09高考英语二轮语法专项复习学案九：动词词

09 高考英语二轮语法专项复习学案九 动词词义辨析 动词是是各类考试的重点 高考试题中 单项填空 完形填空和改错等三项题型中 动词辨义 的比重较大 并逐年增加 动词辨义主要指 1 形状相同的动词之间辨义 如 lie lay hanged hung rise raise sit seat 等 2 意义相近的动词之间辨义 如 borrow lend speak say talk hope wish 等 3 动词与其它词形相近 意义相似的词的辨义 如 advise advice cost worth pass past 等 4 意义不同 但容易混淆的动词的辨义 如 explain say discover invent uncover find find out 等 5 某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义 如 ask give call make find get keep want see hear 等 6 某些常用动词短语的辨义 如 give in give up turn on turn off turn down turn up 等 一 易混动词 一 易混动词 1 lay 放 lie 躺 与 lie 说谎 这三个易混动词构成见下表 中 文原 形过 去 式过去分词现在分词说 明 放laylaidlaidlaying及物动词 躺lielaylainlying不及物动词 说谎lieliedliedlying不及物动词 2 rise 和 raise rise 是不及物动词 其过去式是 rose 过去分词是 risen 而 raise 是及物动词 是规则动词 3 hear 与 listen to hear 侧重点是听到 听见什么 而 listen to 是侧重于听的倾向 但 hear 用 于无意中的听见 而 listen to 却用于集中注意力的听 4 see watch 和 look see 用作看电影 剧目 watch 则用作看电视比赛 而 watch 还有在旁观 看之意 如 Are you going to play or only watch look 一般用作不及物动词 只是当盯着某人看时 用作及物动词 如 The little boy looked me in the face 小男孩直盯着我的脸 5 wind 和 wound wind 意为蜿蜒而行 其过去式与过去分词都是 wound 而动词原形 wound 意为伤害 其过去式 过去分词都是 wounded 6 hang 的用法 hang 有两个意思 一为悬挂 是不规则动词 过去式 过去分词都是 hung 二为绞刑 是规则动词 其过去式 过去分词都是 hanged 7 hear 的过去分词 born 与 borne bear 作为出生讲有两个过去分词 born borne 只有当 be born 短语后没有 by 介词短语时 才可用 born 如 He was born in Shanghai 而作它用时要用 borne 如 She has borne five children 但如果作忍受讲 则一律用 borne 8 sit 与 seat seat 为及物动词时是作容纳讲 sit 只是表示一动作 seat 如果表示就座时要用 be seated 如 They were seated at their desks 或用 seat oneself 比如 I seated myself in the armchair 9 borrow lend 与 keep 借入英文中用 borrow 借出用 lend 但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬 间动词 不能用于长时间的动作 所以我能借多久应用 keep 10 win 与 beat win 作胜 赢讲时其后应接 a game an argument a battle a prize a contest a race a bet 但不能接人 如果接人则有另外的含意 如 I have won him 即我已说服他了 我赢得他 的好感 而 beat 是及物动词为击败 胜过讲 直接接人 队 11 steal 与 rob steal 为偷 rob 为抢 其用法不同 steal 其后接物 from 某人 某地 而 rob 其后接人 of 抢的物品 12 fit 与 suit fit 与 suit 均可作合适讲 但英文中却用在不同的地方 如 fit 用于尺寸大小的合 适 而 suit 则多用于颜色式样的合适 13 take bring 与 fetch 英文中拿三个词 即拿来 拿去 去取然后回来 即双程 所以拿来 带来是 bring 拿去带走是 take 而去取回来是 fetch 14 shut 与 close shut 与 close 有时是可以互换的 但有些地方则不可这样做 如 在正式场合 多用 close 而在命令 态度粗暴的场合则用 shut 如 Shut your mouth 闭嘴 又如 Shut up 在指铁 路 公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合 则要用 close 15 answer 与 reply 作为回答讲 answer 是及物动词 如作不及物动词 则意义不同 如 answer for 意为向某人或向某事负责 而 reply 作回答讲是不及物动词 后跟宾语时 要加上 to 16 reach arrive 与 get to reach 当到达讲是及物动词 而当延伸和拿得到 拿不到时讲 则是 不及物动词 作到达讲时还有 get to arrive at in 17 cost spend 与 take 英文中花费有三个词 cost spend take 但各有不同用法 cost 作 花 费 讲 主语不能是人 而 spend 的主语不能是物 如 she spent all his money on stamps 而 take 作花 费讲时 可用人也可用物做主语 更多的用法是用形式主语 it 如 It takes me three hours to finish this work 18 lost gone 与 missing 作补足语时意为丢失 不见了 可以用 lost gone 但要用 miss 时则 不能用 missed 而要用 missing 19 have on wear put on 及 dress 作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种 have on 与 wear 作 穿着状态讲 但 have on 不用进行时态 而 wear 则常要用进行时态 put on 是动作 但 dress 既可用作 状态 又可用作穿衣动作 但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如 He was dressed in a b1ue suit 作 动作讲时 其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人 物的名词 如 I dress my children in the morning every day 20 begin 与 start begin 与 Start 均可作开始讲 并无多少区别 同样可接不定式或动名词 但在下面的场合多要 用 Start 1 机器的开动发动 2 旅途的开始 如 we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street 21 allow 与 permit allow 与 permit 其后直接接动作时要用动名词 如接人后再接动词则要用不定式 所以用在被 动语态时一定要用不定式 如 People are not allowed to spit 22 find 与 found find 找到的过去式和过去分词都是 found 而 found 是动词 建立 的原形 其过去式和过去分 词是 founded founded 如 The People s Republic of China was founded in 1949 23 speak say talk 与 tell 英文中讲有 4 个词 speak say talk tell 但其中 speak talk 多用作不及物动词 但 speak 后加语 言名词时则用作及物动词 如 Please speak English 而 say 与 tell 是及物动词 其中 tell 常用作接 双宾语 如 Tell me a story 但也有些特定的习惯用法 如 在作讲实话 讲谎言 表示时间常用 单宾语而不能换其它词 如 My watch was broken It couldn t tell time correctly 在书信 便条 海 报上写着英文应为 It said 在作辨别不同讲时是 tell 如 Can you tell me the difference between the two 而讲别人好坏话时用 speak 如 The father always speaks well of his son 24 excuse me 与 sorry excuse me 用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语 而 sorry 则表达因作了某事向对方道歉 25 care for 与 care to do care for 其后要接不定式时则要省去 for 或换用名词 如 Would you care for a cup of tea 但 care for 作照顾讲时与 look after 相同 26 与名词易混的动词有 advise v advice n accept v except prep pass v past prep bathe v bath n breathe v breath n choose v choice n succeed v success n 27 意义相近的动词 ring 摇铃 打铃 电话铃响 strike 专指敲钟 打几点 撞击 suggest 提 出实验性或推测性的建议 advice 表示对经验不足人的一种忠告 look 由视觉得出的印象 seem 暗 示一定根据的判定 appear 外表印象而实际或结果并非如此 stay 停留 逗留 remain 遗物 某物 被取走一部分后剩余部分 discover 发现 找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西 invent 发明 研制出不存在的东西 remember 记忆起以前经历或知道的事 remind 提醒某人做某事 28 动词 副词 介词 catch up with look forward to come up with keep up with go in for look down on get on with 29 动词 介词 to 的词组有 come to stick to object to agree to turn to attend to belong to devote to reply to 30 与 in 相结合的动词有 give in hand in bring in drop in succeed in take in check in engage in fill in trade in 二 动词短语 二 动词短语 动词短语是指动词和介词 副词或名词的习惯搭配 有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选 用恰当的搭配词 不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异 需掌握以下要点 1 根据动词短语的不同特点 掌握其运用规律 I 动词 副词 不及物 Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left 晚会后 人们都已离去 哈里出现了 2 动词 副词 及物 Please turn every light in the house off 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉 注意 如果宾语较长 就应避免把副词同动词分开 如 She turned off all the lights which had been left on 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯 如果宾语是人称代词 只能放在动词和副词之间 如 She gave them away 她送掉了它们 3 动词 介词 及物 I m looking for my glasses 我在找我的眼镜 注意 当它跟宾语时 不能把介词放在宾语后面 动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾 如 She s got more work than she can cope with 她的工作多得使她应付不了 4 动词 副词 介词 I look forward to seeing you soon 我盼望不久就见到你 注 动词 介词 动词 名词 副词 动词 副词 介词 这三种搭配都是及物的 如变成 被动语态 不可漏掉介词 In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after 不能漏掉 after 这样一来 粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了 2 熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词 不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异 1 同一动词和不同介词搭配时 意义上的差异 如 hear from 收到 的来信 hear of 听说 look after 照料 look at 看 look for 寻找 2 同一动词和不同副词搭配时 意义上的差异 如 ring back 回电话 ring off 挂断电话 ring up 打电话 put away 放好 put on 穿 上演 put up 挂起 举起 3 不同动词和同一介词搭配时 在意义上的差异 如 look for 寻找 call for 去取 某物 去接 某 人 ask for 请求 wait for 等候 send for 派人去叫 4 不同动词和同一副词搭配时 在意义上的差异 如 break out 发生 爆炸 carry out 进行 开展 go out 熄灭 hand out 分发 let out 放出 look out 当心 sell out 卖完 set out 出发 take out 取出 work out 算出 break down 出毛病 come down 落下来 get down 下车 take down 取下 write down 写下 练习 动词词义辨析 1 I can hardly the difference between the two words A point B speak C say D tell 2 I you will write me back soon A wish B hope C want D need 3 I asked him to me a few minutes so that I could have a word with him A spend B spare C save D share 4 Father will not us to touch anything in his room when he is away A have B let C agree D allow 5 I learned to a bicycle as a small boy A ride B drive C operate D run 6 I can you to the railway station in my car A send B pick C ride D take 7 If no one the phone at home ring me at work A answers B returns C replies D receives 8 1 don t know the restaurant but it s to be quite a good one A said B told C spoken D talked 9 These boxes are too heavy for your mother you d better them for her A bring B carry C take D fetch 10 There was a fight in the street yesterday Three people were seriously A hurt B killed C broken D cut 11 Careless driving a lot of highway accidents A affects B gives C causes D results 12 I ve my umbrella in the office and I ll have to fetch it A forgot B left C remained D lost 13 The doctor says a few days rest in a quiet place will you a lot of good A make B do C give D get 14 His heart fast when the teacher asked him a difficult question A beat B hit C jumped D ran 15 The cooking chicken very good A smells B feels C sounds D tastes 16 Most children stay at home until they school age A get B come C reach D arrive 17 A single mistake here could you your life A pay B take C spend D cost 18 The boy works hard I him to succeed in the exam A like B expect C think D need 19 We each other the best of luck in the examination A hoped B wanted C expected D wished 20 I m afraid Mr Brown isn t in Would you like to a message A give B leave C carry D take 21 Do you know the girl a red coat A dressed in B had on C wore D put on 22 The assistant suggested Mary the blue skirt A buying B bought C to buy D could buy 23 Our teacher suggested Wang Lin to America for further study A should send B would be sent C sending D be sent 24 Old Mr Jackson insisted to the Friendship Hospital A on being sent B to send C on sending D being sent 25 The father insisted that their son Tom clever enough to study music A be B should be C was D would be 26 I the television set for 1 500 yuan A bought B paid C cost D spent 27 I play football than basketball A would rather B had better C like better D prefer 28 What are you doing I m looking the children They should be back for lunch now A after B at C for D up 29 The sports meet will be till next week because of the bad weather A put off B put away C put up D put down 30 I really don t want to go to the party but I don t see how I can it A get back from B get out of C get away D get off 31 Readers can quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word A get over B get in C get along D get through 32 Many foreigners the Great Wall as the World s Seventh Wonder A look at B look for C look around D look on 33 1 can t hear clearly Please the radio a little A tum on B tum off C tum down D tum up 34 Thirty people were expected but only twenty four A turned in B turned up C turned to D turn up 35 The child is running a high fever We must a doctor at once A send in B send out C send for D send up 36 I m going to a pop concert with Tom He ll me at eight and we ll go there togethe A call for B call in C call on D call up 37 It is often easier to make plans than it is to A carry on them B carry out them C carry them on D carry them out 38 Your composition must be after class A handed to B handed out C handed in D handed over 39 A new school was in the village last year A held up B set up C sent up D brought up 40 When did the plane At 2 o clock A take off B take up C take away D take place 41 There s danger ahead A Look at B Look up C Look on D Look out 42 Let s to clean the house It s too dirty A set about B set out C set off D