继发性肾小球肾炎

继发性肾小球肾炎,IgA肾病或肾小球肾炎,病因发病机制：粘膜损伤 IgA形成 含IgA的大分子的免疫复合物沉积于肾小球病变特点：免疫病理：以IgA为主的免疫球蛋白和C3沉积于系膜区。光学显微镜：局灶性或弥漫性的，除膜性肾小球肾炎以外的各型肾小球肾炎。临床表现：可出现血管炎和紫癜及各型肾炎综合征。,狼疮性肾炎,病因发病机制：自身免疫性疾病。含抗核抗体、抗细胞浆抗体、抗球蛋白抗体、抗细胞膜抗体等多种免疫复合物，沉积于肾小球病变特点：免疫病理：含IgG、IgA、IgM、C3、C4、C1q的多种免疫复合物，沉积于肾小球的各个部位。光学显微镜：局灶性或弥漫性的，各型肾小球肾炎。临床表现：可出现全身(心、肝、脑、关节、皮肤等）多系统病变及各型肾炎综合征。,各型GN的演变关系,毛细血管内增生性GN 膜增生性GN局灶性GN系膜增生性GN 微小病变性GN,正常肾小球,新月体性GN,硬化性GN,FSGS,膜性GN,KEY WORD,glomerulinephritis, Endocapillary proliferative GN, Membranous GN, Mesangioproliferative GN, Membranoproliferative GN, Crescentic GN,Minimal change GN, Focal GN, Sclerosing GN,三、急性肾小管坏死( acute tubular necrosis ),由于休克或中毒导致的肾小管上皮细胞坏死，主要侵犯各段肾小管，主要临床表现为少尿、无尿和肾功能衰竭。,概念:,病因发病机制: 休克，血压降低，肾缺血，肾小管缺血性坏死；毒性物质在肾小管浓缩，直接伤害肾小管上皮细胞。病理变化: 肾小管上皮凝固性坏死，细胞碎片堵塞管腔，肾间质水肿；后期；肾小管上皮再生。,肾小球缺血 肾小球滤过率 肾小管上皮坏死 细胞碎片堵塞 尿液返流 肾间质水肿 少尿或无尿 后期，再生的肾小管上皮功能不全 多尿和等比重尿,休克或中毒,肾缺血,临床病理联系:,CONCLUSION,Acute tubular necrosis: tubular epithelial cells show diffuse coagulation necrosis, caused by renal ischemia or poisoning, often occur acute renal failure.KEY WORD: Acute tubular necrosis,四、肾盂肾炎( pyelonephritis ),病原体感染直接引起的化脓性炎，主要侵犯肾盂粘膜和肾间质，主要临床症状有急性感染的全身症状、血尿、白细胞尿或脓尿、下尿路刺激征。,概念:,病原体：大肠杆菌、链球菌、葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、霉菌等感染途径：上行性(大肠杆菌为主)；血源性(少见,烈性化脓菌为主)诱发因素：下尿路梗阻;重病体弱,长期卧床患者,病因发病机制:,急性肾盂肾炎：脓性卡它性炎；肾的蜂窝织炎；肾脓肿上行性感染者，近肾盂处严重，肾皮质轻,单肾发病或双肾分布不均血源性感染者，双肾弥散分布，以肾小球为中心形成小脓肿。慢性肾盂肾炎；淋巴和单核细胞浸润；肉芽组织形成,结缔组织增生；厚壁脓肿；肾盂变形;瘢痕肾形成。,病理变化:,机体对微生物感染的全身反应；病变波及血管导致血尿；间质化脓性病变的细胞成分入尿导致尿异常；下尿路刺激征 (尿频、尿急、尿疼) 多见于上行感染者。,临床病理联系:,CONCLUSION,Pyelonephritis: is a suppurative inflammation, is caused by infection of suppurative bacterium. The pelvis, interstitium and tubules is major injury site. Morphology:focal suppurative inflammation (phlegmonous inflammation or abscesses). Its clinical manifestations include: fever, malaise, flank pain, dysuria,frequency and urgency, pyuria and white cell casts.,五、过敏性间质性肾炎( allergic interstitial nephritis ),概念： 各种过敏因素导致的非化脓性炎症，主要侵犯肾间质,主要的临床症状是肾功能损伤乃至肾功能衰竭。病因发病机制：药物和其他过敏原导致IV型变态反应,病理变化： 急性过敏性间质性肾炎:双肾肾间质弥漫性水肿，淋巴、单核及多少不等的嗜酸性白细胞浸润，肾小管上皮细胞变性 慢性过敏性间质性肾炎:双肾肾间质淋巴和单核细胞浸润，纤维化，肾小管弥漫萎缩。临床病理联系：肾间质弥漫性病变导致肾小管弥漫性损伤，严重损伤肾功能。,CONCLUSION,Allergic interstitial nephritis: is a nonsuppurative inflammation, is caused by drug allergy. The interstitium and tubules is major injury site. Morphology: mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and mono-phagocytes) and/or eosinocytes diffuse infiltrate in interstitium of both kidneys, so often occur acute renal failure.KEY WORD: Pyelonephritis, Allergic interstitial nephritis,六、肾脏肿瘤,(1) 肾细胞癌( renal cell carcinoma )组织发生：近端肾小管上皮细胞病理特点：位于肾皮质,切面黄色;富含透明胞浆的癌细胞呈巢索状排列。生物性特性：中老年好发；因血管丰富，可早期血行转移至肺、骨。,CONCLUSION,Renal cell carcinoma: Histogenesis: proximal tubular cells. Morphology: clear-cancerous cells and trabecularism. Clinical features: renal neoplasm and hematuria occur in 60th and 70th decades of men. Behavior: malignant tumor, often hematogenous metastasis.,(2) 肾母细胞瘤 ( nephroblastoma, Wilm tumor )组织发生:肾胚芽组织病理特点:肾内巨大肉瘤样肿块;由未分化的胚芽组织、间胚叶性间质和幼稚的肾小球和肾小管组成生物学特性:婴幼儿好发;早期血行转移至肺、肝等,CONCLUSION,Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor): Histogenesis: renal blastem. Morphology: blastem tissue, abortive glomeruli and tubules, mesenchymal tissue. Clinical features: renal neoplasm and hematuria occur in 2-4 years childhood. Behavior: malignant tumor, often hematogenous metastasis.,七、尿路上皮肿瘤,组织发生: 移行上皮细胞病理特点: 移行上皮乳头状瘤: 与正常移行上皮相似的肿瘤组织呈乳 头状伸出性生长,移行上皮癌: 有一定异型性的癌组织呈伸出性和浸润性生长；依癌组织的异型性， 分为I、II、III级生物学特性: 中老年好发;易复发；以局部浸润和淋巴路转移常见,CONCLUSION,Urothelial tumors: Histogenesis: transitional cells. Morphology: papilloma and various grades carcinoma. Clinical features: hematuria occur in adult and old men. Behavior: benign papilloma easily recur and become malignant, transitional c