土建专业英语课后习题答案

1、1.Geology has a vital part to play in all engineering operations which interact in any way with the ground, and thus the science is critical to the entire field of civil engineering.地质发挥任何方式与地面交互的所有工程业务的一个重要组成部分，因此科学是整个土木工程领域的关键。2.Environmental impact statements are now often mandatory before constr

2、uction can be started.环境影响报告书，现在常常是强制性的，才可以开始建设。3.In London,because the city is built on a great basin of unconsolidated material(including the well-known London clay),tube railways, located far below ground level and built in clay that was easily and economically excavated, have provided an admirab

3、le solution to one part of the citys transportation problems.在伦敦，因为这个城市是一个松散材料（包括著名的伦敦粘土），管铁路，位于远低于地面和建在粘土，轻松和经济出土，大盆地建成，提供了一个令人钦佩的解决方案部分城市的交通问题。4.Courses on foundation engineering and construction methods present excellent opportunities for geologic lessons.基础工程和施工方法的课程，目前地质教训的极好的机会。5.Every branch

4、of civil engineering deals in some way with the surface of the earth,since the works designed by civil engineer are supported by or located in some part of the earths crust.某种方式与地球表面的每个分支土木工程交易，因为由土木工程师设计的作品是支持或位于地壳的某些部分.1.地下铁道是城市交通系统的重要组成部分。Metro is the urban transport system, an important part of2

5、.土木工程师在设计之前必须对建筑场地进行勘察。Civil engineer in the design of the construction site must be carried out prior to survey3.施工方案有时取决于场地的工程地质条件。Sometimes depending on the venue construction program engineering geological conditions.1.All these processes of rock formation,movement and decay have caused rock fou

6、nd at the surface(outcrop) to consist of many different types and to have definite physical properties.所有这些岩石的形成，运动和衰变过程引起的表面（露头）发现的岩石，包括许多不同类型，并有明确的物理性质，化学性质。2.Wind forces may be strong enough to blow away pieces of rocks that have become loose because other weathering processes.风的力量可能强大到足以吹走件已成为松散

7、的，因为其他的风化过程的岩石。3.When the rock reaches the elastic limit a fracture occurs and there is a sudden release of energy in the form of earthquake waves.The fracture in the rock is called a fault.当岩石达到弹性极限和骨折的发生是突然释放的能量在地震形成的岩石波.骨折被称为故障。4.Water acts as solvent in these processes by which plants decompose

8、rocks and break them down into soil.The removal of these elements from the body of the rock leaves very small spaces into which water enters and the decay process accelerates.水作为溶剂，在这些过程中植物分解岩石和打入土中.去除这些元素从岩体叶到其中的水进入和加速衰变过程中的非常小的空间。5.The interior of the Earth is believed to be built of concentric sh

9、ells of rock material,named the crust and mantle,which surround a central core.被认为是地球内部的内置同心炮弹名为地壳和地幔岩石材料，围绕一个核心。1.地震不可避免地影响土木工程项目，工程师设计时要充分考虑地震力对结构物的影响。Inevitably affect the earthquake civil engineering projects, the design engineer to fully consider the seismic forces on structures affected.2.风化严重

10、的岩石承载力大大降低。Weathered rock bearing capacity greatly reduced.3.岩体中存在大量结构面（大连续面）There are a large number of structures in the rock face (large discontinuity)4.地壳运动引起火山喷发和地震的发生。Crustal movement caused by volcanic eruptions and earthquakes1.When dealing with non-cohesive soils such as sands and gravels t

11、he rates of compression will keep pace with the construction of the building she therefore when the structure is complete there should be no future settlement if the soil remains is the same state.与非粘性土壤，如砂和砾石的压缩率处理时，会继续与建筑结构完成时，她因此应该是没有前途的解决办法，如果土壤仍然是相同的状态建设的步伐。2.In cohesive soils the voids are ver

12、y often completely saturated with water which in itself id nearly incompressible and therefore compression of the soil can only take place by the water moving our of the voids thus allowing settlement of the particles. 在凝聚力的土壤的空隙很多时候，这本身就是几乎不可，因此土壤的压缩只能采取由水的地方，移动我们的空隙，从而使解决粒子的水完全饱和。3.The resistance

13、which can be offered by a soil to the sliding of one portion over another or its shear strength is of importance to the designer since it can be used to calculate the bearing capacity of a soil and the pressure it can exert on such members as timber in excavations.可提供土壤之一或部分超过其抗剪强度的滑动阻力，因为它可以用来计算土壤承

14、载力的压力，它可以对这些成员作为设计师的重要性木材发1.基础工程的费用占整个项目的50%。Basic project cost 50% of the total project.2.桩基的承载力检测要在监理工程师的监督下进行。Pile bearing capacity test to be under the supervision of the supervising engineer3.沉降计算要充分考虑施工过程对土体性质的影响。Settlement calculation of the construction process to fully consider the impact o

15、f soil properties4.土工试验要尽量采取原状土，因为土体的力学参数受其结构的控制。Soil test to try to take undisturbed soil, because the mechanical parameters of soil structure under its control.1.The ability of roads to enable traffic to flow freely and safely between the industrial and commercial centers contributes enormously to

16、wards a progressive economy.能力，使道路交通流之间的工业和商业中心自由和安全地走向一个渐进的经济贡献巨大。2.Landscaping and hedge and tree planting on the sides and central reservations should be arranged to provide a pleasant and interesting outlook for the road users,to avoid monotony and boredom.园林绿化和两侧和中央预订对冲基金和植树应安排道路使用者提供一个愉快而有趣的的世

17、界观，以避免单调和无聊。3.Mechanical stabilization consists of adding granular or cohesive materials,depending on which is the most suitable,to the subsoil to improve its grading.In particularly dry climates,it is often found necessary to add a little calcium chloride in order to retain sufficient moisture to e

18、nsure cohesion.机械稳定增加粒状或粘性材料，这是最合适的，底土，以改善其grading.在特别干燥的气候，往往要加少许的氯化钙，以保持充足的水分，以确保凝聚力。4.As soon as possible after consolidation,it is advisable to apply a bituminous emulsion waterproof seal over the stabilized subsoil.尽快合并后，最好是申请在稳定心土乳化沥青防水密封5.In modern road construction,there is a far greater rec

19、ognition of the importance of the subsoil beneath a road than was the case years ago.在现代化的道路建设，有一个底土的重要性大得多比年前的情况下承认的道路下方。1.为了避免视觉单调、乏味，道路两侧及中央分隔带要进行美化，种植树木。 Landscaping and hedge and tree planting on the sides and central reservations should be arranged to provide a pleasant and interesting outlook

20、 for the road users,to avoid monotony and boredom2.机械稳定法是指在基层土中，根据土质加入颗粒状或者有附着力的材料，以提高其级配。Method is the mechanical stability of soil at the grassroots level, according to the soil or by adding granular material with adhesive to improve its grading3.水泥、石灰使土质变硬，从而大幅度增加其抗压强度。Cement, lime makes the soil

21、 hard, and to dramatically increase its compressive strength4.现代道路应该按照预计的车流量和车速进行设计。Modern road traffic should be expected and in accordance with the design speed1.Pavements have been divided into two broad categories,flexible pavements and rigid pavements.路面已被分为两大类，柔性路面和刚性的行人路。2.The flexible paveme

22、nt may consist of a relatively thin wearing surface built over a base course and subbase course,and they rest upon the compacted subgrade.柔性路面可能包括一个穿着比较薄建面超过基础课程和底板当然，他们休息后，压实路基。3.The rigid pavement,because of its rigidity and high modulus of elasticity,tends to distribute the load over a relatively

23、 wide area of soli;thus,a major portion of the structure capacity is supplied by the slab itself.刚性路面，由于其刚性和高弹性模量，往往分布在一个比较宽的孤子面积的负荷，因此，能力结构的主要部分是由板本身提供。4.Taxiways and runway ends should always be constructed using a heavier section than the central portion of the runway because of high concentratio

24、n of traffic.滑行道和跑道两端应始终使用较重的部分比中央部分的跑道，因为高浓度的交通。5.Base course and subbase course under highway pavements may be constructed using one of several techniques.If the material is pervious,it may extend through the shoulder to permit drainage at the point it intersects the side slope.相应的课程，并根据公路的行人路底板当然

25、可以构造使用的材料是透光的几个techniques.If之一，它可能会延长到肩膀，允许在点相交边坡排水。6.If an asphalt pavement has high stiffness,it may behave essentially as a rigid pavement and fatigue of the surface or of any pavement component may become critical.In these cases,concepts underlying design approach those those historically adopte

26、d for concrete pavement design.如果沥青路面具有高刚度，它可能表现为一个刚性路面和疲劳的表面或任何路面组件基本上可能成为critical.In这些情况下，基本概念的设计方法混凝土路面设计所采用的历史。1.柔性路面可以建于基层上相对较薄的磨耗层与底基层，它们支撑于夯实的路基上。Flexible pavement can be built on the grassroots level, relatively thin wear layer and sub-base, they support the compaction of the roadbed in2.与公路

27、不同，机场跑道达500英尺宽，民用机场跑道的宽度在50到200英尺范围变化，军用机场跑道要宽一些，以适应重型轰炸机的降落。With different roads, airport runways 500 feet wide, the width of the civil airport runway 50-200 feet range changes to wider military airport runway to accommodate the heavy bombers landed.3.刚性路面因其刚性及较高的弹性模量，荷载传递范围较大。Rigid and rigid pavem

28、ent because of their high elastic modulus, a large range of load transfer4.排水设计对于路面工程来说非常重要，一般采用透水性好的材料修筑底基层和基层，可以保证路面工程的耐久性。Drainage design for the road project is very important, the general construction ofsub-base materials with good permeability and primary, can guarantee the durability of the r

29、oad project1.The wind-gust components affect the periodicity of the vortex shedding,tending to make it less regular and producing weaker excitation over a wider range of wind speed.风阵风组件影响的涡脱落的周期，抚育，以减少定期和生产以上的风速范围更广的激励减弱。2.The obvious result of reduces structural weight is that wind forces are now

30、greater in relation to the inertia of the structure,and there is also a secondary effect from the reduction the lowest natural frequency of oscillation of a more slender design.明显的结果降低了结构重量，风的力量，现在关系结构的惯性更大，也有一个从减少自然更修长设计的振荡频率最低的辅助效果。3.Before the Tacoma Bridge collapse,bridge engineers were content

31、to design for static loads produced by lateral winds,and the conventional design of bridges was focus mostly on the strength of a structure.塔科马大桥倒塌之前，桥梁工程师的内容设计为侧风所产生的静态载荷，和传统的桥梁设计主要集中在结构强度。4.A lesson learned from the Tacoma Bridge was the recognition of the importance of aeroelastic investigation i

32、n structural design which included the rigidity,damping characteristics and the aerodynamic shape of the bridge.从塔科马大桥吸取了教训，是气动弹性在结构设计，其中包括刚度，阻尼特性和桥的气动外形调查中的重要性的认识。5.Excitation due to the periodic formation of vortices in the air flow in the wake of the structure is primarily dependent on details of

33、 the shape of the cross section.If the structure is rigid and the incident flow is steady,the vortex formation would be very precisely periodic at a frequency proportional to the wind speed.励磁由于空气流动涡结构后，定期形成，主要是依赖交叉位置.如果结构刚性和事件流是稳定的形状的详细信息，涡的形成将非常精确在风速成正比的频率定期。6.Antisymmetric oscillations occur with

34、 an odd number of nodes within the center span.反对称振荡出现奇数的中心范围内的节点.1.桥梁结构设计中要充分考虑桥梁的刚度、阻尼效应和桥梁的空气动力学形状。 The design of bridge structures to fully consider the bridge stiffness, damping effects and aerodynamic shape of the bridge.2.斜拉桥一般用于跨度较大的情况。Span cable-stayed bridge is generally used for larger si

35、tuation.3.静止的空气中，桥梁的震动由于其内在的阻尼特征而迅速衰减。Still air, the bridge because of its inherent vibration damping characteristics of the rapid decay4.许多桥梁由于风振而破坏。Many bridges and vibration due to wind damage.5.风对斜拉桥的影响有三种，不同的空气动力学机理可导致明显的振动作用。 The impact of wind on the cable-stayed bridge in three different aer

36、odynamic mechanisms can lead to significant vibration effect.1.Tall buildings,however,require two basic technical ingredients.First,economic method building a tall building must be found and second, a reliable and economic method of transporting people vertically trough the building must be availabl

37、e.高楼大厦，但是，需要两个基本的技术成分.首先，必须符合经济的方法，建设高楼和第二，一个可靠和经济的方法，运送人垂直槽的建设必须可用。2.A heroic step was taken in 1930 when Empire State Building was built with more or less conventional method of construction.This was no example of any economic breakthrough.一个英雄的步骤是在1930年时，帝国大厦是内置的结构.这种方法或多或少的传统没有任何经济突破的例子。3.Within

38、 the last few years,researchers on building materials such as reinforced concrete and structural steel have made great stride and opened horizons for more efficient use of these materials.建材，如钢筋混凝土和钢结构的研究人员在过去的几年里，取得了大步，并为更有效地利用这些材料打开了视野。4.The increase in height-to-width ratio will generally mean in

39、crease in premium for height caused by additional material to reduce lateral sway,as well as to increase resistance to overturning.在高度与宽度的比例增加，通常意味着保费增加的其他材料，以减少横向晃动，以及增加抵抗力，以推翻引起高度。1.最近的三十年中，高层建筑结构框架体系发生了巨大的变化。The last three decades, high-rise building frame system has undergone tremendous changes2

40、.世贸大楼的倒塌重新激起了人们对摩天大楼防恐袭击应急预案有效性的疑虑。 World Trade Center collapse rekindled awareness of the effectiveness of contingency plans for attacks on skyscrapers counter-terrorism concerns.3.摩天大楼往往成为国际大公司展示公司实力的象征。Skyscrapers often become an international symbol of the strength of the company shows the compa

41、ny4.电梯的发明才使得修建高楼成为可能。The invention of the elevator that makes it possible to build high-rise1.When your paper is subjected to peer review, a good reviewer will read the Material and Methods carefully.当你的论文受到同行评审，一个很好的评审会仔细阅读的材料和方法2.In describing the methods of the investigations,you should give suff

42、icient details so that a competent worker could repeat the experiments,as stated above.在描述的调查方法，你应该给予足够的细节，使合资格的工人可以重复实验，如上所述。3.The purpose of the Introduction should be supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the results of the present study without n

43、eeding to refer to previous publications on the topic.介绍的目的，应提供足够的背景资料，让读者了解和评估目前的研究结果，而无需参考以前的出版物上的主题。1.摘要是科技论文特别重要的组成部分，也是被人阅读最多的部分。Summary of scientific papers is particularly important component of being read some of the most2.用英文写作科技论文需要很好的英文水平和规范的科技论文写作技巧。Writing scientific papers in English,

44、very good standard of English required standard of scientific papers and writing skills.3.国际著名的科技文献检索期刊包括美国的科学文献索引（Sci)和工程索引（Ei）。 The worlds leading technology journal literature search of scientific literature, including the U.S. index (Sci) and Engineering Index (Ei)在城市地下空间开拓的过程中，一些具有规模效应的大型地下构筑物已

45、经对区域下水环境产生了影响。通过对南京市地下水的实测分析以及与地铁隧道相互作用的研究表明，秦淮河古河道是地下水补给及传输的主动脉，地铁隧道穿越秦淮河古河道，且隧道埋深与主要导水层深重合，导致区域地下水环境发生改变，降低了地下水的循环代谢，将加重地下水的污染。提出人地协调的生态城市的规划应充分结合地质调查的结果，选择合理的空间布局，降低对生态环境的有害影响。 Underground space in the city to open up the process, some with large scale underground structures on the regional water

46、 environment has an impact. Measured by analysis of groundwater in Nanjing and the interaction with the subway tunnel studies have shown that the Qin Huai River is the ancient river and groundwater recharge transmission aorta, through the Qin Huai River, the ancient river subway tunnel and the tunne

47、l depth and the main deep water layer co-lead , leading to regional groundwater conditions change, reducing the metabolic cycle of groundwater will increase groundwater pollution. Person to coordinate the proposed eco-city planning should be fully integrated with the geological survey results, choos

48、e a reasonable spatial distribution and reduce the harmful effects on the ecological environment.1.Structural reliability theory is concerned with the rational treatment of uncertainties in structural engineering and with the methods foe assessing the safety and serviceability of civil engineering a

49、nd other structures.结构可靠性理论关注的是理性对待不确定性的结构工程与土木工程和其他结构的安全性和可维护性评估方法敌人。2.Uncertainties exist in most area of civil and structural engineering and rational design decisions cannot be made without modeling them and taking them into account.Many structural engineers are shielded from having to think abo

50、ut such problems at least when designing simple structures,because of the prescriptive and essentially deterministic nature of most codes of practice.最土木及结构工程和设计合理，决策领域存在的不确定性，不能没有建模，并考虑到他们数量.许多结构工程师，至少去思考这样的问题，设计结构简单时屏蔽，因为的规定大多数守则的做法基本上是确定性的性质3.Most structural design is undertaken in accordance wit

51、h codes of practice,which in many countries have legal status,meaning that compliance with the code automatically ensures compliance with the relevant clauses of the building laws.大多数的结构设计是在按照实务守则，在许多国家的法律地位，这意味着与代码遵守进行自动确保遵守建筑法的有关条款4.The main object of structural design is therefore to ensure, at a

52、n acceptable level of probability that each structure will not become unfit for its intended purpose at any time during its specified design life.结构设计的主要对象，因此，确保在可接受的水平的概率，每个结构不会成为不适宜挪作它用在任何时间在其指定的设计寿命。1.结构工程师在其设计中应考虑以下三项内容：稳定性、强度和刚度以及经济性。 Structural engineers in their design should consider the fol

53、lowing three elements: stability, strength and stiffness, and economy.2.在正常使用荷载作用下，结构处于弹性状态。In normal use loads, the structure is in elastic state3.结构分析是确定在给定的荷载作用下结构产生的应力和应变，以便使结构设计得合理。Structural analysis is to determine the loads in a given structure under the stress and strain, so that the design

54、 was reasonable.4.结构工程师应在结构工程领域具备必要的资格和经验，并在地方主管部门注册。Structural engineer should be in structural engineering have the necessary qualifications and experience, and local authorities registered.1.Concrete is strong in compression,but weak in tension;its tensile strength varies from 8 to 14 percent of

55、its compressive strength.Due to such a low tensile capacity,flexural cracks develop at early stages of loading.混凝土是强大的压缩，但在紧张的弱，其拉伸强度变化，从8至14，其抗压能力.因为如此低的抗拉能力，弯曲裂缝发展早期阶段的加载。2.The types of prestressing force involves,together with its magnitude,are determined mainly on the basis of the type of system

56、 to be constructed and the span length and slenderness desires.Since the prestressing force is applied longitudinally along or parallel to the axis of the member,the prestessing principle involved commonly known as linera prestessing.预应力类型涉及，其幅度，主要是要构建的系统的类型和预应力施加纵向沿着或平行成员轴的跨度和细长desires.因此基础上确定俗称lin

57、era prestessing prestessing原则。1.预应力的类型和数值的大小主要由结构体系的类型、结构所要求的跨度和刚度来决定。The type and value of pre-stressed mainly by the size of the type of architecture, structure and stiffness of the span required to decide.2.林同炎的荷载平衡方法特别值得一提，因为它大大简化了设计过程。Lintongyan load balancing method is particularly noteworthy,

58、 because it greatlysimplifies the design process.3.预应力混凝土的一个值得研究的问题是结构物的徐变。Prestressed concrete is a problem worthy of study the creep of structures1.Prequalification documents should give information about the project,the tendering procedure and the prequlification procedure.The documents are prepared by the employer/engineer.资格预审文件应当提供有关项目的信息，招标程序和prequlification procedure.The文件是由雇主/工程师准备。2.The employer will normally seek to award the contract to the tender submitting the lowest evaluated responsive tender.The award must be made during the period if tender va