初中英语语法归纳(2)

1、初中英语语法归纳：主动语态在初中的英语学习中，句子语态可以分为主动语态和被动语态两种。那么主动语态的句子需要有哪些语法要注意呢?主动语态和被动语态又会有什么区别呢?下面为大家讲解一下。主动语态与被动语态的区别：在主动语态中，主语后面接人(be +动词原型)被动语态(be+动词过去分词)在主动语态中，主语是谓语动词的使动方。在被动语态中，主语是谓语动词的受动方。在语法结构上，主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于，主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语，然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法;而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语，各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。举例：1.主动语态：The s

2、nowslide killed him. 雪崩害死了他。被动语态：He was killed by the snowslide. 他死于雪崩。2.主动语态：We use electricity to run machines. 我们用电力来开动机器。被动语态：Electricity is used to run machines. 电力被我们用来开动机器。3.主动语态：Bell invented the telephone in 1876.贝尔于1876年发明了电话。被动语态：The telephone was invented by Bell in1876.电话是贝尔于1876年发明的。主动

3、形式表示被动意义大家都知道，用被动语态(形式)来表达被动意义，但有些句子用的却是主动形式，表达的却是被动意义。下面我们就来总结一下常见的用主动形式表示被动意义的几种形式。1.连系动词(如：feel,taste,sound,smell,look等)用主动形式表示被动意义。如：This material feels very soft. 这块材料摸上去很柔软。This apple tastes good. 这个苹果尝起来很好吃。2. 有些表示主语内在性质或性能的不及物动词常与一些副词连用，用一般现在时的主动形式表示被动意义，其主语一般为事物。这些动词有：sell,read, write,wash,

4、wear,last等。如：The pen writes smoothly 这支笔写起来很流畅。This kind of food sells well. 这种食物很畅销。3. 动词need, want, require表示需要时，后接动名词或不定式的被动式表示被动意义。如：Your room needs cleaning/to be cleaned. 你的房间需要打扫一下。My house requires repairing/to be cleaned. 我的房子需要修理一下。4. 在be worth doing短语中，动作与主语之间存在动宾关系，用主动形式表示被动意义。如：This boo

5、k is well worth reading 这本书很值得一读。5. 在主语 +be + adj +to do这个句型中，不定式动作与主语之间存在动宾关系，则用主动形式表示被动意义。如：This question is hard to answer. 这个问题很难回答。English is easy to learn. 英语很好学。6. Wont或wouldnt表示不愿时，后面的动词常用主动形式表示被动意义。如：The door wont open. 这门就是打不开。This box wouldnt move. 这个盒子就是移不动。初中英语语法归纳：被动语态初中英语学习最难的是语法，因为英语

6、的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。其中被动语态是初中英语学习的重点和难点。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语被动语态特点和用法。一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be+过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2) has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have bee

7、n completed, and were ready to start.3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here.4) was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5) had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6) was/

8、were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there.7) shall/will be done 一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8) should/would be done 过去将来时例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用)例The project will ha

9、ve been completed before July.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+be+过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his

10、birthday.3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可

11、改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词+介词”，“动词+副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。二、 如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (

12、这时可省 by 短语)。例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 为了更好地安排句子。例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一个主语就够了)三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, e

13、xpect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam

14、. (=The boy is said to have passed the national exam. )四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock. (指门本身有毛病)The door wont

15、be locked. (指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因)2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例You

16、r reason sounds reasonable五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1. 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-

17、book is very worthy to be read.)3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)4. 在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结

18、构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).5. 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作

19、定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用 to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。)7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?初中英语语法归纳：句型结构初中英语语法中，有很多特殊句型结构，牢记这些句型结构，以后再运用上

20、就可以得心应手。下面是初中英语重点句型结构总结，希望能帮助到大家。1 、see，hear，notice，find，feel，listen to，look at (感官动词)+ do eg: I like watching monkeys jump.2 (比较级 and 比较级) 表示越来越3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易) 补：a place of interest 名胜4 agree with sb. 赞成某人5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一种/样6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世

21、界7 along with 同一道，伴随 eg : I will go along with you 我将和你一起去The students planted trees along with their teachers. 学生同老师们一起种树。8 As soon as 一就9 as you can see 你是知道的10 ask for 求助 向要(直接接想要的东西) eg: ask you for my book11 ask sb. for sth. 向某人什么12 ask sb. to do sth. 询问某人某事 ask sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不要做某事13 at

22、 the age of 在岁时eg：I am sixteen. I am at the age of sixteen.14 at the beginning of 的起初;的开始15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后;尽头;末尾 eg : At the end of the day16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 补：at least 至少17 be /feel confident of sth. /that clause + 从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg: I am / feel confident of my spoken Engli

23、sh I feel that I can pass the test18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时19 be able to (+ v.原) = can (+ v.原) 能够eg: She is able to sing. She can sing. 补：base on 以(为)根据20 be able to do sth. 能够干什么 eg: She is able to sing.21 be afraid to do (of sth. 恐惧，害怕eg: Im afraed to go out at night. Im afraid of dog.22 be al

24、lowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: Im allowed to watch TV. 我被允许看电视。I should be allowed to watch TV. 我应该被允许看电视。23 be angry with sb. 生某人的气 eg: Dont be angry with me.24 be angry with (at) sb. for doing sth. 为什么而生某人的气25 be as 原级 as 和什么一样 eg: She is as tall as me. 她和我一样高。26 be ashamed to27 be away from 远离28 be away

25、from 从离开29 be bad for 对什么有害eg: Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好。30 be born 出生于31 be busy doing sth. 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth. 忙于32 be careful 当心;小心 be close to 离很近33 be different from 和不一样34 be famous for 以著名35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好36 be from = come from 来自eg：He is from

26、Bejing. He comes from Bejing.Is he from Bejing? Does he come from Bejing?37 be full of 装满的 be filled with 充满eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water38 be glad + to do/从句 做某事很高兴39 be going to + v.(原) 打算，计划，准备40 be good at(+ doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于41 be good for 对什么有好处eg: R

27、eading aloud is good for your English.42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事43 be helpful to sb. 对某人有好处eg: Reading aloud is helpful to you. 大声朗读对你有好处。Exercising is helpful to your bady. 锻炼对你的身体有好处。44 be in good health 身体健康45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣

28、47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到48 be like 像 eg: Im like my mother.49 be mad at 生某人的气50 be made from 由制成(制成以后看不见原材料) 补：be made in 在生产或制造51 be made of 由制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)52 be not sure 表不确定53 be on a visit to 参观54 be popular with sb. 受某人欢迎 补：be please with 对感到满意55 be quiet 安静6

29、 be short for 表的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰57 be sick in bed 生病在床58 be sorry to do sth. be sorry for sb. eg: I am sorry for you.59 be sorry to hear that60 be sorry to trouble sb.eg: I am sorry to trouble you.61 be strict in doing sth. 严于做某事 eg: Hes strict in obeying noles62 be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格e

30、g: Some students are not strict with them selves. 这些学生对自己不严格。63 be strict with sb in sth. 某方面对某人严格64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么65 be sure 表确定66 be sure of doing sth. 对做某事有信心eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well67 be sure of sth. 对做某事有信心eg: Im sure of my head (my teacher). 我相信我的大

31、脑(老师)。68 be sure that sth. 对做某事有信心eg: Im suer that he can pass the test. 我相信他能通过考试。69 be sure to do sth. 一定会做某事 eg: We are sure to pass the test. 我们一定会通过这次考试We are sure to learn English well. 我们一定能学好英语。70 be terrified of + 名/动 doing 害怕71 be terrified to do sth. 害怕做某事72 be the same as 和什么一样73 be used

32、 to doing sth. 习惯做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early. 我爸爸习惯早起。He is used to sleeping in class. 他习惯上课睡觉.He is used to working hard.He is used to hard work. 他习惯努力工作74 be worth doing 值得做什么75 be (feel) afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事be afraid of sth. 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句76 because + 句子 because of + 短语eg: He was late because he had a headache.He was late because of his headache.77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事start with = begin with 以开始eg: Lets begin the game with the song. I begin to go home.78 between and 两者之间79 borrow sth. from sb. 向借lend sth. to sb. lend sb. sth. 借