高中英语语法知识点总结

高中语法知识点总结第一章 冠词高考对冠词的考查集中在基本用法上，主要既反映在对泛指、特指及固定短语 冠词的考查。抽象名词、物质名词的具体化依然是高考的重点、难点。一、不定冠词不定冠词a，an与one同源，表示微弱的“一”的概念，但并不强调数目，用来表示不确定的人或事物。A用在辅音前，而不是辅音字母前；an用在元音前，而不是元音字母前。a university in Asia1.表示同类中的“任何一个”A cat has nine lives.2.表示泛指的某人、某物I know a John Lennon，but not the famous one.3.表示数量的“一”He has a daughter.4. 表示单位数量的”每一”I earn 10 dollars an hour.5.表示相同的”The two birds are of a color.6. 用于集体名词前He grows up in a large family.7. 在某种情况下可用于抽象名词和物质名词前China has a long history.二、定冠词的用法1.表示特定的人或物2.表示地球、宇宙中独一无二的事物主要指各种天体及世界上比较有影响的物体。The sun，the moon，the earth3表示地点、方向、时间、方式等at the corner 在拐角处1） 在表示季节的名词前常不用冠词。In spring 在春天2) 具体某年的某个季节，需用冠词。In the summer of the year20083）用于序数词或形容词的最高级前the first the second4）用于形容词前使其名词化the rich the poor5）用于复数姓氏前，表示“夫妇”或全家The Smiths6）用于乐器名词前Play the piano7）用于by+the+计量单位名词By the pound1. 用于复数名词前复数名词泛指某类人或物时，其前通常用零冠词。Students should obey the school rules. 学生应该遵守校规。复数名词若需特指，则要加定冠词。The students are too lazy. 这些学生太懒。2. 用于不可数名词前不可数名词表示泛指时，其前通常用零冠词。如：Bread is made from flour. 面包是用面粉做的。Wood is a poor conductor of sound. 木头是声音的不良导体。不可数名词若需特指，则要加定冠词。He sawed the wood into three pieces. 他把木头锯成三块。3.用于专有名词前在通常情况下，专有名词前要用零冠词。如：Mr Smith is our English teaches us English. 史密斯先生教我们英语。在特殊情况下，若专有名词需要特指，也可加定冠词。如：The Smith youre looking for no longer lives here. 4. 用于抽象化的可数名词前有些可数名词抽象化后表示表示的活动，其前通常零冠词。Jim has gone to bed. 吉姆已上床睡觉了。She goes to church every Sunday. 她每周星期天都去做礼拜。这类主要涉及bed, church, class, college, school, university, work, hospital, prison, market, sea, town等。另外，这类名词前用不用冠词有时与英美英语的表达习惯有关。如：“住院”在英国英语中通常说成 in hospital，而在美国英语中则通常说成in the hospital；类似的还有go to university (英)上大学 / go to the university (美)上大学；at table (英)在吃饭 / at the table (美)在吃饭。5. 用于职务及头衔前当表示职务及头衔的名词用作表语、补足语及同位语时，其前通常用零冠词。如：Wilson became President of the U. S. A. 威尔逊当了美国总统。He will be made captain of the football team. 他将被选为足球队队长。6. 在表示学科、语言、三餐、月份、季节、节假日、星期等名词前，通常用零冠词。We are all interested in physics. 我们大家都对物理感兴趣。7. 用于某些固定结构中go to sea 去当水手 at home 在家at night 在晚上 at least 至少at most 至多 at first 首先at last 最后 in bed 在床上on foot 步行 face to face 面对面第二章 代词高考中对代词的考查主要集中在人称代词（主要是其中的it）、关系代词、指示代词和不定代词上。一、 it的用法1作人称代词John likes playing Ping pong/ He always does it in the afternoon(指代上下文提到的事物)；/Its time we went home. / How far is it from here to your home ? / It is getting warmer and warmer/ Its very quiet at the moment(可指时间、天气、环境等)2引导词A作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。Its important for us to learn a second language/ Its no use talking to him/ Its known to all that the earth goes round the sunB作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。We feel it our duty to help others/ He made it clear that he would leave the cityC强调结构：It is (was) +被强调部分that (或who) 注意：在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that 。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar(that引起强调句)It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar(where引起定从)It was twelve oclock when we arrived there(when引起时间状语从句）It was at twelve oclock that we arrived there（that 引起强调句）3. it，one，that 的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。Why dont we take a little break? Didnt we just have _?Ait Bthat Cone Dthis The Parkers bought a new house but _will need a lot of work before they can move inAthey Bit Cone Dwhich one 用以指代同类事物中的任一，that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而it指代上文提过的同一事物。二、 关系代词who，whose，whom，which，that，as1）which可以引导非限定性定语从句，代表前面整个句子的内容，并且在从句中做主语2）that的用法1）不用that的情况a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e)先行词既有人，又有物时。举例： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。3） as的用法AS作关系代词,用来引导定语从句:限制性定语从句和限非制性定语从句 一、AS引导限制性定语从句 AS引导限制性定语从句时,通常和such, the same, as(so)等连用,构成such.as/such as, the same.as/the same as, as(so).as等结构,在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语。 1.such.as/such as意为“.的那种.,像那样的”，such.as/such as引导限制性定语从句时,既可指人,也可指物。such用于名词之前时,具有形容词性质；such单独使用(即后面不接名词)时,具有代词性质。 Dont trust such men as praise you to your face.(as作主语) 不要相信那种当面吹捧你的人。 You should read only such books as you can understand without much difficulty.(as作宾语) 你应当只读那些你读起来不太难懂的书。 Associate with such as will improve your manners.(as作主语) 要和能改善你的言行的那种人结交。 2.the same.as/the same as意为“与.同样的”,和such一样,the same既有形容词作用,又有代词性质。 We have arrived at the same conclusion as they have.(as作宾语) 我们已得出和他们同样的结论。 比较:the same.as和the same.that不同,前者是“同那一个相似”,后者是“正是那一个”。如： This is the same watch as I lost. 这同我丢的那块表一样。 This is the same watch that I lost 这正是我丢的那块表。 3.as(so).as意为“和.一样”,后接由many, much等修饰的名词或由形容词修饰的单数名词,注意其语序为as(so)+adj.+a+n+as,如： Its as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. 这是一部和我以往看的同样好的电影。 As many soldiers as marched were killed. 很多游行的战士都被杀了。 注意:such .as与such.that ,so.as与 so.that的区别: that是连词,引出结果状语从句,在从句部分不作成分;as是关系代词,引出定语从句,在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语。比较: He is such a nice boy that everyone likes him. He is such a nice boy as everyone likes. It is so difficult a problem that nobody can work it out. It is so difficult a problem as nobody can workout. 二、AS引导非限制性定语从句 AS引导非限制性定语从句时,通常指的不是主句中的某一个名词(先行词),而是指整个主句表达的内容,对主句所作的陈述进行附加说明,意为“这.,如.或正如.”。这种从句可位于主句之前,之中或之后。 As we all know, Taiwan belongs to China. Taiwan, as we all know, belongs to China. Taiwan belongs to China, as we all know. 注意下面的习惯用法: as is well discussed 正如已讨论过的 as is often said 正如通常所说 as is often the case 通常就是这样 as has been pointed 正如所指出的那样 as has been said before 如上所述as often happens 如同经常所发生的那样 as might be expected正如所料 as is well known to all众所周知 在多数情况下,从句中的谓语助动词可以省略 as explained before 如前面所解释的 as mentioned above 如前面所提到的 as shown in the figure 如图所示 as seen from the table 从表中可以看出 as already discussed 正如已讨论过的 三、不定代词一） . some 与 any 的用法1. some 用于肯定句以及表示建议或期待得到肯定回答的问句。修饰单数名词时，意为某个。如：I have some questions about the assignment.（希望得到肯定答复）。2. any 用于否定句和疑问句时，表示一些。用于肯定句时，只和单数名词或不可数名词连用，表示任何。如：The medicine is on sale every where. You can get it at any chemists.二） . each 与 every 的用法1. each 强调个体，表示两个或两个以上中的每一个，在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语。如：There are trees and flowers at each side of the road.2. every 强调整体，表示三者或三者以上中的每一个，只能作定语，不能说 every of them ，要说 every one of them .Every student in our class works hard.三 . no one 与 none 的用法1. no one 意为没有人，只能指人，不能指物，不可与介词 of 连用，谓语动词用单数形式，回答 who 引导的问句。如：Who is in the classroom？No one.2. none 既可指人，也可指物，强调数量，意为一点也不，一个也不；谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数；常与 of 连用，通常指三者以上的人或物中没有一个，回答 how much 和 how many 引导的问句。如：They were all tired， but none of them would stop to have a rest.四 . other， another， others， any other， the other 的用法1. other 表示泛指，意为另外的、其它的。常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。如果其前有 the， this， some， any， each， every， no， one 以及形容词性物主代词时，其后就可接单数名词。如：I have no other place to go.2. another 常用于指三者或三者以上中的另外一个，泛指单数。可单独使用，也可后接名词。如果其后接复数名词，则表示又、再、还。如：This cap is too small for me. Show me another （one）。We need another three assistants in our shop.3. others ：它是 other 的复数形式，表示泛指，意为别的人或物，但不指全部。特指时在其前加定冠词；前面可加任何限定词以及数量词。如：He has more concern for others than for himself.4. any other 表示一个之外的其他任何一个，而不是两个之中的另一个。如：China is larger than any other country in Asia.5. the other ：表示两者中的另外一个。可单独使用，也可接单数名词。如：No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to the other.五 . all 与 both 的用法均表示都，但 all 表示三者以上的人或物， both 则表示两个人或物。二者都表示肯定意义，如果与 not 连用时，则表示部分否定。六 . neither 与 either 的用法都可用于表示两个人或物。 neither 表否定意义，意为（两者中的每一个）都不；而 either 表肯定意义，意为（两者中的每一个）都。都可单独使用，也可同介词 of 连用。如：Both teams were in hard training； neither willing to lose the game.Do you want tea or coffee？Either. I really dont mind.第三章 形容词和副词高考对形容词和副词的考查主要集中在对形容词和副词的辨析上，同时加大对比较级的考查一、 形容词1）多个形容词修饰名词的排列顺序限定词（包括冠词、所有格、人称代词、指示代词、数量词等）+表示观点的词(品质，状态，即表示好坏美丑等的词)+大小或长短+年龄或新旧+形状或样式+颜色+产地或来源+材料或种类+用途+名词a nice long new black British plastic pen2）形容词作状语，表伴随或结果He returned，safe but tired.3）复合形容词的用法1)形容词 + 名词 + ed kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的2) 形容词 + 形容词 red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的3)形容词 + 现在分词 good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的4)副词 + 现在分词 hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的5)副词 + 过去分词 hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的6)名词 + 形容词 life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的7)名词 + 现在分词 peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的8)名词 + 过去分词 snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的9)数词 + 名词 + ed four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的10)数词 + 名词(名词用单数) ten-year 10年的，two-man两人的二、 形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法一、比较级和最高级的常见结构1. “the +比较级, the +比较级“：表示“越越”The sooner you see a doctor, the better it is.你越早看医生越好。2. the +序数词+最高级+单数可数名词：表示“第几大的”This is the third most popular song of Michael Jackson。这是迈克尔杰克逊第三受欢迎的歌曲。二、比较级和最高级的修饰语1.常见的比较级的修饰语有：much, a little, a great deal, far, by far, even, will, still, a bit, a little, rather, any, (far) larger thanThis movie is far more interesting than I expected.这部电影比我原想的有意思的多。2. all the +比较级：愈来愈I worked all the harder.我工作愈来愈努力了。3.常见的最高级的修饰语有：序数词，by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really等He is almost the best player.他基本上是最好的选手。4. any修饰比较级只用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句Can you do any better on this job?你这件事情能不能做得更好些?三、表达倍数的常用结构1.数词+times+as+形容词原级+asThis room is twice as big as that one.这房间的面积是那间的两倍。2.数词+times+形容词比较级+thanThis room is twice bigger than that one.这房间的面积是那间的两倍。3.数词+times+性质名词+of (性质名词主要有：length, size, height, weight, depth等)This room is twice the size of that one.这房间的面积是那间的两倍。4. (not)half+as+形容词原级+asThis room is half as big as that one.这房间的面积是那间的一半。四、比较级与冠词的搭配1.不含than的比较级前可加不定冠词修饰，构成“ a/an+比较级+单数可数名词”表示“一个更的人/物”。Why dont you use a sharper knife?你为什么不用一把更锋利的刀呢?2.被比较者被明确特指时，比较级前面应该加定冠词“the”修饰。Which is the younger one, Lily or Lucy? 哪一个年龄小一些，莉莉还是鲁西?五、比较级和同级比较1. as +原级+ as : 和一样The room is as big as that one.这间房子和那间一样大。2. as many/much/far/long as +具体数词：到达某种程度The number of the students in that school reaches as many as 4,000.那所学校的学生数量多达4ooo人。3. as as中间有名词时采用以下格式：1) as +形容词+ a/an +单数名词+asHe is as kind a person as his father.他和他爸爸一样都是善良的人。2) as + many/much+不可数名词/可数名词复数+asI can carry as much paper as you can.你能搬多少纸，我也能。I have as many books as you do.我的书和你的一样多。六、关于比较级、最高级的几个高频考点1. most前若没有the，就没有比较的意思，只是加强语气，有“很，非常”之意。This is a most interesting story。2. 比较级+than any otherShe is taller than any other girl in her class。3. never+比较级，notever+比较级I have never heard a better voice than yours。4.nothing/nobody+比较级+thanNothing is more precious than time。没有比时间更珍贵的。第四章系动词的用法1. 最常用连系动词：be(am; is/was; are/were)。 2. 表变化的系动词：get; turn; go; fall; become; grow; come; run。用法注意：在英语中，系动词一般只有一般现在 时和一般过去时两种时态变化形式，没有其他时态变化形式。但表变化的这类系动词除外，它们有各种时态变化。 E.g.: It is becoming colder and colder. The food has gone bad. 此处还需注意的是become和turn后接表职业的名词时冠词的有无： E.g.: Two years later, he became a teacher. 但Two years later, he turned teacher. 另外，go表变化时一般指事情向消极、不好的方面转化。 3. 所谓“感官动词”:look; sound; taste; smell; feel。一般它们在句子中译成：。起来；。上去。此类系动词为高考 高频词。E.g.: The food tasted good.食物尝起来很香。 其中必须注意到它们本身也用作实义动词，所以在平常的教学和应用中一定多比较、关注它们的用法。 E.g.: He looked sadly at the picture. / She looked sad after hearing the news. Tom tasted the food and it tasted good. 4. 表状态的系动词：keep; stay; remain;（依然是；保持） E.g.: She remains loyal to her father despite his cruelty towards her. What a lovely day today! I love fine weather and I hope it will stay fine for some more days. Much remains to be done. 5. 表像系动词：seem; appear。汉语意义：看起来像、似乎、好像。这两个动词有一个共同的特点，即如果要表达时态的变化，需要后接不定时来完成。 E.g.: He seemed to have caught cold./ When Father came in, Tom seemed to be eating something. 另外此处一句型转换也要要求学生牢记It seemed that he had caught cold. When Father came in, it seemed that Tom was eating something. 6. 终止系动词：prove; turn out。表达“证实、证明、结果为。”之意。 E.g.: He proved (to be) right. / The experiment turned out successful. 系动词用法应注意的几个问题 1 一般地说，系动词无进行时态，无被动语态 如：Your hand feels cold.The soup tastes good.The dinner smells good.2系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越”。例如：He is growing taller and taller.Our life is getting better and better.Things are getting worse.3所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。 英语中某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。例如：不能说：The apple is tasted good.因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）但我们可以说：The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）因此，在平时的英语教学和学习之 ，要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法，要注意区分、识别。4瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by + 时间，so far”等直接连用。例如：不能说：He has become a teacher for 2 years.应改为：He has been a teacher for 2 years.不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago.应改为：He has been a write since 3 years ago.或It is two years since he turned writer.不能说：He got angry until his child came back home.应改为：He didnt get angry until his child came back home.5系动词能接几种表语（从句）系动词除了接adj.n.prep.短语,还可接以下几种表语形式：能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look（看起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（觉得）；appear（显得），seem（似乎）。例如：It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。She seemed as if (though) she couldnt understand why Laura was there.看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。It sounds to me as though theres a tap running somewhere.我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。She felt as if her head were splitting.她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。It seems as if it were spring already.好像已是春天了。可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear如：It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。It appeared that he was talking to himself.好像他在自言自语。能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, , look, appear, prove, grow.Her job is to look after the children.她的工作是照料孩子们。He seems not to look after the children.他好像不是她的父亲。He looks to be a young girl of twenty.他看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。He didnt appear to dislike it.看不出他憎恨此事。My advice proved to be wrong.我的建议证明是错误的。 能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem.There appeared to be only one room.那儿好像只有一个房间。There seems(to be)no need to go.似乎没有必要走第五章 动词的时态和语态 1、动词时态考查要点简述（1）一般现在时考点分析表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。Ice feels cold.We always care for each other and help each other.表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、thinkbelong seem等。如：I know what you mean.Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.（2）一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：I met her in the street yesterday.如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.常用一般过去时的句型：Why didnt you / I think of that?I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.I didnt recognize him.（3）一般将来时考点分析。表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。表示一种趋向或习惯动作。Well die without air or water.表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.(正确)If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start.（4）现在进行时考点分析。表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：It is raining now.He is teaching English and learning Chinese.I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday.At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the baby before six.)The girl is always talking loud in public. (与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。（5）过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done。（C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner /