建筑工程专业英语（11-12）.ppt

1、Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Illustrated Words and Concepts Figure 11-1 Three View Drawing (Orthographic Projection) Figure 11-2 Three View Drawing of a House Figure 11-3 Drawing for Exercise Part Passages Passage A Three View Drawing Passage B Reading a Set of Blueprints,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Par

2、t Illustrated Words and Concepts Figure 11-1 Three View Drawing (Orthographic Projection) Projection lines are used to develop a three view drawing.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Illustrated Words and Concepts Figure 11-2 Three View Drawing of a House,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Illustrated Words an

3、d Concepts Figure 11-3 Drawing for Exercise,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage A Three View Drawing Pictorial drawings have great advantages for people not trained in blueprint reading and are a great help to those who want to learn this skill. However, the time spent in making pictorial

4、drawings which would show the information necessary to build the house would be prohibitively expensive. The drawings would also be too complex to read.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage A Three view drawings (or orthographic projection) are used almost universally in every field of arch

5、itecture and engineering to make graphical representations of the jobs to be done. When looking at an object to be drawn the person viewing it must imagine he or she is looking through a transparent plane. Lines are projected from every corner of the object to record the exact image on the plane.,Un

6、it 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage A See Figure 11-1(A). Three planes are generally sufficient to show all of the details of most objects. Figure 11-1(B) shows the planes as though they were part of a hinged box. Projection lines are extended to give the exact shapes of the top (the plan vi

7、ew of the roof), front, and side views of the house. The viewer imagines that he or she unfolds the planes into a flat position as shown in Figure 11-1(C).,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage A The projection lines between views serve to show how the various points and lines are related. I

8、t is important that this idea of the way views are related be understood from the beginning.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage A Figure 11-2 shows how all of the views of the exterior of a house, including the roof plan, would be related if they were arranged to appear on the same sheet

9、of paper. (The floor plan is drawn in order to give an idea of room arrangement but is now drawn in relation to the other views in this figure.),Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage A The plan view in architectural drawing is a view seen by looking down vertically toward an object or, in ot

10、her words, the view which is derived by projecting lines vertically upward to form an image on an imaginary horizontal plane. In Figure 11-1(B), 11-1(C), Figure 11-2(B), and Figure 11-2(C), the plan view is that of the roof. Usually the plan views referred to are floor plan views.,Unit 11 Drawing Re

11、ading,Part Passages Passage A The architect when drawing a set of working drawings usually draws the floor plan first. Elevations are drawn on separate sheets for convenience. The architect is very careful to transfer all of the information about windows, doors and other exterior building features f

12、rom the floor plan view to the elevation views. In effect, lines are projected from one view to another.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage A Figure 11-2 shows the elevation views designated as Front, Left Side, Right Side, and Rear. This is accepted procedure particularly for stock plans

13、 which can be adapted for use on a lot facing in any direction. When a building is to be placed on a specific lot, it is more usual to give the compass directions: north, south, east, and west. The north elevation is the elevation facing north (not the direction a person faces to see that side of th

14、e house).,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage A In Figure 11-2 plane and elevation views are related by projection. Note how the projection lines connect the parts of one view to another. If the views in Figure 11-2(C) were brought together following the projection lines, a three dimension

15、al house would be formed as in Figure 11-2(A).,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B Reading a Set of Blueprints The task of reading blueprints is a means toward an end. Tradespeople read prints so they may follow them in building the structure exactly as intended by the architect. A keen

16、understanding of every detail of the blueprints helps them plan work so they may use their time and the material to the greatest advantage. The building of any house is a challenge,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B but it is a particular delight when the house is well planned. The trad

17、esperson shares in the pride of creating something beautiful and useful.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B There are several ways to study a set of blueprints. In general however the best procedure is to study the blueprints with the purpose of a) understanding the floor plans and b) g

18、aining an idea of what the house will look like. After a preliminary viewing of the plans as a whole, each sheet should be studied in detail.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B The logical starting point is the front entry on the Upper Level Floor Plan (Sheet 2).The living room, dining

19、room, and master bedroom are arranged to be accessible yet private. The kitchen is placed so as to be the center of activity and control. It is open to the patio on one side and to the family room on the other side with a view through the family room windows to the play-court beyond. Stairs ascend t

20、o Bedrooms 1 and 2 and Bathroom 2,which are one-half story above the other rooms shown on this sheet.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B Lower Level Floor Plan (Sheet 1), is the other floor plan. Stairs descend from the family room to the level of Bedrooms 3 and 4. These rooms are direc

21、tly below Bedroom 1 and Bathroom 2. Stairs descend again to the basement level. The basement extends to the north end of the house. Utility, storage, and laundry areas are located on this lower level.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B The East and West Elevations, Sheet 3, and the Nort

22、h and South Elevations, Sheet 4, give views of the exterior. The general character of the house is contemporary. Casement windows are used with interesting vertical panel treatment. Large sliding glass doors with wood frames serve for light, ventilation, and access from the patio to the living room,

23、Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B dining room, and kitchen. This open arrangement is conducive to modern indoor-outdoor living. The roof slope is relatively low. Even though one part of the house extends almost two stories above the grade, the whole house appears to be built low to the

24、 ground.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B The Longitudinal Section, Sheet 5, is a view of an imaginary slice taken from end to end near the center of the house. It shows everything in section form which the cutting plane slices, and also shows what is seen beyond the part which is cut

25、 away. Thus details of construction of the foundation, columns, joists, beam, and rafters are revealed.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B Also the walls, doors, doorways, and openings, which would appear if the near part were removed, are indicated in their relative positions. The long

26、itudinal section shows how the four levels of the house are arranged. Beginning at the basement, each floor level is 1370 mm higher than the one below it.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B Upper Level Floor Plan, Sheet 2 The entry gives direct access to the living room ,family room, an

27、d master bedroom. Daylight is provided by fixed glass sidelights at the front entrance door. The entry has an all-weather floor of slate. A generous coat closet is provided which has louvered bi-fold doors.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B A pocket door may be used to close off the fa

28、mily room when required. Exterior and interior lighting are controlled from a convenient location near the front entrance door.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B The master bedroom is provided with casement windows on two walls for ventilation and view. The windows are not drawn with t

29、he usual conventional symbol because all of the windows in the house are alike and are shown on Sheet 6.A triple closet with louvered bi-fold doors extends long the west wall.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B The closets in this and the other bedrooms provide ample storage space. Beca

30、use of their placement they serve to suppress noise from the adjacent rooms. The bathroom has a counter type lavatory. Ventilation in all of the bathrooms is provided by fans.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B The living room and dining room are arranged with a folding door-wall so tha

31、t they can become one large room or be divided for privacy. The sliding glass doors, used in the place of windows, extend from the floor to a height of 2 030 mm. They open on to the patio and provide an atmosphere of indoor-outdoor living. A parquet floor adds interest. A parquet floor is made of st

32、rips of wood flooring glued to form tiles. They are laid in an alternating checkerboard fashion.,Unit 11 Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B The kitchen is compact with cabinets and equipment arranged on each side of the room in corridor fashion. An open feeling of the outdoors is created by the

33、 large glass doors opening on the patio. Artificial light is provided by a suspended luminous ceiling. The kitchen is provided with a pass-through opening to the dining room. This room is in close proximity to the playroom and the bedrooms and thus serves as the control centre of the house.,Unit 11

34、Drawing Reading,Part Passages Passage B The family room is located so as to be accessible to the play court, to the kitchen, and to the bedrooms. It has a durable floor of vinyl. Bedroom 1 and Bathroom 2 are adequate for children. Ample closets, ventilation, and wall space are provided. The bathroom

35、 is located between the two rooms. Note that the wall which contains the plumbing is 140 mm thick.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Illustrated Words and Concepts Figure 12-1 Elevations Determined by Transit and Leveling Rod Figure 12-2 A Plot Plan of Elevations and Location of a House Part Passa

36、ges Passage A Construction Surveying Passage B The Survey of a Plot Plan,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Illustrated Words and Concepts Figure 12-1 Elevations Determined by Transit and Leveling Rod,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Illustrated Words and Concepts Figure 12-2 A Plot Plan of Elev

37、ations and Location of a House,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Passage A Construction Surveying The construction industry is the largest in the United States and surveying is an essential part of that industry. A boundary survey and the preparation of the necessary topographic maps is t

38、he first step in the construction process. From these maps the positions of the structures are established and when the final plans for the project are available,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Passage A it is the duty of the surveyor to set the required horizontal and vertical position

39、s for the structures. In other words, construction surveying involves the transfer of the dimensions on the drawing to the ground so that the work is done in its correct position. This type of surveying is sometimes called “setting lines and grades”. The work of the surveyor for construction project

40、s is often referred to as layout work and the term “layout engineer” may be used in place of the term “surveyor”.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Passage A Of necessity, construction surveying begins before actual construction and continues until the project is completed. Surveying is a

41、n essential part of the construction process and must be carried out in coordination with other operations in order to have an economical job and to prevent serious mistakes.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Passage A The reader can readily understand the expense and inconvenience caused

42、 if one reinforced concrete footing for a building is placed in the wrong position. As another example, just imagine the problems involved if a few thousand feet of a sewer line are set on the wrong grade.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Passage A Construction drawings show the sizes an

43、d positions of structures that are to be erected, such as buildings, bridges, roads, parking lots, storage tanks, pipelines, and so on. The job of the construction surveyor is to locate these planned features in their desired positions on the ground.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Pass

44、age A He does this by placing reference marks ( such as construction stakes) sufficiently close to the planned work so as to permit the masons, carpenters, and other tradesmen to properly position the work with their own equipment (folding rules, masons levels, string lines, and so on).,Unit 12 Cons

45、truction Surveying,Part Passages Passage A he construction surveyor will find that his work is quite varied. One day he may be doing topographic work for a proposed building, while on another he may be setting stakes for pipeline excavation. It is often necessary for him to make measurements before

46、and after some types of work, e. g., computing quantities of earthwork moved by a contractor. At other times, he will set stakes to guide the construction of foundations; he may be aligning the columns of a steel frame building, or checking a completed structure to see that it is correctly positione

47、d, and so on.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Passage A A construction project requires four kinds of surveys for its completion: (1) A property or boundary survey by a registered land surveyor to establish the location and dimensions of the property.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part

48、 Passages Passage A (2) A survey to determine the existing conditions such as contours, man-made and natural features, streams, sewers, power lines, roads, nearby structures, and so on. This work may also be done by the land surveyor along with the boundary survey. (3) The construction surveys which

49、 determine the position and elevation of the features of the construction work. These surveys include the placing of grade stakes, alignment stakes and other layout control points.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Passage A (4) Finally there are the surveys which determine the positions

50、of the finished structuresThese are the “as-built” surveys and they are used to check the contractors work and show locations of structures and their components (water lines, sewers, etc.) which will be needed for future maintenance, changes, and new construction,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part

51、Passages Passage B The Survey of a Plot Plan The Survey Plat The basic information for the plot plan is found on a survey plat which is drawn by licensed surveyors. They obtain the legal descriptions of the piece of ground from the deed to the property which they receive from the owner.,Unit 12 Cons

52、truction Surveying,Part Passages Passage B Using surveying instruments and a tape or chain they locate a corner of the property in reference to a local datum which has been established by the town, city or village. This is usually a marker made of concrete and embedded in the ground, or it may be an

53、y other point which is designated by ordinance to serve the purpose.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Passage B In a city, the marker may be placed on a street or a walk. It could even be a notch on the corner of a building. A surveyors plat is usually required by banks and other lending

54、 institutions before mortgages for building can be arranged.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Passage B When a new subdivision is opened the surveyor may have to establish accurate direction lines, measure precise distances, and work out differences in elevation (level) from a datum poin

55、t which is far away. After the surveyor locates a corner of the property or some central point, a stake is driven firmly in place or a concrete benchmark is set. This in turn becomes the point of reference for the location of streets and lots in the new community.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part

56、 Passages Passage B When surveyors make a survey of a lot, the first thing they do is to establish a point of beginning which may be a mark on a walk or a corner stake. This point serves to help them locate the other corners of the piece of ground and also to relate elevations (levels) to the city r

57、equirements for that particular lot.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Passage B Surveyors show much other information on their plat besides the location of the lot corners. They also indicate the location of utilities, and water and sewer mains. Unless the lot is almost flat they show th

58、e contour of the lot by using a series of contour lines taken at a uniform interval of levels or grades. They show trees, walks, drive ways, and streets on their drawings. See the Unit Cover Figure.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying,Part Passages Passage B Scales Used by the Surveyor Surveyors use a ta

59、pe (graduated in metres and centimetres) or a chain (graduated in metres and decimetres) when making measurements. They make their drawings using a scale of 1200 or 1500 for plot plans (also referred to as site plans) and 11000 or 12000 for block plans or subdivisions.,Unit 12 Construction Surveying

60、,Part Passages Passage B Elevations The height of any point on the lot is called its elevation and is measured above or below some point of reference. (The use of the word elevation in this sense must not be confused with the elevation of a house which is a view of the outside of the structure.) In