儿童行为抑制对自身心理健康的研究进展

儿童行为抑制研究进展,汇报类容,一、概念界定,Kagen提出，个体的气质可分为行为抑制和非行为抑制两种，行为的抑制和非抑制是气质的一个重要维度。行为抑制会导致个体面对新异的或不熟悉的事件时产生带有警惕和害怕象征的持续性的退缩和回避反应，并带有害羞、恐惧和焦虑等消极情绪的气质类型（毕玉, 王建平, 杨智辉, & 王玉龙. 2007）,行为抑制性是个体在陌生情境中面对陌生人和陌生物体所表现出来的一种气质特征,在儿童早期,当遇到这些陌生刺激时,一些年幼的儿童会变得安静,停止他们正在进行的活动,退回到一个熟悉的人的身边,或者从不熟悉的情境中退出（侯静, 陈会昌, & 陈欣银. 2009）。 所以，探讨个体的行为抑制和非行为抑制，特别是儿童的行为抑制，对心理健康的影响。有利于对相应的心理健康问题的干预提供方向。,二、研究进展,（一）对情绪影响 有研究就表明儿童的行为抑制对个体的成长产生重大的影响。行为抑制的儿童不愿意接近陌生刺激，具有中等程度的稳定性和特定生理基础，对儿童日后情绪和行为发展具有较大影响（耿凤基, & 徐琴美. 2007）。众多研究表明行为抑制气质与个体焦虑水平有显著的相关。毕玉等人的研究就表明：行为抑制能预测青少年焦虑，良好父母教养方式是保护行为抑制青少年远离焦虑障碍的有力措施（毕玉, 王建平, 杨智辉, & 王玉龙. 2007）。,（二）对心理健康的影响 有研究就表明行为抑制受到个体的应对方式的影响。对待事情不同的应对方式，个体的心理健康水平是不同（王仲星, 王欣星, & 周伟. 2009）。Asperger综合征儿童表现出一定的注意和行为抑制障碍，动作的协调性和灵活性较差（崔吉芳, 朱森华, 高定国, 周欣悦, & 邹小兵. 2008）。同样个体自尊与集体自尊预测不同维度的行为抑制（洪幼娟. (2010)）。,（三）对学习的影响 儿童2岁的行为抑制可以显著正向预测其7岁时教师报告的任务定向、同伴交往能力；负向预测其7岁时教师报告的能力，负向预测其14岁教师报告的攻击、学习问题和受欺、受辱（曹睿昕, 陈会昌, 陈欣银, 李丹, 蔡晓露, 张琳琳, . & 杨柳. 2011）。网络成瘾与个体的行为抑制能力有关，行为抑制能力较低的个体比行为抑制能力较高的个体更容易网络成瘾，个体较低的行为抑制能力可能是导致其网络成瘾的内在机制（苏少冰, & 陈彩琦. 2009）。,（四）行为抑制神经机制 与非行为抑制个体相比，在特定的刺激条件下，行为抑制个体的杏仁核、纹状体和右前额区域的激活水平较高，心率和可的松水平也倾向于较高。左前额和右前额皮层分别是与行为趋近系统和行为抑制系统相关的神经结构（耿凤基, & 徐琴美. 2007）,三、具体研究,（一）Relationships between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression in normal adolescents正常青少年的焦虑和抑郁症状与自己和父母报告其行为抑制之间的关系Personality and Individual Differences人格与个体差异I F: 1.861,2003曹华,1、问题提出,Behavioural inhibition can be regarded as a temperamental trait which is characterised by the tendency of children and adolescents to be unusually shy and to react with fear and withdrawal in novel and/or unfamiliar social situations (Kagan, 1997). 行为抑制可以作为一种气质特性，是儿童和青少年的一种倾向性特质，在在新颖/不熟悉的社会情境中通常会表现出害羞，出现恐惧的反应和退缩(Kagan, 1997),Research has shown that youths who are behaviourally inhibited seem to be at increased risk for developing anxiety disorders。children initially identified as behaviourally inhibited were subsequently more likely to develop anxiety disorders compared to control children 有研究就表明行为抑制的青年会有更大的风险出现焦虑障碍。如果是儿童时期表现为行为抑制，那么相比控制组，在随后更有可能患有焦虑障碍。,So far, research has emphasised that behavioural inhibition is a risk factor for developing childhood anxiety disorders。There is some evidence showing that behavioural inhibition is also associated with elevated levels of depression (e.g., Reznick,Hegeman, Kaufman, & Woods, 1992). 到目前为止，研究都强调行为抑制是儿童发展焦虑障碍的一个风险因素。同时也有证据表明行为行为抑制也和抑郁水平是相关的。,Most behavioural inhibition studies have employed extensive laboratory procedures to assess behavioural and physiological features of the inhibited temperament in relatively young children. 大多数行为抑制的研究是应用的是大量的实验程序来评估相对较小的儿童抑制气质的行为和生理特征。,Inspired by the work of Reznick et al. (1992) and Gest (1997), Muris, Merckelbach, Wessel, and Van de Ven (1999) recently developed the Behavioural Inhibition Instrument (BII), a self-report instrument for assessing behavioural inhibition in older children. 而Reznick et al. (1992) and Gest (1997), Muris,Merckelbach, Wessel, and Van de Ven (1999)他们有创建的的编制了自我报告方式来评估行为抑制的工具即Behavioural Inhibition Instrument (BII)来评估年龄较大一点的儿童。,So far, two studies have used the BII in order to examine the connection between behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in children and adolescents 到目前为止，只有两个研究使用BII来研究儿童和青少年的行为抑制和焦虑障碍、抑郁症状之间的关系。,While previous studies (Muris et al., 1999, 2001) solely relied on youths self-report, the present investigation also assessed behaviouralinhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression from the parents point of view. The current study further investigated the relationship between behavioural inhibition as indexed by the BII and symptoms of anxiety and depression。 然而以前的研究(Muris et al., 1999, 2001)只是单独的依赖于青少年自我报告，当前调查也从父母的视角来评估儿童的行为抑制和焦虑和抑郁的症状。所以当前的研究想进一步通过BII指标来调查行为抑制和焦虑、抑郁症状之间的关系。,2、方法,2、1被试和程序 The parents of 499 first grade schoolchildren of a normal secondary school were approached by mail. In a letter, parents received information about the study and they were asked to give their consent about their childs participation. 向普通小学的一年级学生的499父母发信件。在信件里，父母接受到的关于这个研究信息和邀请他们孩子参与的知情同意。,In addition, parents were invited to complete parent versions of the BII and RCADS (see later) and to return materials in a sealed envelope. 而且，父母被要请完成父母版本的BII和RCADS（修订版本的焦虑抑郁量表）和使用封口的信封来返回材料。,Three hundred and twenty-seven parents (65.5%) responded positively to the mailing. Children of these parents were asked to complete child versions of the BII and the RCADS.This was done in their classrooms with a research assistant and the teacher always present to ensure confidential and independent responding. 327名父母(65.5%)积极的回应了信件。父母的孩子要求去完成儿童版本的BII和RCADS。这件事情的完成是在他们的教室里，研究助手和老师也在场为了确保可靠和他们独立完成。,Eventually, due to missing data and children being absent at the class assessment, data of 310 parents, 297 adolescents, and 280 parentadolescent pairs were collected. The total group of adolescents (N=327; 149 boys and 178 girls) had a mean age of 12.7 years (SD=0.6, range 1115 years, 99% of the adolescents was aged 1214 years). 最终，由于数据丢失和儿童没有参与教室的评估，共收集到310名父母，297名青少年和280名父母青少年配对的数据。前少年(N=327; 149 男生 和178 女生)的平均年龄在12.7岁(SD=0.6, 范围 1115 岁, 99% 青少年的年龄在 1214 岁)。,2、2测量工具 BII contained eight items referring to shyness, communication, fearfulness, and smiling when meeting an unfamiliar child/adult. Items are rated on four-point Likert scales with 1=never, 2=sometimes, 3=often, and 4=always. After recoding positive items, scores are summed to yield a BIS child (range: 416), a BIS adult (range: 416), and a BIS total score (range: 832). The second part of the BII remained unchanged and asked children to classify themselves in one of the three behavioural inhibition categories (i.e. low, middle, or high). 第一部分的BII共包含8个项目，涉及到当面对不熟悉的儿童/承认时害羞、交流、恐惧、微笑。采用李克特4计分，1 =没有,2 =有时,3 =经常、4 =总是。重新积极的项目编码后,成绩总分产生BIS的儿童(范围:4-16),BIS的成年人(范围:4-16)和BIS总分(范围:8-32)。的第二部分BII保持不变,问孩子将自己的三个行为抑制类别(即低、中、高)。,The RCADS is an adaptation of the Spence Childrens Anxiety Scale (SCAS; Spence, 1997, 1998) and attempts to assess symptoms of DSM-defined anxiety disorders and major depression. RCADS是一个修订的适合测量儿童焦虑的量表(SCAS; Spence, 1997, 1998)，和试图去评估DSM定义的焦虑障碍和主要抑郁症状。,The scale consists of 47 items that can be allocated to six subscales: social phobia、panic disorder、major depressive disorder、separation anxiety disorder、generalised anxiety disorder、obsessive-compulsive disorder。Items have to be scored on a four-point scale with 0=never, 1=sometimes, 2=often, and 3=always. RCADS subscale scores and a total anxiety score can be obtained by summing across relevant items. 量表包含47个条目，分为6个维度：社会恐怖症（9个条目）、恐慌症（9个条目）,重度抑郁症（10个条目）、分离焦虑症（7个条目）,一般性焦虑症（6个条目）,强迫症-冲动障碍（6个条目）.问卷为四点量表（0-4），0 =不,1 =有时,2 =经常,3 =总是。RCADS维度分数和总焦虑分的总和为相关项目的总分。,Parent versions of BII and RCADS（父母版本的BII和RCADS）The parent versions of the BII and the RCADS (i.e. BII-P and RCADS-P) were identical to the child versions of these measures, except that items/descriptions were rephrased in terms of the parents perspective. 父母版本的BII和RCADS是相对于儿童版本而言，除了了项目用父母的视角来描述，其他一样。,3、结果,3、1General findings（一般发现） First, questionnaires were reliable in terms of internal consistency. That is, all Cronbachs alphaswere well above 0.60 (Table 1). 第一，所有问卷的内部一致性系数都高于0.6，是可信的。(Table 1).,Second, no substantial gender differences were found: girls reported somewhat higher levels of separation anxiety disorder symptoms than boys, means being 1.9 (SD=2.1) versus 1.4 (SD=1.8) t(295)=2.0, P0.05, but when applying a Bonferroni correction this difference no longer attained statistical significance. 第二，没有发现实质的性别差异：女孩在一定程度上要比男生在分离性焦虑上分要高1.9 (SD=2.1)VS 1.4 (SD=1.8)，t(295)=2.0, P0.05 ，但是用Bonferroni 矫正后不再存在统计显著性。,Third, the age range of the adolescents was restricted (i.e. 1115 years) and no meaningful correlations between age and behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety/depression were found. 第三，年龄的范围有限（1115岁），所有，发现年龄和行为抑制和焦虑/抑郁症状没有显著相关。,3.2. Correspondence between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition（儿童-父母报告行为抑制之间的相关） Correlations between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition as indexed by the BIS were positive but modest, with rs between 0.44 and 0.49 (all Ps0.001; Table 1). 儿童-父母报告行为抑制之间的BIS指标为正相关但是都是中度相关。相关系数在0.44-0.49,The percentage of agreement between child and parent with regard to the BI categories (low, middle, high) was 61.4%, with Cohens kappa being insufficient (p=0.32) and a modest Spearman rank correlation (r=0.42, P0.001). 儿童和父母关于BI的类别上的一致百分比数为61.4%，Cohens kappa 并不充分(p=0.32)，也只有中度的Spearman等级相关(r=0.42, P0.001),3.3. Correspondence between child- and parent-reported anxiety and depression（儿童-父母报告焦虑和抑郁的一致性） social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder seemed to be somewhat higher than that for symptoms of panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and to a lesser extent generalised anxiety disorder 社交恐惧症、分离焦虑障碍和抑郁的症状在一定程度上高于恐慌症,强迫症-冲动障碍,一般性焦虑障碍处于次要的。,Furthermore, paired t-tests indicated that parents reported higher levels of social phobia and separation anxiety disorder symptoms for their children than children themselves。 而且，配对样本检验，发现父母报告要你孩子自己报告更好水平的社会恐惧和分离性焦虑。,3.4. Relationships between child-reported behavioural inhibition and anxiety/depression（儿童报告行为抑制和焦虑/抑郁的关系） First, Pearson correlations were computed between the child version of the BIS and RCADS and RCADS-P scores 第一，皮尔逊相关分析来比较儿童版本的BIS 、RCADS 和RCADS-P分数,Second, (multivariate) analyses of variance were carried out to compare the RCADS and RCADS-P scores of adolescents who classified themselves as either low, middle, or high on behavioural inhibition. 第二，分析比较RCADS 和RCADS-P对于低，中，高行为抑制的被试,3.5. Relationships between parent-reported behavioural inhibition and anxiety/depression（父母报告行为抑制和焦虑/抑郁的关系）,3.6. Relative predictive validity of child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition to symptoms of anxiety and depression（儿童-父母报告行为抑制预测焦虑/抑郁症状） child-reported anxiety and depression were best predicted by child-reported behavioural inhibition, whereas parent-reported anxiety and depression were best predicted by parent-reported behavioural inhibition. 儿童报告的行为抑制可以很好的预测儿童报告的焦虑/抑郁症状；父母报告的儿童的行为抑制可以很好的预测父母报告儿童的焦虑/抑郁症状,In only two of the regression analyses child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition both accounted for a unique and significant proportion of the variance. 两个关于儿童-父母报告行为抑制都可以显著的解释一个部分变化。,4、讨论,Laboratory observations have shown that behavioural inhibition is present in 1015% of children who manifest this behavioural pattern in its extreme (see Turner et al., 1996) 实验室的观察表明行为抑制在1015%儿童群体上存在，显示这种行为抑制的广泛存在的。,The present data nicely illustrate the relatively poor agreement between parent and child report with regard to the assessment of interna lising symptoms such as anxiety and depression (e.g. Rapee, Barrett, Dadds, & Evans, 1994). 当前的数据非常漂亮的阐明了相关的不一致在父母和儿童报告评价相关的焦虑/抑郁症状。,Agreement between adolescents and their parents for behavioural inhibition was also rather modest . On the one hand, this may indicate that behavioural inhibition not only has clear-cut observable features, but also has more covert emotional and cognitive components. 行为抑制只显示出中等程度，这表明行为抑制不仅有清晰可观察的特征，而且还存在更多的隐藏的情绪和认知成分。,Thus, it remains possible that behavioural inhibition not only serves as an antecedent for anxiety disorders, but also is directly involved in the aetiology ofchildhood depression. Another possibility is that the connection between behavioural inhibition and depression is carried by anxiety. 因此，可能行为抑制不仅在焦虑障碍之前 ，而且，他也直接涉及到儿童抑郁的病因学。另一种可能是行为抑制和抑郁的链接是有焦虑在中间起作用。,5、不足,第一、当前测量的行为抑制排除了社会情境的行为抑制第二，BII评价当前和过去的害羞和儿童社会抑制，工具并没有考虑到这是一些儿童获得的特征。第三，只是简单用问卷分数来评估焦虑/抑郁水平 第四、应该从横向研究来进一步的证明儿童-父母报告行为抑制对焦虑和抑郁的预测力。第五、被试的年龄范围过小,6、结论,Taken together, the present data provide further support for the notion that behavioural inhibition plays a role in the aetiology of childhood anxiety disorders 总的来说，当前的数进一步的支持了行为抑制在儿童的焦虑障碍其中重要的角色。,7、评价,本研究虽然是一个简单的相关研究而且所有的过程都和前人研究相似，但是作者有自己的创新之处在于，在变量选择上加入父母评价。同时在数据分析上下了功夫。 这个研究也给我们其实行为抑制并不是一个有效的调节策略，当我们遇到事情不放使用行为表达或许更好，我们也可以做一些相关研究。,（二）,Relations among behavioral inhibition, Big Five personality factors, and anxiety disorder symptoms in non-clinical children非临床儿童行为抑制、大五人格特质、焦虑性障碍症状间关系探讨,Personality and Individual Differences个性与个体差异I F: 1.861,王科2009,1. Introduction引言,Behavioral inhibition is a temperament typology referring to childrens tendency to react with shyness, fear, and withdrawal to novelty, unfamiliarity, and strain. 行为抑制的表现：儿童害羞，胆怯，对新异、不熟悉、紧张刺激表现出退缩倾向 Surprisingly little research has been conducted on the underlying personality factors of this temperament characteristic. 前人并没有详细研究行为抑制的潜在人格因素,Some authors have argued that behavioral inhibition is the observable manifestation of the fundamental personality trait of neuroticism, which can be defined as the enduring tendency to experience negative emotional states. 有研究表明行为抑制与“神经质”关系密切。（神经质：持续性处于消极情绪状态） Another basic personality trait that has been associated with behavioral inhibition is extraversion. 行为抑制还与“外向性”相关,Moreover, because behavioral inhibition has rarely been investigated in combination with neuroticism and extraversion, it remains unclear whether this temperament characteristic accounts for unique variance in anxiety symptoms beyond these basic personality traits. 那么，高神经质与低外向性能否解释行为抑制儿童焦虑症状的产生？,From a psychopathology perspective, behavioral inhibition is of interest because various studies have demonstrated that this temperament feature is associated with the development of anxiety symptoms. 同时，大量研究表明行为抑制常常与焦虑症状的产生有关。 Not only social phobia, but also separation anxiety disorder and multiple anxiety disorders were significantly more prevalent among children with behavioral inhibition. 此外，社交恐惧症、分离焦虑、多重焦虑紊乱也同行为抑制有关。,In this way, it became possible to investigate 于是，本文将研究一下问题：(a) correlations among behavioral inhibition, personality traits, and anxiety disorder symptoms, 行为抑制、人格特质、焦虑症状间相关关系(b) to what extent neuroticism, extraversion, and other personality traits account for unique variance in behavioral inhibition, 神经质、外向性及其他人格特质对行为抑制的解释力如何,(c) whether behavioral inhibition accounts for unique variance in anxiety disorder symptoms after controlling for Big Five personality traits. 在控制人格因素后，行为抑制对焦虑症状的解释力如何？,2. Method 方法部分 2.1. Participants 被试, Eventually, due to missing data and children being absent during the assessment session, data of 226 children (109 boys and 117 girls) and parents (155 mothers, 16 fathers, 39 both parents, and 16 other caretakers) were collected. 除去流失被试，最后有226名儿童（男孩109名）及相应数量的父母（母亲166名、父亲16名、39对夫妇、16名其它看护者）参加测试。,These children had a mean age of 10.54 years (SD = 1.05, range 912 years) and more than 85% of them were from original Dutch descent. 这些儿童平均年龄10.54岁，其中85%为荷兰籍儿童。,2.2. Questionnaires,Non-clinical children aged 912 years completed self-report scales for measuring behavioral inhibition, Big Five personality traits (including neuroticism and extraversion), and anxiety disorder symptoms. 儿童完成三份自评量表，分别测量行为抑制、人格特质、焦虑症状,As parents filled out similar questionnaires to assess levels of behavioral inhibition, personality factors, and anxiety symptoms in their children, it became also possible to examine the same research issues from the parents perspective. 父母完成同样三份量表，以便于儿童自评的量表比较。,Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire (BIQ)行为抑制量表Big Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-C)大五人格量表（儿童版）Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-R)儿童焦虑情绪障碍筛查问卷,3. Results实验结果 3.1. General statistics 一般性统计,Significant sex differences were found for a number of variables. 某些变量出现了显著的性别差异 In the light of these differences, it was decided to control for sex in all further analyses. 因此在后续统计分析中，将性别作为控制因素。,3.2. Correlations among behavioral inhibition, personality factors, and anxiety 相关分析,Behavioral inhibition was negatively associated with extraversion, agreeableness, and intellect/openness , whereas small but positive links were observed with neuroticism . 行为抑制与外向性、宜人性、开放性显著正相关；与神经质微弱正相关。A substantial positive correlation was found between behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorder symptoms.行为抑制与焦虑症状显著正相关,Finally, the Big Five personality factor of neuroticism was also clearly and positively related to anxiety disorder, whereas small but significant negative correlations were observed between extraversion, agreeableness, and intellect/ openness (only parent-report) and such symptoms. 神经质与焦虑症状显著正相关，而外向性、宜人性、开放性与焦虑症状显著负相关。,3.3. Predicting behavioral inhibition from personality factors 回归分析,Extraversion clearly was the strongest predictor of an inhibited temperament: as expected, beta values were negative, indicating that lower levels of extraversion were associated with higher levels of behavioral inhibition. 外向性能很好的预测行为抑制：外向程度越低，行为抑制程度越高。,Further, neuroticism also consistently made a small but unique contribution to behavioral inhibition: the positive betas pointed out that higher levels of this personality factor were associated with higher levels of behavioral inhibition. 神经质也可预测行为抑制：神经质程度越高，行为抑制程度越高,Together personality factors accounted for 49% (childreport) to 52% (parent-report) of the variance in behavioral inhibition scores. 人格特质可以解释49%-52%的行为抑制反应。,3.4. Predicting anxiety symptoms from behavioral inhibition and personality factors 多层回归,Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted in which childrens anxiety disorder symptoms were predicted from sex (step 1), Big Five personality factors (step 2), and behavioral inhibition (step 3). 对焦虑症状进行多层回归分析：性别、人格特质、行为抑制 Overall the results indicated that between 37% (parent-report) and 47% (child-report) of the variance in SCARED-R scores could be explained by the predictor variables (see Table 4). 以上变量可以解释焦虑症状的37%-47%。,4. Discussion,The regression analyses indicated that about half of the total variance in childrens behavioral inhibition scores could be explained by Big Five personality factors. This suggests that there might stil