定语从句分类详解

精品文档 1欢迎下载 定语从句定语从句 一 一 限制性与非限制性定语从句限制性与非限制性定语从句 一 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用 而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作 用 非限制性定语从句中 先行词与定语从句往往有逗号割开 非限制性定语从句相当于 并列句 状语从句等 如 I want this man whowho for he can speak English He gave up the plan whichwhich though it was a very good one I met John whowho and he told me the news I will take this one whichwhich for it seems to be the best one He has two sons whowho work in the same company He has only two sons He has two sons whowho work in the same company Perhaps he has more than two sons 二二 非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法 1 关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略 2 Who 主语 whom 宾语 which 主语 宾语 不能用 that 代替 也不能互相 替换 3 介词 which whom 从句结构中 介词不能移到从句的后面 4 when where 可用于非限制性定语从句 二 二 关系代词的用法关系代词的用法 一 一 关系代词的作用和分类关系代词的作用和分类 1 关系代词的作用有三个 1 连接作用 关系代词引导从句 把它和主句连接起来 2 替代作用 关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词 3 成分作用 关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分 2 关系代词的用法分类 用于限制性定语从句和非 限制性定语从句 只用于限制性定语从句 从句 指人指物既指人又指物 主格词 Who 宾格词 Who m whichthat 属格词 Whose of whom Whose of which whose 关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据 1 根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性 2 根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物 3 根据它在从句中所充当的成分 主语 宾语 表语或者定语 二 关系代词 that 和 which 的用法 1 限制性定语从句中 必须用关系代词 that 的情况 1 当先行词是不定代词 all much little something everything anything 格 关系 代词 精品文档 2欢迎下载 nothing the one 时 如 Do you have anythinganything thatthat you want to say for yourself You should hand in allall thatthat you have 2 当先行词前面被 the only the very any few little no all 等词修饰时 如 This is thethe veryvery person thathat I m waiting for TheThe onlyonly thing thatthat we can do is to give you some money 3 当先行词是形容词最高级形容词最高级或者先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时 如 This is thethe bestbest thatthat has been used against pollution This is thethe mostmost interesting film thatthat I ve ever seen 4 当先行词是序数词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰有序数词修饰时 如 This train is thethe lastlast that will go to Suzhou What is thethe firstfirst American film that you have seen 5 当先行词既有人又有物既有人又有物时 如 Do you know thethe thingsthings and personspersons that they are talking about 6 当主句的主语是疑问词 who 或 which 时 如 WhichWhich is the bike thatthat you lost WhoWho is the boy thatthat won the gold medal 7 有两个定语从句时 其中一个关系代词也在从句中作表语时 如 They secretly built up a small factory which produced things thatthat could cause pollution 8 当先行词在主句中作表语 而关系代词也在从句中作表语时 如 Shanghai is no longer thethe citycity thatthat is used to be 2 2 定语从句中 必须用定语从句中 必须用 whichwhich 的情况 的情况 1 在非限制性定语从句中 只用 which 不用 that 如 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others whichwhich of course made the others envy him 2 当动词短语中的介词提前时 只用 which 不用 that 如 This is a house inin whichwhich Lu Xun once lived 注意 在一些固定搭配的动词短语中 由于动词和介词不可分割 因此把介词置 于关系代词之前 如 This is the pen which that I m lookinglooking forfor 三三 关系代词关系代词 who who whomwhom 和和 whosewhose 的用法的用法 先行词指人 在定语从句中作主语时 用 who 不克省略 在定语从句中作宾语时 用 whom that 可以省略 在定语从句中坐定语时 用 whose 不可省略 如 She is the girl whowho lives next door 作主语 That s the girl whom that whom that I teach 作宾语 That s the scientist whosewhose achievements are well known 作定语 This is the house whosewhose window broke last night This is the house thethe windowwindow ofof whichwhich broke last night This is the house ofof whichwhich thethe widowwidow broke last night 四 介词介词 关系代词关系代词 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 介词 关系代词 引导定语从句时 关系代词只能用 which 或 whom 即 介词 whom which 精品文档 3欢迎下载 1 当介词放在关系代词的前面时 关系代词只能用 which 或 whom 关系代词不能 省略 如 1 Is this the house inin whichwhich Shakespeare was born 2 He paid the boy 10 Yuan for washing ten windows mostmost ofof whichwhich hadn t been cleaned for at least a year 3 In the dark street there wasn t a single person toto whomwhom she could turn for help 4 Recently I bought an ancient vase thethe priceprice ofof whichwhich was very reasonable 5 The gentleman aboutabout whomwhom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief 2 在限制性定语从句中 当介词位于定语从句的末尾时 可用 that which that whom who 作介词的宾语 而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略 如 that This is the hero who we are proud of Whom 3 复合介词短语 关系代词 which 引导的定语从句 这种结构引导的定语从句 常与先行词用逗号分开 定语从句常用倒装语序 如 He lived in a big house inin frontfront ofof whichwhich stoodstood a big tall tree 4 介词 which whom 不定式结构 The poor man has no house inin whichwhich toto livelive The poor man has no house toto livelive in in The poor man has no house inin whichwhich hehe cancan livelive 五 关系代词 as 引导的定语从句 关系代词 as 既可以引导限制性定语从句 也可以引导非限制性定语从句 as 在从 句中作主语 宾语或表语 引导限制性定语从句常用于下列形式 Such 名词 as 像 一样的 像 之类 1 the same 名词 as 和 同样的 其中关系代词 as 在从句中担当主语 宾语或表语 如 We have found suchsuch materials as are used in their factory He is not the same man as he was 2 such as Such 为代词 意为 这样的人或物 as 在从句中担当成分 修饰先行词 such 如 This book is not suchsuch asas I expect 六 关系代词 as which 的区别 1 as 引导的非限制性定语从句 既可在主句前 又可在主句后 有时还克插入主 句中 而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后 相同的是两者都可以替代主 句的整个内容 而不是主句中的某一个词 如 The weather turned out to be very good whichwhich was more than we could expect By serving others a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself whichwhich can be very eye opening and rewarding 2 当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时 只能用 as 如 精品文档 4欢迎下载 AsAs isis knownknown toto everybodyeverybody the moon travels round the earth once every month The moon travels round the earth once every month as whichas which isis knownknown toto everybody everybody ItIt isis knownknown toto everybodyeverybody thatthat the moon travels round the earth once everybody WhatWhat isis knownknown toto everybodyeverybody isis thatthat the moon travels round the earth once every month 后面两句属于名词性从句范畴 另外 as 多用于下列习惯用语中 as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那样 as is well known as is known to all 众所周知 as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那 样 as often happens 正如经常发生的那样 as has been said before 如上所述 as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的 3 当定语从句放在主句后面是 也并不是 as 就能永远等于 which 1 当限定性定于从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用 which 如 He came here very late whichwhich was unexpectedunexpected Mr Smith usually praises his students Rose in public whichwhich she doesndoesn t t likelike at all 2 当当 asas 在从句中作主语时 后面常接动词的被动语态 在从句中作主语时 后面常接动词的被动语态 如 be known be said be reported be announced 等 如果从句中行为动词是主动语态 一般用如果从句中行为动词是主动语态 一般用 whichwhich 作主语 作主语 如 She has been absent again asas is expected 她又缺席了 这在预料之中 Tom has made rapid progress whichwhich makes me very happy Tom 取得了很大的进步 这使我很高兴 3 用在 as it seems likely as it often happiness as it was printed out as it was said earlier as I remember it as I understand it as it appears 等结构中 如 Jack has won the first prize asas itit oftenoften happens happens JackJack 和往常一样 获得了一等奖 和往常一样 获得了一等奖 She has read widely in Romantic literature asas itit appearsappears fromfrom herher essay essay 她广泛涉猎了浪漫主意文学 这从她的文章中可以看出来 她广泛涉猎了浪漫主意文学 这从她的文章中可以看出来 4 as 仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义 如 David is tall asas areare mymy brothersbrothers David 很高 我的兄弟也一样 He opposed the idea asas couldcould bebe expected expected 不出所料 他反对这个意见 5 当非限定性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时 只能用 which 引导定语从句 如 Betty always tells a lie whichwhich herher parentsparents findfind strange strange 6 当非限定性定语从句为否定句时 常用 which 如 Mr Smith usually praises his student Rose in public whichwhich she doesn t like at all 三 关系副词的用法三 关系副词的用法 一 当先行词在定语从句中作状语时 要用关系副词 其中 when 表时间的介词 如 ai in during 等 which where 表地点的介词 如 in at on under 等 which why 表原因的介词 如 for which how 表方式的介词 如 in which 如 I still remember the day whenwhen I first came to Beijing when on which 精品文档 5欢迎下载 Can you tell me the office wherewhere he works where in which Do you know the reason whywhy he is absent why for which 二 介词 关系代词 which where when 有时候为表达清楚 还可以在关系副词 where when 前加介词 from to 等 如 China is the birth place of kite fromfrom wherewhere kite flying spread to Japan Korea Thailand and India 三 对关系副词 where 的考察 对于 where 的考察趋于复杂 从先行词为明显的 地点 转化为 地点的模糊化 事实上 对于 where 这个词 不能只理解为表示地点 先行词表示某人或物的 situation 或者某 事所发展的 stage 或表达某事的某个方面时 都可以用 where 这个关系副词 如 The accident had reached to a point wherewhere both their parents are to be called in 事情发展到如此程度 不得不请双方家长来一趟了 这种用法不仅仅限于定语从句 特殊疑问句中 名词性从句中也有如此用法 四 关系副词和关系代词的比较四 关系副词和关系代词的比较 引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外 他们还有一 个最重要的作用 那就是他们分别在定语从句中担当成分 具体地说 关系代词在定语从 句中作表语 主语 宾语 而关系副词在定语从句中做状语 因此 在选择关系时 最重 要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分 若从句中却主语 宾语或表语 那么必须用关系代词 若主句中不缺主语 宾语或表语则用关系副词 试比较下面的句子 1 Do you still remember the days that whichthat which we spent in Beijing 代 2 Do you still remember the days whenwhen we spent the summer holidays in Beijing 副 在句中 定语从句中缺宾语 第二局中 定语从句不缺宾语也不缺主语 因此用关系 副词 when 来引导 五 定语从句用法其他要点五 定语从句用法其他要点 一 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时 不可省略 二 定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致 当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中 作主语时 那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称 数的方面 应该与先行词保持一致 1 one of 复数名词 关系代词 复数动词 如 The Great Wall is one of the world famous buildings thatthat draw lots of visitors 长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一 Titanic is one of the wonderful movies thatthat have been produced in Hollywood 泰坦尼克号 是好莱坞生产的最精彩的电影之一 2 the only one of 复数名词 关系代词 单数动词 如 The Great Wall is thethe onlyonly oneone ofof thethe buildingsbuildings on the earth that is seen from the moon 长城是地球是唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物 Titanic is thethe onlyonly oneone ofof thesethese wonderfulwonderful moviesmovies thatthat has been produced in Hollywood 在这些精彩的电影中 泰坦尼克号 是唯一由好莱坞制作的电影 注意 not the only one of one of 如 Tom isn t the only one of the boys who have passed the exam Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam Tom 并非是唯一一个通过考试的男孩 Tom 只是通过考试的男孩中的一个 3 当关系代词 as 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句 修饰主句内容