语法教学案-现在时.doc

高二英语语法教学案-现在时Editor: Huang Zhen 2006-9-5一般现在时1.一般现在时的定义一般现在时表示现在、经常或习惯的动作或状态和普遍现象、常识或客观真理2.一般现在时的构成 是以动词的原形表示的，当主语为第三人称单数时，做谓语的动词原形后要加上词尾-s or es, 其构成方式如下： 一般情况 词尾加-s Reads, writes 以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的词 词尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes 以辅音字母+Y 结尾的词 变Y为I，再加-es Tries, carries3.一般现在时的基本用法1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。现在进行时 1. 现在进行时的定义现在进行时表示说话时(瞬间)正在进行的动作，或现阶段一直进行的动作。2. 现在进行时的构成现在进行时是be + 现在分词构成： 现在分词的构成，是在动词原形上加ing, 但是应该注意： 动词以单个e 结尾 去掉e, 加 ing Loveloving Arguearguing 动词以 ee结尾 直接加 ing Agreeagreeing Seeseeing 动词为单音节：以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写，再加 ing Hit hitting Runrunning Stop stopping 动词为双音节或者多音节：最后一个音节为重读音节，以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写，再加 ing Beginbeginning 以 y 结尾的动词 直接加 ing Carrycarrying Enjoyenjoying3. 现在进行时的基本用法： 1）. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。 2）. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）3）. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。 4）. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如： You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。一般现在时和现在进行时的区别一般现在时和现在进行时是两种重要时态，通过对这两种时态进行对比我们可以更加牢固地掌握它们的用法。我们可以从以下三个方面进行对比：一、基本用法；二、谓语动词的形式；三、时间状语。 一、基本用法 一般现在时一般用来表示人或物经常性或习惯性的动作或状态，也可以用来表示人或物现在的状态或者用来表示主语现在具有的性格或能力等。现在进行时则一般用来表示现在(说话的瞬间 ) 正在发生或进行的动作或者用来表示现阶段正在进行或发生的动作。如： She goes to school by bike every day. 她每天骑自行车去上学。（经常性的动作） He can speak a little Chinese. 他会说点儿汉语。（主语现在具有的能力） They are watching TV now. 现在他们正在看电视。（正在进行的动作） We are working on the farm these days. 这几天我们一直在农场劳动。（现阶段发生的动作） 二、谓语动词的形式不同 一般现在时的谓语动词为：1.be动词用am / is / are这三种形式； 2.实义动词用动词原形或第三人称单数形式。 现在进行时谓语动词的形式为：be(am, is, are) + 实义动词的 -ing 形式。 这两种时态的否定句和一般疑问句的变法也不同：在一般现在时中，含be动词的句子变否定句直接在be（am,is,are)后加not,变一般疑问句是直接将be（am,is,are)提到句首；含实义动词的句子变否定句和一般疑问句必须借助于助动词do 或does。而现在进行时的句子变否定句则直接在be(am, is, are)后面加 not;变一般疑问句是把 be(am, is, are)提到句首。如： She doesnt go to school by bike. She goes to school by bus.她不是骑自行车去上学，而是乘公共汽车去上学。 She isnt doing her homework now. She is watching TV.现在她没做家庭作业，她在看电视。 Do they often play football? 他们经常踢足球吗？ Yes, they do. ( No, they dont.) 是的，他们经常踢。（不，他们不经常踢。） Are they playing football now?现在他们正在踢足球吗？ Yes, they are. (No, they arent.) 是的，他们正在踢。（不，他们没踢。） 三、时间状语 一般现在时常与often, sometimes, always, usually等频度副词和every morning / day / week, on Wednesday, on Sundays， in the morning / afternoon / evening等时间状语连用。 现在进行时常与now, these days, at this moment等时间状语连用。句首有 Look! / Listen!等提示语时，后面的句子也要用现在进行时。如： We often go shopping on Sundays.我们经常在星期天去买东西。 Listen! Someone is singing an English song in the classroom. 听！有人在教室里唱英文歌 现在完成时1. 现在完成时的定义现在完成时表示过去发生的动作造成目前的结果和对现在造成的影响或表示从过去延续至今的动作、状态和习惯等2. 现在完成时的构成现在完成时是由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成的3. 现在完成时的基本用法 1）. 现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响，后面通常不用时间状语，但句中常出现already, just, yet等副词。如：Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。Ive just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。Have you seen the doctor yet?你看过医生了吗？注：already和yet用法上的区别 already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末。但already有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。如：2）. 现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作，状态一直持续到现在，常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。如： I have learned English for 5 years. He lived in Beijing since he was born.注：(1) for和since引导的时间状语的区别: for + 一段时间, since + 一点时间 从句（从句中常用一般过去时）(2)表示继续的现在完成时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last) few years, this week (month, year), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。如：Tom has had a toothache all day.I havent heard from him recently.(3)现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情，常和often, ever, never, before, once, times等时间状语连用。如： Ive never been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。He has read this book before.他以前读过这本书。现在完成进行时1.现在完成进行时的定义 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。2. 现在完成进行时的构成现在完成进行时是由“have/has+been+动词的现在分词”构成3. 现在完成时的基本用法： 1）在强调指出动作还未结束，还要继续下去。如：Ive been reading this book for two hours, but I havent finished it. 这本书我已读了两个小时了，但我还没读完。Ive read this book.我已读完这本书了。2）强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。She has always been working like that.她一贯是这样工作的。3）动作不包含持续意义的动作，要表示延续到现在的动作，要用现在完成进行时。Theyve been building a ship.（在进行）他们一直在造一艘船。4）现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。Weve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们经常见面。现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别1）现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较：Weve been living here for ten years.Weve lived here for ten years.我们在这儿已经住了十年了。2）在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如： The students have been preparing for the exam.（还在进行）学生们一直在准备考试。The students have prepared for the exam.（已经结束）学生们为考试作了准备。3）有些表示状态，感情，感觉的动词如：have, exist, like, hate, hear, know, sound等动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：Theyve known each other since 1970.自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。Exercise1. 用一般现在时或现在进行时填空。1. Miss Guo (teach) us Chinese this term. She (be) a very good teacher. She often (talk) with us after class. Many of us like (talk) with her. Now, she (talk) with Lily2. Listen! Who (read) English? Han Meimei is. She often (read) English in the evening.3. Where (be) Tom and Jim? They (play) football. LinTao (play) footballs too? No, he (mend) his bike.4. Where their father (work)? He (work) on a farm.But now lie (not work). He (stay) at home.5. What time the shop (close)? It (close)at nine oclock in the evening. But be quick, it (be. close) now.6. He (go) to school by bus every day.7. Tom can not walk fast because he (carry) a heavy box.8. Do you think the teachers _ (have) a meeting now?9. Why is the girl _ (stand) at the door? _ (ask) her to come in.10. Its late spring. The weather (get) warmer and warmer.2.改错1. Do your mother often cook supper? 2. Mike doesnt does her lessons well. 3. Are you a teacher? No, I amt. 4. Does he studies hard? 5. He always think of others3. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. I already (see) the film. I (see) it last week.2. he (finish) his work today? Not yet.3. you (be) to Hong Kong? Yes, I (be) there twice.4. you ever (eat ) chocolate sundaes （圣代）? No, never.5.My father just (come) back from work. He is tired now.6. Wheres Li Ming? He (go) to the teachers office.7.Shanghai (be) a small town hundreds of years ago. Now it (become) a large city.8.I (work) here since I (move) here in 1999.9.So far I (make) quite a few friends here.10. How long the Wangs (stay) here ? For two weeks.4. 句型转换。1. I have been to Macau before. (改为否定句)I been to Macau before.2. He hasnt come to school because hes ill. (就划线部分提问) he come to school?3. He has learned English for 5 years. (就划线部分提问) learned English?4. I bought a new bike just now. (用just改写)I just a new bike.5. We began to learn English three years ago. (改为同义句)We English three years.5 填入has / have been 或has / have gone.1. Harry： I saw you in Annabels Restaurant last night. Diana： No, it wasnt me. I never there.2. Sam： Sally and Tim are on holiday, arent they? Where they ?Sue：To Florida, again.Sam： How many times they there?Sue： This is their third visit.3. Joe： Can I have an apple, please?Mary： We havent got any. I not to the shops today.4. Alan： Wheres Tony? Mary： Hes got a headache so he to bed.5. Steve： Can I speak to Jill, please?Lynn： Shes out, Im afraid. She to the cinema this evening. Steve： Again? She already to the cinema three times this week.6 用for 或since填空。1. Jill has been in Ireland Monday.2. Jill has been in Ireland three days.3. My aunt has lived in Australia 15 days.4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there 7 oclock.5. India has been an independent country 1974.6. The bus is late. Weve been waiting 20 minutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty many years.8. Mike has been ill a long time. He has been in hospital October. 7.选择1.Even though they _ for twenty years, the two neighbours are not on good terms. A. have been lived side by side B. had been living side by side C. have been side by side living D. have been living side by side2.I havent seen Mary these past few days, Im afraid she _ herself for some time. A. hasnt been feeling B. hadnt been feeling C. isnt feeling D. wasnt feeling3.She _ on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words. A. will be working B. worked C. has been working D. will have worked4.-Hi, Tracy, you look tired. -Im tired. I _ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted5.-Hi, Joan, I have seen you for weeks. What _ recently? -Carrying on some research on wildlife. A. have you been doing B. have you done C. were you doing D. did you do6.You must be tired now since you _ for five hours. A. have been worked B. have been working C. worked D. would work7.You _ me waiting for two hours. I _ for you since five.A. keptwaited B. have keptwaited C. kepthave waited D. have kepthave waited8.Where _ John _ ? To the library. He _ there for an hour.A. hasbeenhas gone B. hasgonehas been C. didgowent D. didbewent9._ the baby still _ ? No, it _ crying.A. Hascriedhas stopped B. Iscryingstopped C. Did crystopped D. Iscryinghas stopped10. I _ the way. I _ here for quite many years.A. knewhave lived C. knewlive C. knowhave lived D. knowlive11. _ you ever _ America ? Yes, I have.A. Havegone to B. Havegone in C. Havebeen to D. Have been