可编程flash 存储器。使用atmel公司高密度非易失性存储器技术制造，与工业80c51产品指令和引脚完全兼容。片上flash允许程序存储器在系统可编程，亦适于常规编程器。在单芯片上，拥有灵巧的8位cpu和在系统可编程flash，使得at89c52为众多嵌入式控制应用系统提供高灵活、超有效的解决方案。at89c52具有以下标

12、准功能：8k字节flash，256字节ram，32位i/o口线，看门狗定时器，2个数据指针，三个16位定时器/计数器，一个6向量2级中断结构，全双工串行口，片内晶振及时钟电路。另外，at89c52可降至0hz静态逻辑操作，支持2种软件可选择节电模式。空闲模式下，cpu停止工作，允许ram、定时器/计数器、串口、中断继续工作。掉电保护方式下，ram内容被保存，振荡器被冻结，单片机一切工作停止，直到下一个中断或硬件复位为止。 st: 复位输入。晶振工作时，rst脚持续2个机器周期高电平将使单片机复位。看门狗计时完成后，rst脚输出96个晶振周期的高电平。特殊寄存器auxr(地址8eh)上的disr

13、to位可以使此功能无效。disrto默认状态下，复位高电平有效。ale/：地址锁存控制信号（ale）是访问外部程序存储器时，锁存低8位地址的输出脉冲。在flash编程时，此引脚（）也用作编程输入脉冲。在一般情况下，ale 以晶振六分之一的固定频率输出脉冲，可用来作为外部定时器或时钟使用。然而，特别强调，在每次访问外部数据存储器时，ale脉冲将会跳过。如果需要，通过将地址为8eh的sfr的第0位置“1”，ale操作将无效。这一位置“1”，ale 仅在执行movx 或movc指令时有效。否则，ale 将被微弱拉高。这个ale 使能标志位（地址为8eh的sfr的第0位）的设置对微控制器处于外部执行模

14、式下无效。:外部程序存储器选通信号（）是外部程序存储器选通信号。当 at89s52从外部程序存储器执行外部代码时，在每个机器周期被激活两次，而在访问外部数据存储器时，将不被激活。/vpp:访问外部程序存储器控制信号。为使能从0000h 到ffffh的外部程序存储器读取指令，必须接gnd。为了执行内部程序指令，应该接vcc。在flash编程期间，也接收12伏vpp电压。xtal1:振荡器反相放大器和内部时钟发生电路的输入端。xtal2:振荡器反相放大器的输出端。 存储器结构:mcs-51器件有单独的程序存储器和数据存储器。外部程序存储器和数据存储器都可以64k寻址。程序存储器：如果引脚接地，程序

15、读取只从外部存储器开始。对于89c52，如果接vcc，程序读写先从内部存储器（地址为0000h1fffh）开始，接着从外部寻址，寻址地址为：2000hffffh。中断 at89c52有6个中断源：两个外部中断（和），三个定时中断（定时器0、1、2）和一个串行中断。这些中断每个中断源都可以通过置位或清除特殊寄存器ie中的相关中断允许控制位分别使得中断源有效或无效。ie还包括一个中断允许总控制位ea，它能一次禁止所有中断。ie.6位是不可用的。对于at89c52，ie.5位也是不能用的。用户软件不应给这些位写1。它们为at89系列新产品预留。定时器2可以被寄存器t2con中的tf2和exf2的或逻

16、辑触发。程序进入中断服务后，这些标志位都可以由硬件清0。实际上，中断服务程序必须判定是否是tf2 或exf2激活中断，标志位也必须由软件清0。定时器0和定时器1标志位tf0 和tf1在计数溢出的那个周期的s5p2被置位。它们的值一直到下一个周期被电路捕捉下来。然而，定时器2的标志位tf2在计数溢出的那个周期的s2p2被置位，在同一个周期被电路捕捉下来。参考资料：1atmel公司at89c52的技术手册2深圳市中源单片机发展有限公司at89c52 3复旦大学出版社单片微型机原理、应用和实验张友德等based on at89c52 led overview led (light emitting

17、diode), light-emitting diode, is a solid state semiconductor devices, which can be directly converted into electricity to light. led is the heart of a semiconductor chip, the chip is attached to one end of a stent, is the negative side, the other end of the power of the cathode, the entire chip pack

18、age to be epoxy resin. semiconductor chip is composed of two parts, part of the p-type semiconductor, it inside the hole-dominated, the other side is the n-type semiconductor, here is mainly electronic. but linking the two semiconductors, among them the formation of a pn junction. when the current t

19、hrough the wires role in this chip, will be pushing e-p, p zone in the hole with electronic composite, and then to be issued in the form of photon energy, and this is the principle of led luminescence. the wavelength of light that is the color of light, is formed by the pn junction of the decisions

20、of the material. led history 50 years ago, people have to understand semiconductor materials can produce light of the basic knowledge, the first commercial diodes in 1960. english is the led light emitting diode (led) acronym, and its basic structure is an electroluminescent semiconductor materials,

21、 placed in a wire rack, then sealed with epoxy resin around, that is, solid package, therefore, the protection of the internal batteries can play the role of line, so the seismic performance led good. led is the core of the p-type semiconductor and components of the n-type semiconductor chips, the p

22、-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor between a transition layer, called the pn junction. in some semiconductor materials in the pn junction, the injection of a small number of carrier-carrier and the majority of the extra time will be in the form of light energy to release, thus the power to

23、 direct conversion of solar energy. pn junction on reverse voltage, a few hard-carrier injection, it is not luminous. this use of injection electroluminescent diodes is produced by the principle of light-emitting diodes, commonly known as led. when it in a positive state of the work (that is, at bot

24、h ends with forward voltage), the current flows from the led anode, cathode, semiconductor crystals on the issue from the ultraviolet to infrared light of different colors, light and the strength of the currents. instruments used for the first led light source instructions, but all kinds of light co

25、lored led lights in traffic and large screen has been widely applied, have a very good economic and social benefits. the 12-inch red traffic lights as an example, is used in the united states have long life, low-efficiency 140 watt incandescent lamp as a light source, it produced 2,000 lumens of whi

26、te light. the red filter, the loss-90 percent, only 200 lumens of red light. in the light of the new design, lumileds companies have 18 red led light source, including the loss of circuit, a total power consumption of 14 watts to generate the same optical effect. automotive led lights is also the so

27、urce of important areas. for general lighting, people need more white light sources. the 1998 white led successful development. this is the gan led chip and yttrium aluminum garnet (yag) package together cause. gan chip of the blu-ray ( p = 465nm, wd = 30nm), made of high-temperature sintering of th

28、e ce3 + yag phosphors excited by this blu-ray after irradiating a yellow, the peak 550 nm. blue-chip installed in the led-based wanxing reflection in the cavity, covered with a resin mixed with yag thin layer, about 200-500 nm. led-based tablets issued by the blu-ray absorption part of the phosphor,

29、 the phosphor another part of the blu-ray and a yellow light mixed, can be a white. now, the ingan / yag white led, yag phosphor by changing the chemical composition of the phosphor layer and adjust the thickness of the 3500-10000 k color temperature can be colored white. this blue led through the m

30、ethod by white, constructed simple, low-cost, high technology is mature, so use the most. in the 1960s, the use of science and technology workers semiconductor pn junction of the principle of developing a led light-emitting diodes. at that time, the development of led, the materials used are gaasp,

31、its luminous color is red. after nearly 30 years of development, and now we are very familiar with the led, has been sent to red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and other shade. however lighting necessary for white led light only in recent years to develop, readers here to tell us about lighting with

32、white led.the led display screen and video display into the text by led matrix blocks. graphic display can be displayed with computer, english, chinese text and graphics, video screen using microcomputer control, graphic, image, with real-time, synchronization, clear information dissemination way pl

33、ay all kinds of information, but also shows 2d, 3d animation, videos, tv, vcd programs and live. the led display screen display bright colors, stereo sense is strong, such as oil, such as films, widely used in finance, taxation, industry and commerce, telecommunications, sports, advertising, corpora

34、tions, transportation, education system, station, port, airport, hospital, shopping malls, hotels, banks, securities market, market, and construction management of industrial enterprises, christies and other public places.the led display can display the change of digital image; text, graphics, not o

35、nly can be used for indoor environment can also be used in outdoor environment, projectors, lcd tv wall, and the incomparable advantages.led by the wide attention and rapid development, and it is the advantages of itself. these advantages in is: high brightness, working voltage, low consumption, min

36、iaturization, impact resistance and long service life and stable performance. led the development prospect, is currently towards a higher brightness, higher resistance to climate, higher and higher light shine density evenness, reliability, the direction of development. full-colorthe classification

37、of the led display1, the color can be divided into gezerthe single color display: single colors (red or green).double colors: red and green screen, double colors gray, can show 256 levels 65536 colors.full-color display: red, green, and blue, gray level 256 gezer full-color display screen can show m

38、ore than 1,600 colors.2, according to the classification of display devicesled digital display: display device for seven yards, suitable for making the clock display screen, interest rates, digital electronic display screen.pictures of led dot matrix lcd display device is composed of many: evenly co

39、mposed of light emitting diode matrix display module, suitable for broadcast text, images of information.led video display: display device is composed by many light-emitting diodes, video, animation shows various video files.3, by using occasions classificationindoor display: light point is lesser,

40、general 3mm - 8mm, display area of general several ten square meters to.outdoor screen area to several hundred square meters general dozens, high brightness, can work under the sun, in the wind, rain, waterproof function.4 points, according to the classification of light in diameterindoor screens: 3

41、mm, 3.75 mm, 5mm,outdoor screen: 10mm, 12mm and 16mm , 19mm, 20mm, 21mm, 22mm, 26mmthe basic unit of the light outdoor screen for led light cone tube, the principle is a group of red, green, and blue light emitting diode sealed in a plastic tube in common5. display horizontally scrolling, static, ve

42、rtical scroll and flip shows, etc. single block module control drive 12 (maximum control and block), 16x48 matrix 8x8 matrix (or 32x48 matrix), is a single block of max7219 (or ps7219, hd7279, zlg7289 8279 and other similar led display driver module) 12 times (or 24 times)! can use cascade means any

43、 bitmap big screen composed. show good effect, low consumption, and the cost of using max7219 circuit is lower.the led display inspection method,see appearance, specifications, screen body flatness, screen the attachment within2 look bad, after the light screen is not in scope, the screen (generally

44、 now basically no)color consistency, displays text display is normal, the picture to screen, full-color play white, red, green and blue.technical advantageexisting common indoor full-color scheme comparison:1 the matrix modules: design, color dot matrix lcd by indoor artifactsadvantage: the cost of

45、raw materials, production and processing of the most advantage of simple process, quality is stable.faults: color consistency, mosaic phenomenon, serious effect.2. single lamp schemes for solving the bitmap screen color: for outdoor screen technology, a scheme of pixels, outdoor multiplexing techniq

46、ue (also called pixel sharing technology, virtual pixels to indoor display technology) transplantation.advantage: color consistency than bitmap module of good way.weakness: the effect not beautiful, color mixing, horizontal angle and have off color. process is relatively complex, anti-static high. a

47、ctual pixel resolution do 10,000 more difficult.features compatible with mcs-51 products 8k bytes of in-system programmable (isp) flash memory 1000 write/erase cycles fully static operation: 0 hz to 33 mhz three-level program memory lock 256 x 8-bit internal ram 32 programmable i/o lines three 16-bi

48、t timer/counters eight interrupt sources full duplex uart serial channel low-power idle and power-down modes interrupt recovery from power-down mode watchdog timer dual data pointer power-off flagdescriptionthe at89c52 is a low-power, high-performance cmos 8-bit microcontroller with 8k bytes of in-s

49、ystem programmable flash memory. the device is manufactured using atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80c51 instruction set and pinout. the on-chip flash allows the programmemory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile

50、memory programmer.by combining a versatile 8-bit cpu with in system programmable flash on a monolithicchip, the atmel at89c52 is a powerful icrocontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.the at89c52 provides the following tandard fea

51、tures: 8k bytes of flash, 256 bytes of ram, 32 i/o lines, watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator,and clock circuitry. in addition, the at89c52 is designed with static logic for opera

52、tion down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.the idle mode stops the cpu while allowing the ram, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. the power-down mode saves the ram contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all othe

53、r chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.in the counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, t2. in this function, the external input is sampled during s5p2 of every machine cycle. when the samples show a

54、 high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. the new count value appears in the register during s3p1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the m

55、aximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. to nsure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.interruptsthe at89c52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (int0 and int1), three timer

56、 interrupts (timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. these interrupts are all shown in figure 10. each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in special function register ie. ie also contains a global disable bit, ea, whichdisables

57、 all interrupts at once. note that table 5 shows that bit position ie.6 is unimplemented. in the at89c52, bit position ie.5 is also unimplemented.user software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future at89 products. timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical or

58、 of bits tf2 and exf2 in register t2con. neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. in fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was tf2 or exf2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software. the timer 0 and timer 1 flags, tf0 and tf1, are set at s5p2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. the values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. however, the timer 2 flag, tf2, is set at s2p2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.reference d