完整版)独立主格结构

1、10英语中的独立主格结构 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、 形容词、副词或介词短语 构成的一种独立主格成分。 With（ without ）的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。一、独立主格结构的特点1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.4）当表示人体部位的词做

2、逻辑主语时， 及物动词用现在分词， 不及物动词用过去分词二、独立主格结构的构成 :名词普通格或代词主格 + 现在分词 /过去分词 /不定式 /名词/形容词 /副词/介词短语。 1名 词（或代词） + 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 注意：

3、现在分词 being 或 having been 在独立主格结构中可以省略。The weather （ being ） fine, we decided to go on an outing. 独立主格结构中的 being 在下列 两种情况下一般不能省略， 一是在“ There being + 名词”结构中， There being no bus, we had to walk home. 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。It being Sunday, all the offices areclosed.2名词（或代词） + 不定式（短语） 不定式表示将来的动作。He suggested go

4、ing for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.3名词（或代词） + 过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词 被动完成的动作 。The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly im

5、proved.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.4名词（或代词） +形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.5名词（或代词） + 副词副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we a

6、ll went home.6名词（或代词） + 介词短语A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.He left the office, tears in eyes.注意：在“逻辑主语 +介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里， 当介词是 in 时，其前后的两个名 词 均不加任何修饰成分。但 with 的复合结构 不受此限制。例如： The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.三、独立主格结构的作用：多用作状语1. 表示时间His homework done ( =After his homework was

7、done )， Mary decided to go shopping.2. 表示原因There being no buses ( =Because there were no buses )， we had to walk home.3. 表示条件Weather permitting ( =If weather permits )，we ll go to play basketball.4. 表示方式或伴随 He sat at the table, head down. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词 -ing 形式往往表示动作正在进行。The m

8、anager looks worried ， many things to be settled.The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.The man lay there, his hands trembling.四、 With( without) 的复合结构的构成以及句法功能(一)、 with / without + 宾语 + 宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况 :1. with+ 名词 /代词 + 形容词He doesn t like to sleep with the windows open. = He doesn t like t

9、o sleep when the windows are open.注意：在“ with+名词/代词+形容词构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或 -ed 形式。With his son so disappointing ， the old man felt unhappy.With his father well- known, the boy didn t want to study.2. with+ 名词/代词+副词The boy was walking, with his father ahead.= The boy was walking and his father

10、 was ahead.3. with+ 名词/代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.4. with+ 名词 /代词 +动词过去分词With his homework done, Peter went out to play.= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.5. with+ 名词 /代词 +现在分词The girl hid her box

11、without anyone knowing where it was.= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.6. with+ 名词 /代词+动词不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.= The little boy looks s

12、ad because he has so much homework to do.(二) 、With (without) 的复合结构的句法功能：定语和状语1. There is a magazine with a modern girl on its cover. ( 定语 )2. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. （伴随状语 ）3 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to

13、 visit.=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.（原因状语） 4 Withthe signal given, the train started.= After the signal was given, the train started.（时间状语） 五、选择题1. Everything _ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taki

14、ng2. An expert _ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem.A. will come B, coming C. to come D. having come3. The meeting _ over, he went to pick up his son directlyA. to be B. is C. was D. being4. - They sat still in the room, _.- Why did they do like that?A. drawing the curtains

15、B. with the curtains drawnC. with the curtains drawingD. having the curtains drawn5. The sun _ , they continued their way.A. has risen B. having risen C. has raised D. having raised6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March.A. has been la

16、unched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched7. Here are two volumes, the third one _ next month.A. comes out B. came outC. coming out D. to come out8. With his son_ , the old man felt unhappy.A. to disappoint B. to be disappointing C. disappointing D. being disappointed 9 - Com

17、e on,please give me some ideas about the project.-Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down.A. filledB. fillingC. to fill D. being filled10 John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _ , he gladly accepted it .A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished11.

18、 _ , I had to ask for two days leave.A. Mother being ill B. Mother ill C. As mother was illD. A, B and C12. With so many books ?_ , I couldn t go to surf the Internet.A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. read13. The thief stood before the policeman_ admitting what he had done .A. with his dropping

19、 head B. dropping his head C. raising his head D. with his head down14. Winter _ , it is time to buy warm clothes .A .has come on B. is coming on C. coming on D. comes on15. The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes _ and his hands _.A. close, tremble B. closed, trembling C.

20、closing, trembling D. closed, trembled16. With nothing _ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out .A. leaving B. leave C. left D. to leave17. It was a pity that the great writer died _ his works unfinished .A. for B. withC. ofD. from18. I couldn t do my homework with that noise _ on.A. to

21、go B. went C. going D. goes19. _ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weeke nd. A. Because of B. WithC. As for D. Besides20. Tom came home, A. a dog followi ng himC. being followed him【现学现用】1B. a dog followed himD. a dog was followed him独立主格结构练习1.1 send you 100 dollars today, th

22、e rest in a year.A. followsB. followedC. to follow2. All things, I think we ought to give the job to George.A. con sideredB. con sideri ngC. to con sider3. The river in the ni ght, the cross ing was impossible.A. to riseB. rose C. havi ng rise n D. being rise n4. More time , we should have done the

23、job much better.A. to giveB. give C. being give nD. give nD. bei ng followedD. being con sidered5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weatherA. permits6. The mon itorA. beingB. permitt ingill, weB. to beC. to permitD. permittedbetter put the meet ing off.C bee n D. to have bee n7. An importa ntlectur

24、einto the ni ght.A. to beB. beinggive n tomorrow, the professor has to stay up lateC bee n D. to have bee n8. He was lying on the grass, his handsun der his head.A. to cross B. crossedC. cross ing D. to be cross ing9. Tom late over and over, his boss was very disappo in ted.A. havi ng bee nB. bee n

25、C. to beD. to being10. Other thingsequal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.A. beingB. to beC. bee nD. havi ng bee n【现学现用】21. A new tech nique, the yields as a whole in creased by 20 perce nt.A) work ing out B) havi ng worked outC) havi ng bee n worked out D)to have bee n worked out2. Al

26、l things, the pla nned trip will have to be called off.A) con sidered B) be con sidered C) con sideri ng D) havi ng con sidered3. All flightsbecause of the sno wstorm, many passe ngers could do nothingbut take the train.A) had bee n can celed B) have bee n can celedC) were can celed D) havi ng bee n

27、 can celed4. So many directors , the board meet ing had to be put off.A) were abse nt B) bee n abse nt C) had bee n abse nt D) being abse nt5. All the tasks ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.A) bee n fulfilled B) havi ng bee n fulfilledC) were fulfilled D) had bee n fulfilled6.

28、 All flights because of the terribleweather, they had to go there by train.A) hav ing bee n can celed C) hav ing can celedB) had bee n can celed D) were can celed7. The speech , a lively discussi on started.A) being delivered B) was delivered C) be delivered D) havi ng bee n delivered8. Silver is th

29、e best con ductor of electricity, copperit closely.A)followed B) following C) to follow D)being following9. , a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeedthan a man whose comma nd of Ian guage is poor.A) Other things being equal C) To be equal to other thingsB) Were other things equal

30、D) Other things to be equal10. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audie nee onbenches , chairs or boxes.A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having11. the temperature falli ng so rapidly, we could nt go on with theA) Si nee B) For C) As D) With12. in the Un ited States, St.

31、 Louis has now become the 24th largest city.A) being the fourth biggest city B) It was once the fourth biggest cityC) Once the fourth biggest city D) The fourth biggest city it was【现学现用】31. The meeting _ over, we all left the room.A. is B. to be C. being D. would be2. European football is played in

32、80 countries, it the most popularworld. A. mak ing B. makes C. made D. to make3. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Havi ng suffered B. Sufferi ng C. To suffer D. Suffered4. The fish bad, the childre n left much of it .A. tasted, un touched B. tasti ng, u

33、n touchedC. tasti ng, un touch ing D. tasted, un touch ing5. _ from what you say, he ought to succeed.A. Judged B. Judgi ng C. Whe n you judged D. Because you judge6. Everything _ into con siderati on, they ought to have ano ther cha nee.A. to take B. take n C. to be take nD. tak ing7. Walter offere

34、d us a lift whe n he was leavi ng the office, but our work , wedidn accept the offer.A.not being fini shed B.not havi ng fini shedC. had not bee n fini shed D.was not fini shed8. There are various kinds of metals, eachits own properties (A.has B.had C.to haveD.havi ng9. The old man stood un der a bi

35、g tree,.A.a pipe in mouth B.with a pipe in mouth C.pipe in mouth D.pipe10. The product ion _ steadily, the factory n eeds an ever- in creas ing supply ofraw material. A.has gone up B.is going up C.havi ng gone up D.be ing gone up独立主格结构巩固练习11. no bus, we had to walk home.A. There was B. There being C

36、. Because there being D.There were2., Ill go there with you tomorrow after noon.A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D.3. , we all went home happily.A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. Whengoodbye said 4. _ , we all went swimming in high spirits.Times

37、permittingmore rapidlyA. It being fine weather B. It fine weatherC. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather5. _ , the bus started at once.A. The signal was given B. The signal givingC. The signal given D. When the signal given6. She stood there, _ from her cheeks.bee n seatedexperime nt.A.tea

38、rs rolling down B.tears rolled downC.with tears rolled down D.tears rolling down7. _ on, the leaves are turning green.A.When spring coming B.Spring coming8. _ , I had to buy a new one.C.Spring came D.Spring being comeA. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lostC. My dictionary had been

39、lost D. Because my dictionary lost9. I used to sleep with the window_A. opened B. open C. opening D to open 10. _ , the hunter went into the forest.sport in theA. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulderC. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder11. _ production up by 60%, the company has ha

40、d another excellent year.A. As B. For C. With D. Through12. With a lot of work _ , I have to sit up tonight.A. do B. doing C. done D. to do13. He stood there silently, his lips_ .A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling14. _ , her suggestion is of greater value than yours.A. All things considering B. All things consideredC. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 15. _ , we