医学英语疾病介绍——GastricCarcinoma胃癌

Gastric Carcinoma,胃癌,Introduction,Description 概述Classification 分类Causes 病因Symptoms 症状Pathlogical Changes 病变Exams and Tests临床检查Treatment 治疗Outlook(Prognosis) 预后Prevention 预防,Gastric Cancer refers to cancer arising from any part of the stomach. Stomach cancer causes about 800,000 deaths worldwide per year.Gastric Carcinoma is the most common cause of death in malignant tumors of alimentary system in China.,Description- Definition,carcinomak:sinum n. 癌malignantmlinnt adj. 恶性的alimentarylimentri adj. 消化的,Location: mainly along the gastric lesser curvature side(80.3%), predominantly in the antrum (56.4%)A higher incidence in males than females with a ratio of 2:13:1.It usually appears in fourth and sixth decade of life.This form of gastric cancer is very common in Japan, Chile, and Iceland.,Description- Features,gastric lesser curvature(k:vt, -t ) side 胃小弯侧predominantlyprdmnntl adv. 大部分，多半Antrumntrm n.窦，腔，房incidenceinsidns n.发病率,Stomach cancer world map - Death WHO(世界卫生组织)2004Age-standardised death rates(年龄标准化死亡率) from Stomach cancer by country (per 100,000 inhabitants(居民).,Description- Features,Several different types of cancer can occur in the stomach. The most common type is called adenocarcinoma, which starts from one of the common cell types found in the lining of the stomach.,Classification,adenocarcinomadinuk:sinum n.腺癌the lining(衬里,内层) of the stomach:胃壁Mesenchymalmesekiml adj. 间叶细胞的,间充质的,Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is a common cancer of the digestive tract worldwide, The rate of most types of gastric adenocarcinoma has gone down over the years. Experts think the decrease may be because people are eating less salted, cured, and smoked foods.,Classification,Digestive tract：消化道Salted：盐腌的Cured：熟化的，熏制的Smoked：烟熏过的,Causes,You are more likely to getgastric cancer if you: Have a family history of gastric cancerHave an infection of the stomach by bacteria called Helicobacter pyloriHada polyp larger than 2 centimeters in your stomach,Bacteria:bktiri n. 细菌Helicobacterhelikbkt 【医】缠绕杆菌属 pylori pail:rai n.幽门 - Helicobacter pylori:幽门螺杆菌Polypplip n.息肉,Have inflammation and swelling of the stomach for a long time (chronic atrophic gastritis)Have pernicious anemiaSmoke,Causes,Inflammation:nflmen n. 医炎症Swelling:swel n. 肿胀 chronic atrophictrfik gastritisgstrats :慢性萎缩性胃炎perniciouspns anemiani:mi: :恶性贫血,Abdominal fullness(腹胀) or pain(疼痛), which may occur after eat a small mealDark stools(黑便)Difficulty swallowing(吞咽困难), which becomes worse over timeExcessive belching(嗳气/打嗝儿过度)General decline in health(全身健康机能减退),Symptoms,Abdominal:bdmnl adj. 腹部的 Belch:belt v.打嗝，嗳气Decline:diklain n.衰退 嗳 i:打嗝儿，胃里的气从嘴里出来，并发出声音。,Loss of appetite(食欲缺乏)Nausea(恶心)Vomiting, which may contain blood(呕血)Weakness or fatigue(疲劳)Weight loss(体重减轻),Symptoms,Appetite: pitait n.胃口，食欲Nausea:n:zi:, -, -si:, - n. 作呕； 恶心； 反胃 Vomit:vmit vt.& vi. 呕吐 Fatigue:fti:g n. 疲劳,Early gastric cancer:早期胃癌The cancer have not invaded the muscularis propria(肌层) and are therefore limited to the mucosa(黏膜层) and submucosa(黏膜下层).Advance gastric carcinoma:进展期胃癌The cancer have invaded the muscularis propria or even further and beyond the mucosa and submucosa.,Pathlogical Changes,Invade:inveid vt.& vi. 侵入 Muscularis:mskjulris肌层 Mucosa:mju:kus n. 黏膜层 Propria:固有层,Protruded type (型 隆起型)Superficial type (型 表浅型)Superficial elevated type (a型 表浅隆起型)Superficial flat type (b型 表浅平坦型)Superficial depressed type (c型 表浅凹陷型)Excavated type (型 凹陷型),Pathlogical Changes,Protrude:prtru:d vt. 使突出 Superficial:sju:pfil adj. 表面（上）的 Excavate:ekskvet vt. 挖掘； 开凿,(1)息肉型或蕈伞型 polypoid or fungating type,(2)溃疡型 Ulcerative type,(3)浸润型 Infiltrating type,进展期胃癌大体类型,Pathlogical Changes,Polypoid:plipid息肉样 Fungating:fngeit 医真菌样生长 Ulcerative:lsrtiv adj. 溃疡（性）的 Infiltrating:nfltret v. （使）渗透,A suspicious stomach ulcer that was ultimately diagnosed as cancer on biopsy(baipsi 活检) and resected(ri(:)sektid 切除). The surgical specimen(spesimn 外科手术样本) was subsequently(sbsikwntli 随后，后来) kept for educational purposes.,Pathlogical Changes,Adenocarcinoma of the stomach (dinuk:sinum 腺癌) 隶属溃疡型进展期胃癌，伴有溃疡形成的胃癌有时需与消化性溃疡鉴别,Endoscopic(endskpik 内窥镜) image of linitis(linaitis胃蜂窝织炎) plastica(plstik 塑料的), a type of stomach cancer where the entire stomach is invaded, leading to a leather(le 皮革) bottle-like appearance with blood coming out of it.,Pathlogical Changes,Linitis plastica 革囊胃 隶属浸润型进展期胃癌,Diagnosis is often delayed(被推迟) because symptoms may not occur in the early stages of the disease(疾病早期阶段). Or, patients may self-treat symptoms(自己治疗出现的一些症状) that gastric cancer has in common with other, less serious gastrointestinal disorders(相对不那么严重的胃肠道疾病) (bloating(胃气胀), heartburn(胃灼热), and a sense of fullness(腹胀感).,Exams and Tests,Gastrointestinalgstruintestnl disorders胃肠道病症Bloatingblt胃气胀Heartburnh:tb:n胃灼热,The following tests can help diagnose gastric cancer:Complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemiaEsophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with biopsy to examine the stomach tissueStool test to check for blood in the stools,Exams and Tests,Complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia:贫血时检查全血细胞计数Esophagoasfg /gastrogstr /duodenodju:udi:n /scopy (EGD):食道、胃、十二指肠镜检查Stool test to check for blood in the stools:大便中带血时检查粪便,Surgery to remove the stomach (gastrectomy) is the only treatment that can cure the condition. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may help. For many patients, chemotherapy and radiation therapy after surgery may improve the chance of a cure(提高治愈的可能性).For patients who cannot have surgery, chemotherapy or radiation can improve symptoms and may prolong survival(延长生存时间), but will likely not cure the cancer. For some patients, a surgical bypass procedure(外科旁路手术) may relieve symptoms(减轻症状).,Treatment,Gastrectomy:strektmi 胃切除术Radiationreidiein therapy:放疗Chemotherapykemuerpi :化疗,The outlook varies(预后情况). Tumors in the lower stomach(胃下部的肿瘤) are cured more often than those in the higher stomach - gastric cardia(胃贲门) or gastroesophageal junction(食管胃连接). How far the tumor invades the stomach wall(肿瘤侵袭胃壁的程度) and whether lymph nodes(淋巴结) are involved(是否已发生淋巴道转移) when the patient is diagnosed affect the chances of a cure(影响治愈的可能性).When the tumor has spread outside the stomach(肿瘤已经扩散到胃外时), a cure is not possible(治愈已经不可能了) andthe goal of treatment is to improve symptoms(使症状好转).,Outlook(Prognosis),gastric cardiak:di