现在完成时与过去完成时讲解.doc

Z:/FileRoot/FileRoot_1_20150316/2020-18a4fccc91-c178-48e4-96f1-9c2deea47eb7a6f8cec0d4b9b794361a57f0bed4d7d1.pdf2020-2-37:42:19 5现在完成时1.现在完成时态表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。本时态标志词：already （“已经”，用于肯定句中，放在have /has之后或句尾）； yet （“仍然”“还”，用于疑问句或否定句的句尾） just（“刚刚”，放在have /has之后）； before（“以前”，放在句尾）；ever（“曾经”，放在have /has之后） never （“从没有”，在have /has之后）例句：1.Our teacher has just left. 2.We have studied English already.3.I have not finished the homework yet.4.He has never been to Beijing before.例：Ihavejustturnedoffthelight.我刚刚把灯关上。（结果是灯已经关上了） Shehaslostherbike.她把自行车丢了。（影响是他现在没有自行车骑了） Therainhasstoppednow.雨已经停了。（结果是我们可以出门了） Ihavealreadyreadthebook.我已读过这本书了。（结果是已知道这本书的内容） Shehashadagoodeducation.她受到过良好的教育。（影响是她文化水平高，有修养）2.某个动作从过去已经开始,一直持续到现在,还有可能持续到将来. （也可能不继续下去），常同包括现在在内的时间状语连用，如：today,now,thisweek,thismorning,thesedays,thisafternoon,recently,sofar等动作的持续性要通过一段时间来表示一段时间的表达方法有两种:for: +一段时间 for a year for two weeks for three yearsSince +过去的某一时刻, since nine since last week Since +一般过去时态的时间状语从句 since you came ; since you got home.例：Wehavehadmuchsnowthiswinter.今年冬天多雪。 Shehastaughtintheschoolfortenyears.她在这所学校教书已经10年了。 Ihaventeatenanythingsincebreakfast.我从早饭起就一直没有吃东西。 Wehavebeenbusythismorning.今天上午我们一直很忙。 Ihaveknownhersincewewerechildren.我从小就认识她。 IhaventseenJohntoday.我今天没有见到约翰。 Ithasrainedalotthesedays.这些天多雨。注意：结束性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,但是它们可以转换成相应的延续性动词.1.直接用延续性动词 buy have；catch(get) a cold have a cold；borrowkeep；becomebe；put on- wear2.转换成be+名词 join the army be a soldier；join the Party be a Party member；go to school be a student 3转换成be+形容词或副词 diebe dead；finish be over；beginbe on；leavebe away ； fall sleep be asleep close be closed come to/ go to/arrive at(in)+某地be in(at) +某地4.转换成 be+介词短语go to school be in school ； get up_ be up；)表示从过去某一时间到说话时这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次动作的总和，常同频度副词always,often,seldom,never等连用 例：Hehasdonealotofworkinthepasttwoyears.在过去两年中他做了许多工作。 IhavelearnedabouttwohundredEnglishwordsthismorning.本月我学了大约200个英语单词。 IhavebeentotheGreatWalltwice.我曾经去过长城两次 Ithasrainedeverydaythisweek.这个星期天天下雨。 Shehasalwayswalkedtoschool.她一直步行去学校。 Ihaveneverseensuchabeautifulbird.我从没见过这么美丽的鸟。 Ihaveoftenmettheoldmanonmywaytowork.我在上班的路上常常遇见那位老人。 4)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 1现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。 比：Ihavewashedthecar.我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮） Iwashedthecaramomentago.我刚才洗过车了。 Shehaswateredtheflowers.她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了） Shewateredtheflowersyesterday.她昨天浇的花。 IhavewrittentheletterbutIhaventpostedityet.信我已经写好了，但还没有寄出。 IwrotetheletterlastweekandIposteditthreedaysago.我上周写的那封信，3天前寄出的。 2现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。 比：Ithasrainedforfivehours.雨已经下了5个小时了。 Itrainedforlivehoursyesterday.昨天下了5个小时的雨。 Hehaswaitedforherfortwohours.他等她已经两个小时了。 Hewaitedforhertwohoursandthenwenthome.他等她等了两个小时，然后就回家了。 Ihavereviewedtwolessonsthismorning.今天上午我已经复习了两课。（说话时还在上午） Ireviewedtwolessonsthismorning.今天上午我复习了两课。（说话时已是下午或晚上） 3现在完成时与一般过去时的时间状语不同现在完成时时间标志词： 现在完成时态常见标志词1. already（已经）, just（刚刚）, never（从未/从没有）, ever（曾经）, yet（仍然/还）, before（以前（句尾时） 2. since+点时刻或从句; for+段时间; how long（疑问句中用来提问since/for短语的）3. so far；till now；by now（到目前为止；迄今）4. recently近来in the past/last+段时间 在过去的几年中5. once(一次)，twice,three(four) times6. It is the+最高级+n.+ (that) sb.have ever done 专项练习：一、单选1 You have _ a tall young man.A grown B grown into C grown us D grown up2 He has _ the watch for a year.A buy B bought C have D had3 Has your brother _ the dog?A kept in B fed C fed on D kept on4I _this book for two weeks, I have to return it now.A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept5 Have you ever _to the Great Wall? Its very beautiful.A gone B been C went D go 6 Her brother _the Party since 1978. A joined B has joined C has been in D was in 7 The Greens _many places of interest since they came to China.A will visit B visited C have visited D visit8 Im sorry, I _ your name.A had forgotten B forgot C have forgotten D forgotten9 The bookshop _ for eight years.A has been open B has been opened Chas opened D has open10 We have all the paper so we need to buy some.A used up B made of C filled with D hunted for11 The flower I _grown up.A planted has B planted have C has planted D have planted二、填空1 Have you ever _(take) a train?2 It _(be ) more than three years since Jim _(leave) here.3 Have you _(make)friends with your new classmates yet?4 I _(have) my lunch and Im not hungry now.5 Jim has never seen a panda, _he?6 We _(be) good friends since we met at school.7 We cant find him anywhere. Perhaps he_(go) home.8 He _(read) the book before.9 Mr. Green _(teach) us a lot about social studies since September.10 I _never_ (meet) her sister before.四、have been to与 have gone to 易弄混 例：我去过北京。 I have gone to Beijing. 答案：I have been to Beijing. 解析：have been to+地点 是表示曾去过某地，但此刻不在那儿（即在说话的地方）。而have gone to+地点 是表示去某地了，此刻在路上或已经到了那个地方（即不在说话的地方）。注意：这两个句式后接副词时，需省to。E.g. He has gone there. 五、 忘记把already变成yet 例：I have already finished my homework.(变一般疑问句) Have you already finished your homework? 答案： Have you finished your homework yet? 解析：现在完成时态中，肯定句中有already，变否定句或疑问句时通常要改为yet 六、在条件、时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来例：Ill go with you when I finish(finish) my homework. 答案：have finished 解析：在条件、时间状语从句中表示将来完成的动作，用现在完成时。但注意，此时表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成，若两动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生，则一般不用现在完成时。 另外，现在完成时易与一般过去时弄混，前边已经讲过,这里不在重复 一语法1Past perfect Tense 过去完成时 (1) 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成 否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadnt (2) 用法 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。 (3) 它所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示也可以用when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句来表示 还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。When I got there, you had already eaten you meal. 当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。By the time he got here, the bus had left. 到他到达这里时，汽车已经离开了过去完成时 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。 它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。 具体如下： 过去完成时的基本用法 （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。例如： By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。 （5）过去完成时常常用在宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如： He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 （6）在包含有when,until等连词的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的，那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。 She didnt go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 （7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。 （8）过去完成时还可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)等固定句型中。例如： Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。即：过去完成时 1） 概念：表示过去的过去 -|-|-|-其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在 2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 专项练习：一、单选1 When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother _already_to hospital.A has; been sent B had; sent C has; sent D had; been sent2 We _five English songs by the end of last term.A had learned B learned C have learned D will have learned 3 Han Mei told me she _lunch, so she was very hungry.A has had B hasnt have C have had D hadnt had4 By the end of 1976, many buildings _built in the city.A have been B have C had been D will 5 She _her keys in the