土木工程专业英语1

CIVILENGINEERING土木工程CIVILENGINEERINGCIVILENGINEERING,THEOLDESTOFTHEENGINEERINGSPECIALTIES,ISREFERRINGTOTHEPLANNING,DESIGN,CONSTRUCTION,ANDMANAGEMENTOFTHEBUILTENVIRONMENTTHISENVIRONMENTINCLUDESALLSTRUCTURESBUILTACCORDINGTOSCIENTIFICPRINCIPLES,FROMIRRIGATIONANDDRAINAGESYSTEMSTOROCKETJAUNCHINGFACILITIESCIVILENGINEERSBUILDROADS,BRIDGES,TUNNELS,DAMS,HARBORS,POWERPLANTS,WATERANDSEWAGESYSTEMS,HOSPITALS,SCHOOLS,MASSTRANSIT,ANDOTHERPUBLICFACILITIESESSENTIALTOMODERNSOCIETYANDLARGEPOPULATIONCONCENTRATIONSTHEYALSOBUILDPRIVATELYOWNEDFACILITIESSUCHASAIRPORTS,RAILROADS,PIPELINES,SKYSCRAPERS,ANDOTHERLARGESTRUCTURESDESIGNEDFORINDUSTRIAL,COMMERCIAL,ORRESIDENTIALUSEINADDITION,CIVILENGINEERSPLAN,DESIGN,ANDBUILDCOMPLETECITIESANDTOWNS,ANDMORERECENTLYHAVEBEENPLANNINGANDDESIGNINGSPACEPLATFORMSTOHOUSESELFCONTAINEDCOMMUNITIESTHEWORD“CIVIL“DERIVESFROMTHELATINFORCITIZENIN1782,ANENGLISHMANNAMEDJOHNSMEATONUSEDTHETERMTODIFFERENTIATEHISNONMILITARYENGINEERINGWORKFROMTHATOFTHEMILITARYENGINEERSWHOPREDOMINATEDATTHETIMESINCETHEN,THETERM“CIVILENGINEERING“HASOFTENBEENUSEDTOREFERTOENGINEERSWHOBUILDPUBLICFACILITIES,ALTHOUGHTHEFIELDISMUCHBROADERSCOPEITISSOBROAD,THATCIVILENGINEERINGISSUBDIVIDEDINTOANUMBEROFTECHNICALSPECIALTIESDEPENDINGONTHETYPEOFPROJECT,CIVILENGINEERSPECIALISTSWITHMANYKINDSOFSKILLSMAYBENEEDEDWHENAPROJECTBEGINS,THESITEISSURVEYEDANDMAPPEDBYCIVILENGINEERSWHOLOCATEUTILITYPLACEMENTWATER,SEWER,ANDPOWERLINESGEOTECHNICALSPECIALISTSPERFORMSOILEXPERIMENTSTODETERMINEIFTHEEARTHCANBEARTHEWEIGHTOFTHEPROJECTENVIRONMENTALSPECIALISTSSTUDYTHEPROJECTSIMPACTONTHELOCALAREATHEPOTENTIALFORAIRANDGROUNDWATERPOLLUTION,THEPROJECTSIMPACTONLOCALANIMALSANDPLANTLIFE,ANDHOWTHEPROJECTCANBEDESIGNEDTOMEETGOVERNMENTREQUIREMENTSAIMEDATPROTECTINGTHEENVIRONMENTTRANSPORTATIONSPECIALISTSDETERMINEWHATKINDSOFFACILITIESARENEEDEDTOEASETHEBURDENONLOCALROADSANDOTHERTRANSPORTATIONNETWORKSTHATWILLRESULTFROMTHECOMPLETEDPROJECTMEANWHILE,STRUCTURALSPECIALISTSUSEPRELIMINARYDATATOMAKEDETAILEDDESIGNS,PLANS,ANDSPECIFICATIONSFORTHEPROJECTSUPERVISINGANDCOORDINATINGTHEWORKOFTHESECIVILENGINEERINGSPECIALISTS,FROMTHEBEGINNINGTOTHEENDOFTHEPROJECT,ARETHETASKSOFTHECONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTSPECIALISTSBASEDONTHEINFORMATIONSUPPLIEDBYOTHERSPECIALISTS,CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTCIVILENGINEERSESTIMATEQUANTITIESANDCOSTSOFMATERIALSANDLABOR,SCHEDULEALLWORK,ORDERMATERIALSANDEQUIPMENTSFORTHEJOB,HIRECONTRACTORSANDSUBCONTRACTORS,ANDPERFORMOTHERSUPERVISORYWORKTOENSURETHEPROJECTISCOMPLETEDONTIMEASSPECIFIEDTHROUGHOUTANYGIVENPROJECT,CIVILENGINEERSMAKEEXTENSIVEUSEOFCOMPUTERSCOMPUTERSAREUSEDTODESIGNPROJECTSVARIOUSELEMENTSCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGN,ORCADANDMANAGETHEMCOMPUTERSAREANECESSITYFORMODERNCIVILENGINEERSBECAUSETHEYPERMITENGINEERSTOEFFICIENTLYHANDLELARGEQUANTITIESOFDATANEEDEDINDETERMININGTHEBESTWAYTOCONSTRUCTAPROJECTNEWWORDSANDPHRASES1PREDOMINATE居支配地位，统治，（数量上）占优势2GEOTECHNICAL岩土工程的3SPECIFICATION载明，详述，技术要求，说明书，清单4SUPERVISE监督，管理，控制5SUBCONTRACTORS转包合同，转包工作6HURRICANE飓风，（感情等的）爆发7ASPHALT沥青，铺沥青于8ALUMINUM【化】铝9RUNOFF雨量，流量，决赛，决定性竞选10LOCK水闸，闸门11FILL充足，饱满，装填物，（一）袋，填土，填方12SCRUBBER洗涤器，涤气器，滤清器，板刷，擦布，擦洗者13INCINERATION烧尽，焚化，火葬14TOXIC有毒（性）的，中毒的15COMBUSTIBLE男燃的，可燃的，易激动的16RAMP斜坡，斜面，滑行台17EXCAVATE挖掘，发掘，在上挖掘，挖出，变成空洞18PRECISELY精确的，刻板的，正好，恰恰，确实如此19AERIAL空气的，大气的，航空的，架空的，生存在空中的20SONIC能发出声音的，声音的，音速的，利用音波的21PLOTTING测绘，标图，标航路22MUNICIPAL市政的，市立的，地方自治的，地方（性）23COMMISSION委任，委托（事项），委员会24DRAINAGESYSTEM排水系统READINGMATERIAL1CAREERSINCIVILENGINEERINGENGINEERINGISAPROFESSION,WHICHMEANSTHATANENGINEERMUSTHAVEASPECIALIZEDUNIVERSITYEDUCATIONMANYGOVERNMENTJURISDICTIONSALSOHAVELICENSINGPROCEDURESWHICHREQUIREENGINEERGRADUATESTOPASSANEXAMINATION,SIMILARTOTHEEXAMINATIONFORALAWYER,BEFORETHEYCANACTIVELYSTARTTHEIRCAREERSINTHEUNIVERSITY,MATHEMATICS,PHYSICS,ANDCHEMISTRYAREHEAVILYEMPHASIZEDTHROUGHOUTTHEENGINEERINGCURRICULA,BUTPARTICULARLYINTHEFIRSTTWOORTHREEYEARSMATHEMATICSISVERYIMPORTANTINALLBRANCHESOFENGINEERING,SOITISGREATLYSTRESSEDTODAY,MATHEMATICSINCLUDESCOURSESINSTATISTICS,WHICHDEALSWITHGATHERING,CLASSIFYING,ANDUSINGNUMERICALDATA,ORPIECESOFINFORMATIONANIMPORTANTASPECTOFSTATISTICALMATHEMATICSISPROBABILITY,WHICHDEALSWITHWHATMAYHAPPENWHENTHEREAREDIFFERENTFACTORS,ORVARIABLES,THATCANCHANGETHERESULTOFAPROBLEMBEFORETHECONSTRUCTIONOFABRIDGEISUNDERTAKEN,FOREXAMPLE,ASTATISTICALSTUDYISMADEOFTHEAMOUNTOFTRAFFICTHEBRIDGEWILLBEEXPECTEDTOHANDLEINTHEDESIGNOFTHEBRIDGE,VARIABLESUCHASWATERRESOURCEONTHEFOUNDATION,IMPACT,THEEFFECTSOFDIFFERENTWINDFORCESANDMANYOTHERFACTORSMUSTBECONSIDEREDBECAUSEAGREATDEALOFCALCULATIONISINVOLVEDINSOLVINGTHESEPROBLEMS,COMPUTERPROGRAMMINGISNOWINCLUDEDINALMOSTALLENGINEERINGCURRICULACOMPUTERS,OFCOURSE,CANSOLVEMANYPROBLEMSINVOLVINGCALCULATIONSWITHGREATERSPEEDANDACCURACYTHANAHUMANBEINGCANDOBUTCOMPUTERSAREUSELESSUNLESSTHEYAREGIVENCLEARANDACCURATEINSTRUCTIONSANDINFORMATION,INOTHERWORDS,AGOODPROGRAMINSPITEOFTHEHEAVYEMPHASISONTECHNICALSUBJECTSINTHEENGINEERINGCURRICULA,ACURRENTTRENDISTOREQUIRESTUDENTSTOTAKECOURSESINTHESOCIALSCIENCEANDTHELANGUAGEARTSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENENGINEERINGANDSOCIETYISGETTINGCLOSERITISSUFFICIENT,THEREFORE,TOSAYAGAINHATTHEWORKPERFORMEDBYANENGINEERAFFECTS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