学生(2013高考专用)短文改错的题型特点.doc

2013高考短文改错的题型特点英语短文改错是高考命题的必考题型之一，是集多项语法规则和多种语言技能于一身的综合性试题，具有题型小，灵活性大，覆盖面广，综合性强，测试层次多的特点。短文改错试题并不是单纯检测语法知识，突出的是检测考生在改错和书写的过程中，在语篇和上下文理解中运用语言知识去解决实际的语言问题。具体来说，短文改错主要检测考生发现、判断、纠正文章中错误的能力，以考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性。高考英语短文改错的考点涵盖知识的领会、运用、分析、综合等诸多方面，考查目标既涉及语言知识的多个方面（词法、句法、语篇结构、行文逻辑等），又涵盖理解、分析、运用和整体思维等诸方面能力。短文改错的文章内容浅显，词数为100左右，多采用记叙文文体，偶尔也有说明文和应用文。短文改错的文章中的错误主要是词语、语法、篇章结构和行文逻辑等方面的错误，这些错误往往需要在不同程度上借助语境进行判断，它不仅要求考生掌握好一定的词汇、语法知识，还要求考生具有一定的阅读、分析和逻辑推理能力。综上所述，要做好短文改错题，必须明确短文改错考点提示，抓住短文改错特点，然后打开做题思路，才能巧解短文改错题。因此，掌握短文改错的特点和应对技巧，有利于帮助同学们逐步培养判断、发现、纠正语篇中语言错误的能力，在高考英语中取得高分。短文改错的设错规律1. 单词的混用这种错误是指误用了某个在形式或意义上与正确的单词相似的单词。如：(1) Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars, buses and trucks. (2) Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to him, very much as a napkin. 2. 名词方面的语法错误关于辨别名词的错误应注意名词本身是可数名词还是不可数名词，同时应根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数形式来判断名词的单复数。此外，还应检查句子中的名词是否有格和名词前限定词用法等方面的错误。如：(1) We have spent several precious weekend in learning in the English Club (福建)(2) And I came to understand that was not easy to earn money, and that knowledges could change my life. (辽宁)(3) The play tells humorous stories that happen in the Greens family. (重庆)(4) and read the daily newspapers, magazines and the other books (湖北)(5) As everyone knows, its famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. 3. 动词用法方面的错误不规则动词的过去式、过去分词形式错误，特别注意几组易混淆的词，如：bear(忍受) / bear(生育)；find / found (建立)；fall / fell(砍倒)；lie(躺) / lie(说谎) / lay；hang(挂) / hang(绞死)等的过去式与过去分词。非谓语动词用法的选择，特别是充当状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语时是用过去分词还是现在分词(取决于主语、名词中心词与宾语的关系)；在 to 后是用不定式还是动名词(取决于to是介词还是小品词)；以及在并列结构中后面动词的形式，必须与第一个动词保持一致。谓语动词时态形式的选择，是现在时还是过去时还是其他时态；情态动词和 will(would), shall (should) 等助动词后面的动词形式的选择(只能用原形)。如：(1) I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or also each day. (全国卷)(2)and I wonder if youll free then so we could chat about the good older days. (山东)(3)Perhaps someone who wanted see the play would take them. (陕西)4. 动词非谓语形式方面的错误辨别非谓语动词的常见错误时需要注意以下几点。看介词后接的是否是动名词；检查某些特定动词的后面只可接动名词的(如advise, admit, avoid, allow, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, include, mention, miss, mind, practise, prevent, quit, resist, risk, stand, suggest, understand等)是否误用了不定式；检查某些特定动词的后面只可接带to的不定式的(如ask, afford, agree, decide, demand, dare, expect, fail, happen, hope, hesitate, manage, offer, ought, plan, intend, prepare, pretend, wish, refuse, promise等)是否误用了动名词；检查某些特定词的后面只跟不带to的不定式的(如had better, would rather, rather than等)是否多加to；检查需要用动词不定式的一般式的是否误用了其完成式；检查需要用动词不定式的完成式的是否误用了其一般式；检查句子中需要用现在分词作状语的是否误用了过去分词；检查句子中需要用过去分词的是否误用了现在分词；当不定式作宾语，且后面又有宾语补足语时，检查是否漏用it作形式宾语，因为这时通常将不定式后置了；注意区分几组特别的动词的-ing形式和过去分词之间的不同，如surprising(令人吃惊的)，surprised(感到惊讶的)；interesting(令人感兴趣的)，interested(感兴趣的)；disappointing(令人失望的)，disappointed(感到失望的)；encouraging(令人鼓舞的)，encouraged(感到鼓舞的)。如：(1) Besides, the foreign teachers here work hard and try his best to make the activities lively and interested. (福建)(2) I really enjoy study because Im growing old and know what I want it. (陕西)(3) My father was so pleasing that he suggested I go to England for a holiday. (全国卷I)(4) I just Want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person. (天津)(5) Wed better not to miss the chance to enjoy it. (重庆)(6) and will do all they can make sure that I get a good education. (7) But then there are always more mysteries look into.(8) We are looking forward to see you on the birthday party.(9) Im sorry I keep you wait for a long time. I got caught in the traffic. (10) Id like to your pen friend, and get to know more about your country.5. 动词语态方面的错误辨别语态的错误应该注意以下几点。检查句子是否该用被动语态；检查句子中使用的被动语态形式是否正确；检查被动语态的时态与句子中的其他时态是否相呼应，被动语态的数是否与其主语一致。如：(1) Im glad to learn that youve been settled down in Boston and are getting used to the local ways of life. (山东)(2) When one student does so, much larger values are destroying. (重庆)(3) and let you know when the book you want has returned and is ready for you to pickup.6. 时态时态方面的错误辨别时态错误要注意以下几点。在简单句中，看动词的时态是否与时间状语保持一致；当两个或两个以上的谓语共用一个主语时，看其时态是否保持一致；看由并列连词连接的两个句子其时态是否保持一致；看主语从句、 表语从句和同位语从句的时态是否与主句的时态保持一致；当定语从句和状语从句谓语表示的动作与主句的动作同时发生时，是否使用了相同的时态。此外，需要注意的是，当遇到宾语从句和间接引语时，如果其主句使用了过去时， 则在从句中也必须使用过去时，但是如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实和真理时，则一般用一般现在时。如：(1) When they came here, I will show them around my university and the city just as well. (2) Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past. (3)They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a goodtime talking and laughing together.(4) I had always wanted to return to the village after moving away. And it is really great to see most of my old friends again. 7. 介词方面的错误介词的错误应该注意以下几点。检查介词的使用无有误用的现象；检查句中有无遗漏介词，尤其要注意作定语用的不定式后是否缺少必要的介词；检查句子中有无多余的介词；检查句子中介词与动词、名词、形容词、副词等的搭配是否正确。如：(1) There are so many places I want to take you to after I finish my work like a volunteer. (福建) (2) If the book you want is out, you may ask it to be kept for you. (安徽)(3) Her strength made me stronger and gave to me courage to try things other thought were impossible. (湖北)(4) and my dad explained for the rules. (浙江)(5) Im going to stay in Nottingham by my aunt and uncle when my cousin joins in the Navy.(6) I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. 8. 形容词副词方面的错误在短文改错中见到形容词和副词时，需要注意形容词和副词是否混用的问题，即检查句中是否存在误把形容词作副词或误把副词用作形容词的现象，尤其是一些词形完全一样的形容词与副词。另外，还要检查句中是否有系动词，如果有系动词，看其后跟的是形容词还是副词；句中有无形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成和使用错误；并列结构前后形容词与副词的级别是否对等。英语中常用的系动词有be, feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear, become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come, run, remain, continue, keep, stay, prove, turn out等，记住这些对于判断形容词和副词是否有误有着非常重要的作用。如：(1) We can hear birds singing happy all around. (福建)(2) In examinations and in certain kinds of written work, it is dishonest and foolishly to help or to ask help from others. (重庆)(3) Finding information on the Net is easily. But not all. (广西卷)(4) I am sure well have a wonderfully time together. 9. 冠词用法错误定冠词the的多余或缺失，如季节，月份，星期，球类及三餐活动，称呼头衔前等不能加the的地方加了the，或是same等常和the一起使用的词却漏掉了the；a, an的混用。注意，判断一个词的前面加a还是an不是看其首字母是不是元音字母，而是看首字母的发音是不是元音，如an hour, an honest boy，其首字母不是元音字母，但其发音却是以元音素开始，故用an，而a useful dictionary, a university, a one-hour journey等，虽然以元音字母开始，但却读作辅音音素的音，故前面要用a。如：(1) I had a interesting dream last night. (浙江)(2) An Australian farmer found the kangaroo caught in the fence around his farms. (四川)(3) Second, I will learn more about history of the Olympics as good as the 2008 Olympic Games. (全国II)(4) As everyone knows, its famous mountain with all kinds of (全国卷)10. 连词用法错误检查并列句中的并列连词的使用是否正确以及并列连词是否有遗漏的情况；检查复合句中从属连词的使用是否正确；检查主语从句和同位语从句之前的连词是否存在遗漏的现象；检查连词有无误用，特别是if和whether之间的误用。如：(1) I was only about six that he held his hand out to me. (全国)(2) So I didnt lose heart and kept running. (浙江)(3) We liked the dishes you had cooked but we were happy to learn the English songs you taught us. (山东)(4) Therefore, my father loves football. (浙江)(5) It was about noon we arrived at the foot of the mountain. (全国卷)11. 代词用法错误代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词和指示代词。判断代词是否有误时应该注意以下几点：代词的格与数的错用。如男性用了女性代词，单数用了复数代词或相反；应当用形容词性的物主代词用了宾格，主格或相反，关系代词的错用。如只能用that引导的用了其它，或在不能用that的地方却用了that，或是在“介词+关系代词”结构中漏掉了介词等。检查物主代词的指代是否使用正确；检查反身代词的单复数形式和人称是否与指代的名词一致；检查看不定代词的使用是否正确；检查指示代词的使用时候正确；检查句子中有无遗漏代词或多余代词的现象。由于不定代词和指示代词的用法比较复杂，所以下面为同学们列出常用的不定代词和指示代词：常用的不定代词有some, any, no, none, many, much, few, little, each, every, one, all, both, either, other, another, others及由some, any, no, every构成的复合词；常用的指示代词有this, that, these, those, it, such, same等。如：(1) If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, they will go hungry. (广东)(2) but I believe you personal experience will be a lot better (浙江)(3) I read your e-mail to my parents and show them the photo you sent it to me.(4) Im sure you will find one you like it. (陕西)(5) A break in their employment, or a decision to work part time, will slow its raises and promotions. 12. 数词用法误用主要是序数词与基数词的混用和错用，如分数的分子大于一时分母没有用复数等，基数词的复数形式如几百hundreds of，几千thousands of漏掉了s，或是当其前有具体数字或several时加了复数，如seven hundred，写作seven hundreds。如：(1) My first one job was to clean the tables in a small restaurant. (辽宁)(2) When he was in his fifty, he moved to France.(3) This big steel plant has a thousand of workers.(4) About three-fifth of the workers of that steel works are young people.13. 固定搭配错误主要是一些常用介词短语、动词短语、形容词短语的误用，另外，一些固定句型中词汇的搭配也容易出错。对付此类错误的方法是大量记忆，熟悉这些固定的搭配。如：(1) about an American who had been invited to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. (2) but such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients. (3) however, a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good manners. (4) It was indeed not easy to get in the touch with everybody and set a well time for all of us. (辽宁)(5) so we will have plenty of spare time visit the area and have a fun (福建)(6) however, the popular teacher is at same time the one who should be strict withstudents.14. 主谓一致错误第三人称单数漏掉s，或主语为复数，谓语动词用了单数；再就是就近原则对主语的影响。主谓语一致的情况较为复杂，考生平时学习要留心归纳。有些特殊句式的主谓一致问题很容易被忽视，如 倒装句、关系代词在定语从句中作主语的情况等，答题时要高度重视。如：(1) As summer vacation are coming soon (四川)(2) With such stories it make people think about life(重庆)(3) Earning their own money allow them to spend on anything if they please. (全国卷) (4) But the most wonderful thing about Jack were his musical ability. (江苏卷) (5) Their word were a great encouragement to me. (NMET)(6) Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.练习（2011全国新课标卷）短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均限一词。2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。My summer travel started terribly .I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hang Zhou. I was going to visit a friend here and after that I would go to Xiamen for l