第四章 形容词和副词.doc

第四章 形容词和副词用法一、形容词的用法（一）概念：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征，通常可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1. 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词。2. 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词，这类形容词大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid， asleep, awake，alone等。 （二）形容词的种类1. 品质形容词：英语中大量形容词属于这一类，他们表示人或物的品质，如：The play was boring. 这出戏很枯燥乏味。 You have an honest face. 你有一张诚实的脸。2. 颜色形容词：有少数表示颜色的形容词，如： She has a blue coat. 她有一件蓝色的外套。3.-ing 形容词：有大量现在分词正在或已经变为形容词，如：a writting book.用于书写的本子 developing 发展中的 moving感人的 relaxing令人轻松的 4. ed形容词：它们是由它们的过去分词变过来的，一般有被动意义，多数为品质形容词，如： She looked tired. 5. 合成形容词： warm-hearted 热心的， heart-breaking 令人心碎的（三）形容词在句中的位置有的形容词放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置形容词；少数形容词放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置形容词。1）当名词被多个前置形容词修饰时，形容词之间有一个先后顺序问题。一般规则为： （限定词）一般描绘性形容词表示大小、长短、高低的形容词表示年龄、新旧的形容词表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词表示物质、材料的形容词（名词）。如： There is a famous fine old stone bridge near the village. 村子附近有一座著名的漂亮的古代石桥。2）当形容词词组相当于一个定语从句时，或形容词用来修饰somebody, something, anything, nothing 等的时候，便会出现后置形容词。如：The boy interested in music is my brother. 对音乐赶兴趣的那个男孩是我弟弟。Do you have anything interesting to tell us? 你有什么趣闻告诉我们吗？二、副词的用法：（一）概念：用以修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词叫做副词。例如： not（不），here（这里），now（现在）。不少副词同时也可用作介词或其它词类。如：Have you read this book before? (副词，作时间状语) 你以前读过这本书吗？He will arrive before ten oclock. （介词，before ten oclock 是介词短语，作时间状语）他将在10点钟前到达。（二）副词的种类1、时间副词：表示确定时间：yesterday昨天 today今天 tomorrow明天表示不确定时间：then当时 later后来 just刚刚表示动作或状态发生的先后关系：soon不久 first首先 last最后表示动作或状态发生的频率：never从不 seldom很少 often经常2.地点副词：表示确实地点： here这里 there那里表示不确实地点：anywhere任何地方 somewhere某处 everywhere到处表示方位和运动方向： above在上方 down向下 back向后3.方式副词表示行为方式：carefully仔细地 fast快地 clearly清晰地alone独自 easily容易地 together一起4.疑问副词： 疑问副词用来引导特殊问句： how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗？ where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人？ when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来？ why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚？PS:1.还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪： She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。2.还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的状况： He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。3.much 是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：a. 修饰形容词等： Im not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。b. 修饰比较级： You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。 Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。（三）副词的位置1. 副词修饰动词时，通常可以放在句首、句中或句末。如： Usually I do my homework in the evening. (句首) 通常我晚上做家庭作业。 I often get up at six. (句中) 我常在6点起床。 Please speak slowly. (句末) 请慢慢说。2. 副词修饰形容词或副词时，通常放在形容词或副词的前面如：These flowers are quite beautiful. （在形容词前） 这些花相当漂亮。 He works very hard. （在副词前）他工作很努力。 但也有例外，如：She is old enough to go to school. （在形容词后）她已到了上学的年龄。说明 形容词一般修饰名词，副词一般修饰动词、形容词或副词。一些形容词后加上-ly可以变成副词，如slow-slowly, quick-quickly, careful-carefully等。【基础练习】（一）用所给词的正确形式填空1. The Greens are _(happy) to live in this _(noise) street. They have decided to move to another place.2. I like her dress. It looks very _(beauty).3. Dont feel _(worry) about your child. The whole class would be _(friend) to the new classmate.4. The _(finally) exams usually take place at the end of June.5. Its _(possible) for a plane to fly to the moon.6. The children in China are living a _(color) life.7. It was an _(amaze) match. It amazed us.8.He felt very _(sleep) and fell _(sleep) soon when he lay in bed. 9.We all had a very _(enjoy) time at the party. （二）选择最佳答案 ( )1. These oranges taste_.A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well ( )2. We are going to see a film this evening . Why not go with us ? I have to do many things this evening . Im _ , you see . A. free B. glad C. sorry D. busy ( )3. Mum, Bill is coming to dinner this evening.OK. Lets give him _to eat. A. something different B. different anything C. anything different D. different something ( ) 4. The day is bright and _ . Lets go for a walk . A. sunny B. dark C. cloudy D. windy ( ) 5. He likes to do some reading in the morning, I like it, _. A. too B. either C. neither D. also ( ) 6.That maths problem is _ difficult _ nobody can work it out. A. too; to B. very; that C. so; that D. very; but ( ) 7. Whats on the desk? Its _. A. a new green bag B. new green bag C. a green new bag D. a bag new green ( ) 8. He_ to school to clean his classroom. A. always comes early B. comes always early C. always early comes D. come always earlier ( ) 9. Alice_goes to school at seven. A. usual B. usually C. hard D. a little三、形容词的比较等级：（一）形容词的比较级和最高级的构成 1单音节词和少数双音节词的比较级和最高级的构成情况构成方式原级比较级最高级一般情况加-er或-estnewlongnewerlongernewestlongest以e 结尾的词加-r或-stfinelatefinerlaterfinestlatest以“辅音+y” 结尾的词变y为i再加-er 或-estearlyhappyearlierhappierearliesthappiest重读闭音节的词,末尾只有一个辅音字母先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er或-esthotthinfatredhotterthinnerfatterredderhottestthinnestfattestreddest2多音节词和部分双音节词在其前面加more或 most。如：原级 比较级最高级useful more useful most useful difficult more difficult most difficult delicious more delicious most deliciousbeautiful more beautiful most beautiful【重点】3有几个形容词的比较级和最高级属于不规则变化。 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad/ill worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther更远的 farthest最远的 further更进一步 furthest最远的，最大程度的 old older/elder oldest/eldest1.Jack did badly at the school sports meeting. I did even _. A, worse B, worst C, more bad D, more badly2.What is _ joke you have ever heard?A, more funny B, the more funny C, the most funny D, the funniest3.Peter looked _ when he knew that he hadnt passed the final exam.A, sadly B, sad C, happily D, happy4.Billy, is your mother cooking meat in the kitchen? It smells so _!A, well B, badly C, nice D, pretty5.Do you think maths is _ important than English?A, very B, as C, more D, quite6.This is _ book in our library.A, the most interesting B, most interesting C, the more interesting D, more interesting（二） 形容词比较级的用法 1形容词的比较级可以单独使用： Be more careful next time. 下次小心点。 Which book is better? 哪本书更好？ 2也可以和than连用，表示两者相比，than后可以跟：a. 名词或代词： He is older than me / I . 他年龄比我大。b. 动名词： Skiing is more exciting than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更刺激。c. 从句： I was a better singer than he was. 我唱歌比他好。（三）形容词比较级的修饰语1形容词比较级前可加much, a lot, a bit, a little, slightly之类表示程度的状语： Hes feeling much better today. 他感到今天好多了。2也可在比较级前any, no, some, even, still这类词：Do you feel any better today? 你今天感觉好一点了吗？3比较级前还可加其他表示数量的词：My sister is ten years younger than me. 我妹妹比我小十岁。【难点】（四）形容词比较级的特殊用法1和more有关的词组 ：1) the morethe more越就越。例如： The harder you work，the greater progress youll make. 越努力，进步越大。2) no more than 与一样。例如： The boys could see no more than thegirls男孩看到的和女孩一样多。3） more than超过，不只是。例如： There are more than two thousand people in the hall. 2和less有关的词组1) less than 不到 不太： It was ready in less than a week. 不到一个月就准备好了。 2) no less than 多达 不少于 No less than 2 million people came. 至少来了2百万人。 3) more or less 基本上 大体上 大约 The work is more or less finished. 这项工作基本上完成了。 3还有as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1) not so/asas。例如： He can not run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。 2) 当as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/；as + many/much +名词。例如： This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。 I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能。 3) 表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如： This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。 （五） 形容词最高级用法1the + 最高级 + 比较范围 1）形容词最高级前通常用定冠词 the，例如： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。 说明 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示非常。例如： It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。 注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 （错）Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. （对）Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. 2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 或者： Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.1.Water pollution is one of _ in our country.A, serious problem B, the more serious problemsC, most serious problems D, the most serious problem2.All of us were very _ when we heard the _ news.A, excited, exciting B, excited, excited C, exciting, exciting D, exciting, excited3.Of all the students in our class, Jack is _.A, taller B, tallest C, the tallest D, very tall4.Its a good habit to keep the classroom _ all the time.A, cleanly B, clearly C, clear D, clean5.When class was over, our maths teacher came into the classroom and said, “Please stay at your seat. I have got _ to announce.”A, nothing important B, important something C, important nothing D, something important四、副词的比较级的用法1、单独使用： Try to do better next time. 下次争取干好一点。 Hell come back sooner or later. 他迟早会回来的。 Please speak more slowly. 请讲慢一点。2、和than一起使用： He swims better than I do. 他游泳游得比我好。 Can you do any better than that? 你能不能干的好一些？ He arrived earlier than usual. 他到的比平时早。3. asas和not soas结构这两个结构也可结合副词使用：1） asas 可用在肯定句中，表示 “像一样”，后面的副词要用原级： She can run as fast as a deer. 她能跑的像鹿一样快。2）在否定句中，asas和soas都可以用： I dont go there as much as I used. 我现在到那里不象过去那么多了。 I didnt do as(so) well as I should. 我做的不如我应做的那么好。3）这种句子中也可以有一个表示程度的状语： She can read twice as fast as he does. 她阅读的速度比他快一倍。1.Tom never does his homework _ Alice. So he makes more mistakes. A, as carefully as B, so careful as C, less carefully than D, more careful than2.Jean works hard but she doesnt work _ Mary.A, as harder than B, as hard than C, as harder as D, as hard asPS:副词比较级和最高级的一些特殊用法：还可用在一些特别结构或短语中。1）more and more 越来越: It rained more and more heavily. 雨下得越来越大了。 She went farther and farther away. 她越走越远了。2）the morethe more 越，越： The more I work, the more I accomplish. 我干得越多，完成的就越多。3）had better 最好：Wed better not disturb him. 我们最好不要打扰他。What had we better do? 我们最好怎么办？巩固练习：一、写出下列词的比较级和最高级1.clean_ _ 2.nice _ _3.early _ _ 4.far _ _5.careful_ _ 6.hard_ _7.much_ _ 8.correctly_ _9.quickly_ _ 10.carefully_ _二、单选1.I didnt work _ my brother when I was young.A, as hard as B, harder C, hardest D, hardly2.Im going to move _. Its too noisy in our neighbourhood.A, somewhere quiet B, quiet somewhere C, anywhere D, quiet anywhereA, popular B, more popular C, most popular D, the most popular3.In winter, Chinese students like to