几何量测量所用通用量具

1、几何量测量所用通用,量具,一几何量测量对象,?,1.,长度,:,指点、线、面相互间的距离。,?,2.,角度：平面角和立体角。,?,3.,工程参量,?,A.,宏观几何形状误差：如平面度、直线度、圆,度等。,?,B.,微观几何形状误差：指表面粗糙度。,?,C.,位置误差：垂直度、平行度、同轴度等。,?,D.,三维参量：如螺旋线、渐开线等。,二测量器具的分类,?,1.,标准量具,:,主要用来传递量值及校对和调整其它测,量器具的一种量具。如量块、角度块等。,?,2.,通用量具,:,按工作原理分为：,?,A.,游标量具：以游标作细分的量具。如游标卡尺、,高度尺、深度尺、齿厚卡尺、角度尺等。,?,B.,螺

2、旋测微量具：以螺旋副作细分的量具。如外径,千分尺、内径千分尺、内测千分尺、深度千分尺及,特殊结构的千分尺（,V,型砧千分尺、螺纹千分尺、,公法线千分尺、杠杆千分尺、带表千分尺等）。,?,C.,数显及带表卡尺：包括卡尺、高度尺、深度尺等。,?,D.,其它通用量具：平板、方箱、直角尺、水平,仪、刀口样板直尺、正弦尺等。,?,3.,通用量仪：,?,按工作原理分为：,?,A.,机械式量仪：百分表、千分表、杠杆齿轮比,较仪、扭簧比较仪等。,?,B.,光学机械式量仪：自准直仪、光学比较仪、,投影仪、工具显微镜等。,?,C.,电动量仪：电接触式比较仪、电感和电容式,比较仪等。,?,D.,气动量仪：水柱式和浮

3、标式气动量仪等。,?,E.,光、机、电一体化、自动化量仪：三坐标测,量机、齿轮测量中心等。,三常用通用量具的工作原理、,结构及精度,?,1,卡尺类,?,游标量具：,?,工作原理：是以游标刻线间距与对应的主尺上刻,线间距的差来实现细分。其分度值为：,0.02mm,、,0.05mm,、,0.1mm,；万能角度尺为：,2,、,5,。,?,结构,:,主尺、尺框、游标、测深尺、微调机构。,?,数显量具,?,工作原理：容栅尺及容栅细分电路以数字显示的,方式；分辨率为,0.01mm,。,?,结构,:,主尺、尺框及数显装置、测深尺、微调机构。,?,带表卡尺,?,工作原理：精密齿条及齿轮传动放大机构，,将细分的

4、示值以指示表的形式反映出来；分度,值为,0.01mm,、,0.02mm,、,0.05mm,。,?,结构,:,主尺、精密齿条、指示表、测深尺。,?,测量项目及精度,?,测量项目：外尺寸、内尺寸、深度、高度等,尺寸，高度尺还可以划线；齿厚卡尺测一定齿,高上的弦齿厚；万能角度尺测平面角,0320,。,?,精度：按检定规程规定示值误差如下表,:,卡尺,分度值为,0.02,、分辨率,0.01,（单位：,mm),测量范围,0150,150200,200300,300500,示值误差,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05,?,齿厚卡尺的综合误差为,0.03mm,。,?,万能角度尺：,分度值为,2,的示值误

5、差为,2,。,分度值为,5,的示值误差为,5,。,?,2,螺旋测微类,?,工作原理：以精密螺杆作为标准元件，微分,筒圆周细分为,50,格，共旋转一周螺杆进或退一,螺距达到细分的目的，分度值为,0.01mm,；指示,范围为,25mm,。,外径千分尺规格：,025,、,2550,、,5075,、,75100,等。,?,结构,:,尺弓：上有固定测砧、固定套筒,（刻有示值为,0.5mm,的刻线）、紧固装置。,测微螺杆：上有活动测砧、微分筒（刻有示,值为,0.01mm,的刻线）、测力装置。,?,杠杆千分尺、带表千分尺：是以指示表来读,测量结果的微差，其使用前应用量块校准零位，,是以比较测量的方式进行工作

6、的；其分度值为,0.001mm,和,0.002mm,。,?,测量项目及精度,?,测量项目：内、外尺寸、深度尺寸、公法线、,螺纹中径、奇数槽直径等。,?,精度：,?,外径千分尺的示值误差（单位：,mm),?,壁厚千分尺的示值误差为,0.004mm,。,?,板厚千分尺的示值误差为,0.004mm,。,?,公法线千分尺的示值误差（单位：,mm,）,?,内测千分尺的示值误差为,0.008mm,。,规格,0100,100150,150200,0,级,0.002,/,/,1,级,0.004,0.005,0.006,规格,0100,100,示值误差,0.005,0.006,?,内径千分尺的示值误差（单位：,

7、mm,）,?,螺纹千分尺的示值误差（单位：,mm,）,?,V,型砧千分尺的示值误差（单位：,mm,）,规格,125,125200,示值误差,0.006,0.009,规格,0100,100150,示值误差,0.004,0.005,规格,上限,35,50,85,示值误差,0.004,0.005,0.006,?,深度千分尺的示值误差为,0.005mm,。,?,带表千分尺的示值误差为,0.003mm,。,?,杠杆千分尺的示值误差（单位：,mm,）,其中指示表的示值误差为：,规格,025,2575,75100,示值误差,0.003,0.004,0.006,范围,分度值,0.001mm,0.002mm,1

8、0,格内,0.5m,1m,10,格外,1m,2m,?,3,指示表类,?,工作原理：齿条与齿轮传动或者杠杆与齿轮,传动，将直线位移转换放大为指针的角位移。,杠杆百分表、百分表分度值：,0.01mm,千分表分度值：,0.001mm,杠杆千分表分度值：,0.002mm,内径百分表是在百分表的基础上增加一个,90,的等臂杠杆，将孔径的变化量转换到指示表上。,?,结构,:,?,百分表：齿条与两级齿轮传动使指针旋转，,由指针在分度盘上指示出变化；其测量范围有,03mm,、,05mm,、,010mm,。,?,千分表：由,1,级杠杆上的扇形齿带动两级齿,轮传动，使指针旋转，在分度盘上指示出变化；,其测量范围通

9、常为,01mm,。,?,杠杆百分表：两级杠杆传动，其杠杆上的扇,形齿带动两级齿轮，使指针旋转在分度盘上指,示出变化；其测量范围为,00.8mm,。,?,杠杆千分表：同杠杆百分表，其放大比要大,一些，其测量范围为,00.2mm,。,?,内径百分表：因其转换机构的不同，可分为,涨簧式、护桥式、钢球式。,?,测量范围可由可换测量头来调整，涨簧式可由,220mm,；护桥式可分段为,610mm,、,1018mm,、,1835mm,、,3550mm,、,50100mm,、,50160mm,等；钢球式为,218mm,。,内径百分表活动测量头的行程较小，一般为,0.15mm,、,0.3mm,、,0.6mm,、

10、,0.8mm,、,1mm,、,1.2mm,、,1.6mm,，其上所配百分表均为,1,级百分,表。,?,测量项目及精度,测量项目：尺寸定位及测量、跳动、孔径尺寸,等。,?,精度,?,百分表：分为,0,级和,1,级。示值误差如下表：,(,单位：,mm),?,千分表：分为,0,级和,1,级。示值误差如下,表：,(,单位：,mm),级别,任意,0.2,1,回程误差,示值变动性,受径向力变化,0,级,0.003,0.004,0.002,0.0003,1,级,0.0035,0.005,0.0025,0.0005,级,别,任意,全程,示值变动性,受径向力变化,回程误差,0.1,1,03,05,010,0,级

11、,0.005,0.008,0.010,0.012,0.014,0.003,1,级,0.007,0.010,0.015,0.018,0.020,0.005,?,杠杆百分表：分为,1,级和,2,级。示值误差如下,表：,(,单位：,mm),?,杠杆千分表：分为,1,级和,2,级。示值误差如下,表：,(,单位：,mm),级别,示值变动性,0.1mm,全程,回程误差,1,级,0.003,0.006,0.012,0.003,2,级,0.005,0.008,0.015,0.005,级别,示值变化,任意,0.02mm,全程,回程误差,1,级,0.0005,0.003,0.004,0.002,2,级,0.001

12、,0.004,0.006,0.003,?,内径百分表：百分表为,1,级,各种型式的示值,误差如下,:(,单位,:mm),护桥式,618,1850,50450,示值误差,0.015,0.020,0.025,相邻误差,0.008,0.008,0.008,涨簧式工作行程,0.3,0.6,1.2,示值误差,0.012,0.015,0.020,相邻误差,0.008,0.008,0.008,四、使用,?,应在有效的检定周期内使用。,?,使用前应检查直观的计量性能，如灵活性、,零位、稳定性等。,?,测量时应使被测量线与量具的测量线重合或,平行，同时应找到测量点的最佳位置，如直径,应在最大位置并轴线垂直。,?,测量前应将被测件、量具清洁，尺寸较大时,或精度（公差小）高时应进行等温。,?,有恒力机构的应尽量使用恒力机构，如千分,尺；无恒力机构的应掌握测量力一般为,35N,，,如卡尺类。,?,指示表类使用时应夹持牢靠，同时防止冲击，,以免造成传动件损坏。,?,内径百分表校正前应将表压缩一圈后固紧，,选择适当的固定测量头（不宜过长，以免顶坏,内部的传动件），调整其位置，达到校零位的,目的。,?,对线读数的量具，读数时视线应与刻线面垂,直，并通过读数点，以减小读数的偏视误差