An Analysis of the Intertextuality in The Hours and Mrs. Dalloway1

1、析小说时时刻刻与达洛卫夫人的互文性an analysis of the intertextualityin the hours and mrs. dallowaycontents摘 要i关键词iabstractiikey wordsiiintroduction1i. brief reviews of the literary theory and literary text51.1 about intertextuality51.1.1 origin of intertextuality61.1.2 the production of intertextuality and kristeva8

2、1.1.3 intertextuality in narrow and broad sense101.1.4 different levels of intertextuality121.2 the hours and mrs. dalloway131.2.1 mrs. dalloway as pre-text131.2.2 the hours as post-text14ii. comparative reading wielded intertextuality162.1 intertextual reinterpretations in symbols162.1.1 flower162.

3、1.2 party212.1.3 cake and richmond242.1.4 city252.1.5 clock272.2 intertextual reinterpretations in characters282.3 intertextual reinterpretations of themes302.3.1 insanity302.3.2 homosexuality322.3.4 suicide and death332.4 other intertextual reinterpretations in the hours35iii. the function of inter

4、textuality in the hours363.1 the criticism of radical feminism in intertextual recreation363.2 the reinterpretation of virginia38conclusion41biography43acknowledgements44析小说时时刻刻与达洛卫夫人的互文性摘 要由法国的克里斯蒂娃提出的互文性是当代文学理论和文化研究的核心术语之一，也是后现代小说的重要标签之一。麦克.康宁汉的后现代小说时时刻刻与意识流小说达洛卫夫人存在着互文性，甚至可以说前者是后者派生出来的文学作品，而在阅读前者

5、时，我们又能对后者进行重新思考，从而更好地了解和把握两部作品中不同时代女性的生存状况和精神状况。本文第一部分将简单梳理互文性概念的学渊系谱并对本文研究的文本进行介绍；第二部分将运用狭义和广义的互文性方法对时时刻刻与达洛卫夫人进行对比阅读，通过对互文性具体方式结合文本分析，指出两者相互指涉、相互映射的部分；第三部分将讨论互文对于后文本时时刻刻的作用。关键词互文性；克里斯蒂娃；达洛卫夫人；维吉尼亚伍尔夫；时时刻刻an analysis of the intertextuality in the hours and mrs. dallowayabstractintertextuality is a

6、term first introduced by french semiotician julia kristeva in the late sixties. michael cunninghams novel, the hours, is treated as the contemporary revision of virginia wolfs mrs. dalloway. when reading the former novel, we will surely have reconsideration on the later one, so that we can comprehen

7、d and understand both the life condition and spiritual status of women in different epochs much better. the thesis is firstly devoted to a mainly discussion about the orientation of and the category in intertextual research. the hours and mrs. dalloway are to be comparative read wielded different fo

8、rms of intertextuality in the second part. the third part is to argue about the function of intertextuality in the hours.key wordsintertextuality; kristeva; mrs. dalloway; virginia wolf; the hourintroduction intertextuality is a significant sign of postmodernism fictions. and it was first coined by

9、the french semiotics and feminism critic julia kristeva in her work word, dialogue and novel when she was doing research on bakhtins theory of double-voiced nature of language. after the coinage of kristeva, many critics and theorists put forward their own views and perceptions on intertextuality an

10、d intertextuality has been divided into the narrow sense and the wide sense. in the opinion of sun xiuli, who wrote the brief research of krestevas intertextuality in wide sense, kristeva is the reprehensive scholar of intertextuality in wide sense and intertextuality in narrow sense is presented by

11、 genette. allen g. summarizes the opinions of predecessors in the way of list the followings: intertextuality origins saussure and bakhtin and kristeva raise a production of it; barthes holds a view of “text unbound” when indentifying intertextuality; genette and riffaterre have their structuralist

12、approsches on intertextuality; as situated readers, intertextuality influents harold blooms conflictual vision of the intertextual process; intertextualitys influences on feminism and postcolonialism, etc.the researches of intertextuality are very hot in china, and over 1100 pieces of theses can be

13、in . most of them are referential to the purified academic researches toward intertextuality, such as the introductions, summarizing orientations of intertextuality and the category in intertextual research, the comparison between intertextuality in different systems and genres, etc. in

14、the rest part of the theses, searches on intertextuality in advertisement field, in the www text in network building, etc. and in other forms take occupied a part, on the contrary, intertextual researches on literary works, contrarily, are kinds of rare.the hours is an excellent postmodernism fictio

15、n. michael cunningham gives a rehearsal on the masterpiece mrs. dalloway and the hours become a hotspot in american modern literature research. however, most researches are focused on the stream-of consciousness technique and feminism in the hours, and except of the emphasis of the existence of “foo

16、tnote” stylish intertextual pastiche to mrs. dalloway, rare intertextual researches in other angles have been done.the intertextual researches in these two fictions become popular in china. lauren shih-ming tangs virginia wolf in intertextuality: an intertextual study of michael cunninghams the hour

17、s which published in is a previous research thesis, and she analyzes the intertextual pastiche of stream-of consciousness technique in the hours. in 2004, song tao and zhu jie points out in their thesis: intertextual referential to mrs. dalloway exists in the hours, and the the hours inherits the st

18、yle and theme of mrs. dalloway through a way of intertextuality, and this inheritance contributes to remolding and expounding to the masterpiece. in the same year, the systemic analyses of pastiche intertextuality are rewritten by wang lili in her thesis.yuan suhua points out that the intertextual s

19、trategy in the hours is not only simple pastiche, but also are oversteps and innovations. she also considers the hours as introspection, criticism, subverting to the radical feminism in mrs. dalloway.but the above these are simply listing the similarities in these two fictions or listing the system

20、of intertextuality. the realistic combination of theory and text rarely exists.two mature theses are the an intertextual study of the hours of xie ye and mrs. dalloway and an intertextual reading of the hours of wang chen. the former one drives the concrete forms of intertextuality in narrow sense t

21、o classify the analyses towards similarities between the two fictions; the later one has intertextual readings aspects such as symbol, theme, writing technique, etc. this thesis synthesizes the predecessorsviews, and innovates in that, the analyses are arranged by follows two thread: one is the inte

22、rtextual study from symbolic, charactersto thematic, and the second is the concrete forms of intertextuality; in this way, the analyses shows the procedural steps of intertextuality. and the function of intertextuality in the hours is also in investigation.i. brief reviews of the literary theory and

23、 literary textintertextuality is one of the kernel terms both in modern literature theory and modern civilization research. postmodern novel the hours, which was published in 1988, is the third fiction of the american author, michael cunningham, and it won the pen/faulkner award the year it was born

24、, and won the 1999 pulitzer prize for fiction. the stream-of-consciousness novel mrs. dalloway is a classic fiction was wrote by the famous british female writer and the precursor of feminism, virginia wolf. when reading the two works, we can easily notice the conspicuous intertextual relations in t

25、hem, and we could even say that the hours is the derived work of mrs. dalloway through an intertextual strategy. 1.1 about intertextuality“works of literature, after all, are built from systems, codes and traditions established by previous works of literature. the systems, codes and traditions of ot

26、her art forma and of culture in general are also crucial to the meaning of a work of literature. texts, whether they are literary or non-literary, are viewed by modern theorist as lacking of independent meaning.”1 in this way, texts become intertexts. intertextuality is the intertextual relations of

27、 texts and the shaping of texts meanings by other texts. it can refer to an authors borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a readers referencing of one text in reading another. employed in structuralist, post-structuralist, semiotic, deconstructive, postcolonial, marxist, feminist and ps

28、ychoanalytic theories, the term “intertextuality” has, itself, been borrowed and transformed many times since it was coined by poststructuralist julia kristeva in 1966. as critic william irwin says, the term “has come to have almost as many meanings as users, from those faithful to kristeva original

29、 vision to those who simply use it as a stylish way of talking about allusion and influence” origin of intertextualityit can be said that intertextuality has its origin in 20th century linguistic, particular in the seminal work of ferdinand de saussure, a great swiss linguistic. saussure cre

30、ated a definition in which a sigh can be imagined as two-sided coin combining a signified (concept) and a signifier (sound-image). this notion stresses that its meaning is non-referential: a sign is not a words reference to a certain object in the world, but the combination between a signifier and a

31、 signified. so no sign has a meaning of its own. signs only possess meaning on account of their combination and association to other signs. in saussures opinion, signs exit within a system and have meaning through their similarity to and difference from other signs; “authors of literary works do not

32、 just select word from a language system, they select plots, generic features, aspects of characters, images, ways of narrating, even phrases and sentences from previous literary texts and from the literary tradition”3 p11.mikhail. m. bakhtin has been styled one of the most important literary theori

33、sts of the 20th century. his work is influential within the fields of literary theory and criticism, in linguistics, philosophy and many other disciplines.the age 1920s sees the beginning for understanding of bakhtin and his forerunning ideas about intertextuality though at that time the term “inter

34、textuality” didnt see the light. as to the attempt by saussure linguistics to explain languages as a synchronic system, bakhtin in marxism and the philosophy of language argues that saussure linguistics remains something describes as “abstract objectivism” for its lack of attention to social specifi

35、city. bakhtin is more concerned with the social contexts within which words are exchanged. for bakhtin, the relational nature of the word “stems from the words existence within specific social sites, specific social registers and specific moments of utterance and reception” 3 p11.it is bakhtin who i

36、nvites public attention to focus on the term “dialogic” which refers to the idea that “all utterances respond to previous utterances and are always addressed to other potential speakers, rather than occurring independently or in isolation. language always occurs in specific social situations between

37、 specific human agents. words always contain a dialogic quality, embodying a dialogue between different meanings and applications.”3 p211. bakhtins emphasis on dialogism and other concepts and his insistence on the social and double-voiced nature of language are opposite to unitary, authoritarian an

38、d hierarchical conceptions of life, society and art. this perception can also be seen as origin of the term intertextuality.1.1.2 the production of intertextuality and kristevathe term of intertextuality was first coined in the late 1960s, by the french semiotics and feminism critic julia kristeva i

39、n her work word, dialogue and novel. she concluded that “any text is constructed as a mosaic of quotations; any text is the absorption and transformation of another. the notion of intertextuality replaces that of intersubjectivity, and poetic language is read as at least double” 3 .the basic connota

40、tion of intertextuality is, “every text is the mirror of other texts, and every text is the assimilation and transformation of other texts. these texts consult, refer, and involve each other, so that they can intertexture an open network with eternal potential. then this network can on one hand to b

41、uild a huge and open literary system of the past, the present as well as the future texts, on the other hand to constitute the developing processes of literary semiotics”.4kristevas intertextuality theory was mainly inspired by the russian scholar bakhtins views and it is who bakhtin drew the concep

42、tion of “intertextualitytext/culture relationships” into the literary critics theory. in bakhtins problems of dostoevskys poetic, he put forward the term of “literary carnival”, and it, actually, had given the expression of an intertextual sense. bakhtin also posted the systematic relationships betw

43、een literary dialogues an extra-literary dialogue.kristeva had once given a special explanation of the differences between herself and bakhtin. in one 1961 interview, she pointed out that : “bakhtin did not use the term intertextualitydefinitely in his dissertation, but it seems that we could deduce

44、 this term from bakhtins view.” 5 p189190 kristevas purpose was not only giving a faithful and exhaustive introduction of bakhtin, but also deepening and expanding bakhtins views. she said: “firstly, i think, the parts, the sentences, the speeches and the passages of texts are not only the direct or

45、 indirect crossover of two voices in dialogue. id rather say, the passages of texts are the crossing of many voices and many texts interventions. and these plenty of voices and texts interventions are not only involved in the semiotic field, but also the field of syntax and phonetics in language exp

46、ressing. then i conceived the multielement of the participations of the phonetics, the syntax and phonetics. i think, compared with bakhtin, my innovation is, i treat those outside interventions from different levels as syntax and phonetics levels as well as significance level. im more interested in

47、, which is much unique to me，the mental activities areas showed by the intervention of various texts from different sections. analysis should not been simply limited in the final participated texts or just affirmed the origin of those texts appeared in the work. we should considerer that what were r

48、eferring to is a particular dynamics with a spoken subject. as a result, just because of the existence of intertextuality, the spoken subject does not just turn out be a etymological subject or a identity subject.”5 p1601.1.3 intertextuality in narrow and broad senseintertextuality includes both the

49、 concrete and abstract ways of referring. the concrete referring is the mention of the visible and obvious references between the text itself and another text, or among different texts, while the contents abstract referred are in the outside word: the wider and more metaphysical literature, the soci

50、al and civilization system, or even the invisible things.the french literary critics grard genettes views insists that intertextuality refers to the obvious relationship between one particular literary text and other literary texts. his intertextual views belong to intertextuality in narrow sense. w

51、hile kristeva and roland barthes as poststructuralists explore intertextuality in a wide sense. roland bathes asserts that “meaning derives not from the author but from language intertextuality viewed”10. in julia kristevas views, quotations are by no means the direct or pure ones, but are transform

52、ed, dislocated, condensed, or edited against the original text; a literary work, then is not simply the product of a single author, but of its relationship to other texts and to the structures of language itself.so intertextuality can be differed into the narrow sense and broad sense. the definition

53、 of intertextuality in narrow sense lies in the early structuralism and semiotics, while broad sense intertextuality often embodies in the post- structuralismand kristeva has her own assertions, for example, assertions about text: “a text, in the narrow sense, cannot exists as a hermetic or self-suf

54、ficient whole, and so does not function as a closed system. a text can be a text only through two channels. one is the author, who brings other texts he has read into the particular text he is writing. the other channel is the reader, the addressee, who, while reading the text, realizes his own inte

55、rpretations based on his previous experience of other texts. the “anterior or synchronic” texts the author or the reader brings into the text in question are termed as pre-texts, hypotextsor intertexts.”7generally speaking, through what we get from kristevas interview, we can define that, the intert

56、extuality in narrow sense means that intertextual relationships only appear in the situation that the texts can point out the obvious inter-referential connection. narrow sense intertextuality has its own concrete forms, such as quotation, allusion, pastiche, plagiarism, parody, parallelism, annexat

57、ion, motif, etc which will be the main tools to guide us to do the comparative reading wielded intertextuality in narrow sense. “intertextuality in a wide sense refers to the inter-referential relations between a text and any knowledge, code, sign, ideographic practice that gives meaning to the text

58、; intertextuality in a wide sense considers non-literary artworks, kinds of knowledge scopes of human beings, ideographic practices, even society, history, culture, etc as texts; intertextuality in a narrow sense, widely employed in analyses of the particular literary works, is a more practical one

59、which delimits itself to the study of relationship between a text and its intertexts.”8 1.1.4 different levels of intertextualityafter viewing the transition of intertextuality from narrow sense to broad sense, we could get the conclusion that there are three levels in intertextual conversation: the conversations