自由民主的澳大利亚AustraliaasaLiberalDemocraticSociety

1、 different perspectives political system the relationship between politics and economics political economy in the 21st century current differences of perspectives commitment to difference澳大利亚人承认相 互差异 different perspectives debate different parties the formation of the australian political system was

2、hminster form of polity: a mixture of us washington system of government and the british, westminster system. washingtonwestminster the comparison and contrast between uk and austalia queen prime minister uk parliament two houses cabinet governor-general prime minister australian parliament two hous

3、es cabinet governor-general in australia quentin alice louise bryce three-tier system 1.the australian parliament at federal level 2.six state governments 3.about 900 local government bodies 澳大利亚议会权力中心：the prime minster and his cabinet the constitution can only be changed by referendum. only the maj

4、ority of the voters and the majority of states approved, the constitution can formally be altered by the high court of australia. two houses the house of representative, or the lower house the senate, or the upper house if there is disagreement between the house of representative and the senate, the

5、n the governor-general can call a “double dissolution”双解散: both house of parliament are stood down and there is an early general election. the difference between the two party programmes means that citizens can choose, at each election, which set of policies they would prefer to be enacted over the

6、following three years of government. julia gillard the system secures transparency and thus accountability. citizens can exert their power between elections through their membership of major interest groups. pluralism provides for a ready made alternative government as the major opposition party com

7、prises not only back-benchers后座议员，即普通议员， but also “shadow ministers” and a “shadow cabinet”, who are sufficiently informed about current aspects of their shadow portfolios部长 职 for the opposition to be competent to take over should any government collapse klps . however, there is no law saying that c

8、itizens cannot spoil their vote so casting a vote per se,p:sei, -si:本身 is not compulsory. at each election all citizens of voting age (over 18 years) must attend their local electoral station. pinciple of liberal system the economy the control of the government the decreasing of the control governme

9、ntmarket free intervention people people people people people people people people iron, nickle. agriculture(foundation) economy hhhhh long wool boom(1820s-1830s) gold rush(1850s) during the last decades of 19th century to the post world war period domestic infranstructure s（基础设施）in peoples life. ed

10、ucation、 railway、 sewerage works(污水处理 厂)、 communication s hhhh hhhh hhhhhh hhhhhh international tariff protection(关税) harvester judgement(arbitratio n system) white australia policy(labour migration programmes) no tariff unemployment levels rose considerably tariff rates? lowering the foreign exchan

11、ge markets were deregulated解除管制 abc (australian broadcasting corporation) “social capital”: the public spending on education, health and the public broadcaster. the coalition labour party economic rationalism; should make an balanced budget economic managerialism; focus more on the balance between s

12、ocial and economic aspects of australian life major factors affected australian politics: the government was returned on its promises to revoke撤回 some of the transfers of power away from the workers. economies around the world experienced the g.f.c. （the global financial crisis) government around th

13、e world have had to consider the consequences of climate change. a continued military and diplomatic commitment to the usa but also an extension of commitment to other political economies, especially those in the asian-pacific region. made major government investments in education, health, communica

14、tion and the environment. to counteract the effects of both the g.f.c.and of environmental pollution. the government has increased its role in the market especially the labor market. in debt make the mining corporations pay higher taxes on their profits. controversies the “social capital” cost the t

15、axes australian politics is based on managing conflict by recognising the value of difference and debate. to balance three contradictory political economic programs: 1.to run a profitable economy with little interference by the state 2. to invest in human capital 3. to prevent inequalities of a free market becoming too socially divisive citizen welfare environment problem (the 3rd political perspective ) differences-based cou