英语名词讲解.doc

名词讲解一、名词分类名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是 某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，注意这类词的中心词的第一个字母要大写。常见的专有名词有：国家名称China, Japan, England, Cuba, Australia, Brazil, France；语言Chinese, Japanese, English, French；人名/地名 Zhou Enlai, Jim, New York, Shanghai由普通名词构成的专有名词the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Palace of Museum; the Peoples Hospital。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：（1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：pen, student, desk, book, bike。（2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family, class, people, school。（3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air, water, paper。（4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work, time, news。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示： 类别用法例词普通名词可数名词个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体Pen, student, desk集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体School, family, class不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物Tea, water, paper抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Work, time, news专有名词某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称Marx, Shanghai, china, The Great Wall, Party二、名词复数规则1一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds2以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches3. 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，可数名词的规则变化其中以o结尾的词大多加s。只有少数几个加es 黑人英雄两道菜 Negro hero tamato potato c. 均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes 4以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries5以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives口诀：妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。wife(妻子)wives,knife(小刀)knives,wolf(狼)wolvesthief(小偷)thievesshelf(架子)shelves,self(自己)selves,life(性命)liveshalf(一半)halves,leaf(树叶)leaves6不规则名词复数：巧记不规则名词单数变复数男女与合成，a把e来变。牙脚与白鹅，oo变ee.child复数要记准，“孩子们”是children.鼠标，老鼠与虱子，-ouse要把-ice变。绵羊、鹿子和鱼，sheep,deer,fish是本身。【说明】man（男人）men,woman（女人）women,含有man,woman的合成词，其复数是把a变成e.如：policewoman,postman,fisherman等。tooth(牙齿)teeth,foot(脚)feet,goose（鹅）geesechild(孩子)children(孩子们)mouse(老鼠)mice,louse(虱子)licesheep(绵羊)sheep,deer(鹿)deer,fish(鱼)fish7. 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 8. 单复同形 如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 9. 复合名词的复数形式有两种情况： 将最后部分变为复数形式，例如：girl friend girl friends 女友 schoolboy schoolboys 男生school teacher school teachers 中小学教师(2) 将两个部分都变为复数形式，常见的以man, woman为第一部分的复合名词。例如：man doctor men doctors 男医生woman singer women singers 女歌手10.巧记某国人的单复数变化 “中日不变，英法变，其他-s加后边。”说明：中日不变：a Chinesetwo Chinesea Japanesethree Japanese英法变：An Englishmanfour Englishmena Frenchwomanfive Frenchwomen其他-s加后边：a Germansix Germansan Americanseven Americansa Russianeight RussiansAustraliannine Australiansan Egyptianten Egyptians写出下列单词的复数形式1. baby 6.Chinese2.tooth 7.German3.potato 8. human4.child 9.Indian5.monkey 10.bamboo三、不可数名词1. 不可数名词一般没有复数形式，不能与a/an或表示具体数量的词直接连用。这些名词前往往加some(一些)，any(任何，一些),no(没有),alittle(少许)等词。常见的不可数名词有：饮料类：water,milk,orange,tea,coffee,juice食物类：food,bread,cheese,rice,soup肉类：meat,pork,fish,beef,duck,chicken,其它：news（新闻、消息）,information（信息）,work（工作）,weather（天气）,homework（家庭作业）,money（钱）,time（时间）等。2. 不可数名词量的表达：“数词+名词+of+不可数名词”。需要注意的是，如果数词大于1时，量词要变为复数形式，不可数名词不能加s.如：fourbottlesoforange/milk四瓶桔汁/牛奶fiveglassesofwater五杯水ninebowlsofrice九碗米饭acupoftea一杯茶四、可数名词与不可数名词用法对比可数名词不可数名词1.有单数和复数形式。1.只有单数形式。2.可以直接用a/an或数词来修饰。2.不能用a/an或数词修饰。3.可以用some,any,few,afew,many,alotof来修饰可数名词复数。3.可以用some,any,little,alittle,much,alotof来修饰不可数名词。4.提问数量用howmany.4.提问数量用howmuch.5.单个可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；多个单数名词或复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。5.不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；但不可数名词前有复数名词短语修饰时，谓语动词用复数。五、所有格1.名词词尾加s的所有格 （1）一般情况在名词后加s。例如： That girls coat is in the room. 那个女孩的衣服在房间里。 （2）在以s结尾的名词(包括以s结尾的复数名词)后面，只加 。 如果复数名词不是以s结尾的，末尾也要加s。例如： Today is September 10th, Teachers Day. 今天是九月十日，教师节。 Childrens Day is coming, I should buy something new for my son. 儿童节马上就要到了,我应该为我的儿子买一些新东西。 老师们的办公室 the teachers office学生阅览室 the students reading-room儿童节Childrens Day男厕所mens room女服 womens dress（3） 表示词组内的并列名词各自的所有关系时，须在各个名词后加s；如果一个东西为两个人或者两个以上的人共同拥有，只在最后一个名词后面加s。例如： They are Johns and Kates rooms. How beautiful they are! 这是约翰和凯特的房间。它们(指房间)太漂亮了！ He is Lily and Lucys father. 他是莉莉和露西的爸爸。 Lily and Lucys father Toms and Marys books Lilys and Lucys roomsTom and Teds milk（4） 表示某人的家、店铺等的所有格，一般可以省略它后面所修饰的名词。例如： My father and I will have dinner at the Johnsons (home ). 我爸爸和我将要去约翰逊的家吃晚饭。 We will have our hair cut at the barbers (shop) tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我们要去理发店理发。 （5） 有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇等的名词，也可以加s构成所有格。例如: There is something important in todays newspaper. 今天的报纸上有一些重要的东西。 Its about ten minutes walk from school to our home every day. 每天从学校到我们家步行大约需要十分钟。 （6） 英语名词所有格修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，后面则可以省略，以防止重复。例如： This is not Dicks dictionary, but is Toms. 这不是迪克的字典，但是是汤姆的。 2. 由of短语构成的所有格 （1） 表示“无生命的名词”一般与of构成短语，表示所有关系。例如： There is a river on the other side of the road. 在公路的另一边有一条河。 （2） 有时我们用名词 + of +名词所有格构成双重所有格的形式，双重所有格主要用来表示全体中的一部分，例如： a book of Toms (= one of Toms books) 汤姆的一本书。book of my brothers 我哥哥的一本书（许多书中一本）注意： 名词后加“s”不一定都是所有格，要特别注意理解和判断！如：Kates a good girlLets go!Kates been to Europe一、用所给词的正确形式填空。1. Therere a number of _( sheep ) eating grass on the grassland.2. Spring is here. The _( leaf ) on the trees come out.3._and _ ( lady , gentleman ) , youre welcome to the party.4. Match the _( half ) of the sentences to get complete ones.5. Last night ,a food accident happened in the restaurant .Luckily, no _ ( life ) were lost. 6. Theres some amazing _( news ) in todays paper. Have you read it ?7. Two _( month) is quite a long time.8. Tom has had his two_( tooth ) pulled out .9. His father is one of the most outstanding _( engineer)10. How much are the _(tomato) ?二、选择题。1. - What would you like , Sir ?- _ please .A. Two cups of teas B.Two teasC. Two cups of tea D. Two cups tea2. -How many people are there in the room ?-There are 3 _ and 2 _.A.man doctors ; boy studentsB. men doctors ; boys studentsC. men doctors ; boy students3. - What did he say just now ?- He said there were some _by the river.4. - Could you give us some _ on how to learn math well?- Id be glad to .A. message B. news C. advice D. suggestion5. Take more _ and youll get thinner and healthier .A. exercise B. homework C. sleep D. medicine6. - What _ do you like best ?- Chinese .A. food B. subject C. sport D. music7. About _ films were shown during the 5th Shanghai International Film Festival .A. two hundreds of B. two hundred ofC. two hundred D. two hundreds8. What would you like to drink, _ or orange?-Orange, please. (2004年佛山市中考试题)A. hamburger B. chip C. tea 9. When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news (C)10. Whats your _ for being late again? A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news 11. Where are the students? Are they in _ ? A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room12. The teacher said we needed to choose three _ for the school concert. （2006 重庆）A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers 13. What class are you in, Mike?Im in _.A. Grade Three, Class Two B. Class Two, Grade ThreeC. class two, grade three D. grade three, class two (B)14. Dont make so much _ .The baby is sleeping.A. things B. mistakes C. voice D. noise (D)15. Lao She is the _ of Tea House.A. doctor B. actor C. scientist D. writer (D)三、选择题。1. We now dont write letters on _. We send e-mails.A. papers B. computer C. paper D. the computer2. What _ is it today? It is Sunday.A. days B. days C. date D. day4. Tom works hard and spends _in the library.A. much time B. many time C. many times D. a lot of times5. I was told that two _ teachers would teach us English & chemistry next term.A. womans B. women C. womens D. woman6. He decided to travel round the earth and return in _.A. two year time B. two years long C. two years time D. two years time7. I dont know that man, but I think he is _ father.A. Lucy and Lilys B. Lucys and Lily C. Lucys and Lilys D. Lucy and Lily8. Im hungry. Please give me _, please.A. a bread B. some breads C. a piece of bread D. two piece of breads9. The hospital is a little far from here . Its about _.A .40 minutess walk B. 40 minutes walkC. 40 minute walk D. 40 minutes walk10. Julie went to the _to buy a pair of shoes .A. shoes store B . shoe storeC. shoes stores D. shoe stores11.What _ news it is !A. a good B . goodC. a few good D. many good12. The _ are searching for a murderer in the city .A. polices B. policemans C. policewomans D. police13. (03 Tianjin) Tomorrow is _ Day. Lets buy some presents for our teachers.A. Teachers B. Teachers C . The Teachers D. Teachers14. (03 Chongqing) She was born in Chongqing, but Chengdu has become her second _.A. family B. hometown C. house D. country15. (03 Chongqing) The Germans want to have some _ for supper, so they decided to catch _ .A. fish, many B. fishes , much C. fish , much D. fishes , many16.(03 Hebei) After 3 _ study , the scientist worked out the physics problem .A. monthes B. monthes C. months D. mouths17. (03 Wuhan ) Could you move over a bit and make some _for me ?A. place B. seat C. room D. ground18.What would you like to drink , girls ?- _ , please.A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffeeC. Two cups of coffees D. Two caps of coffee19. ( 05 Henan ) - How well she sings! -Yes, she has a very sweet_.A. voice B. sound C. noise D. mouth8. ( 05 Henan ) A child asks all kinds of _ whil