船舶消防设备检查保养规则与解析.docx

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权，请联系网站删除新证三副FFE培训教材1. Portable fire extinguishers IMO R esolution A.951(23), paragraph 9.1.1 (1) Portable fire extinguishers should be examined annually by a competent person; (A competent person may be taken as Chief Officer, Second Engineer or above); (2) Each portable fire extinguisher should be attached with a tag indicating that it has been examined; (3) CO2/ Halon(卤化烃) Portable fire extinguishers should not be located in accommodation spaces; (4) Each powder or carbon dioxide extinguisher should have a capacity of at least 5kg, and each foam extinguisher a capacity of at least 9. (5) A portable extinguisher is one, which is designed to be carried and operated by hand, and which in working order has a total weight of not more that 23 kg(6) Marking of extinguishers Each extinguisher should be clearly marked with the following minimum information: .1 name of the manufacturer; .2 types of fire and rating for which the extinguisher is suitable; .3 type and quantity of extinguishing medium; .4 approval details; .5 instructions for use and recharge (it is recommended that operating instructions be given in pictorial form（图片的形式）, in addition to explanatory text in language understood by the likely user); .6 year of manufacture; .7 temperature range which the extinguisher will operate satisfactorily; .8 test pressure.(7) Periodical inspections and maintenance .1 Extinguishers should be subject to periodical inspections in accordance with the manufacturers instructions and serviced at intervals not exceeding one year.2 At least one extinguisher of each type manufactured in the same year and kept on board a ship（定语）should be test discharged at five yearly intervals (as part of a fire drill). 五年之内，同一船上的，同一年份制造的，每一种灭火器中至少要有一支应该做释放测试。.3 All extinguishers together with propellant cartridges should be hydraulically tested in accordance with the recognized standard（公认标准） or the manufacturers instruction at intervals not exceeding ten years. .4 Service and inspection should only be undertaken by, or under the supervision of a person with competence, based on the inspection guide in below tableANNUAL INSPECTIONSafety clip and indicating devicesCheck to see if the extinguisher may have been operated.Pressure indicating deviceWhere fitted, check to see that the pressure is within limits. Check that dust covers on pressure indicating devices and relief valves are in place.External examinationInspect for corrosion, dents or damage which may affect the safe operation of the extinguisher.WeightWeigh the extinguisher and check the mass compared to the fully charged extinguisher.Hose and nozzle Check that hoses and nozzles are clear and undamaged. Operating instructionsCheck that they are in placeand legible（清晰地）. INSPECTION AT RECHARGEAir passages （气管）and operating mechanism（机械装置）Prove clear passage by blowing. Check hose nozzle strainer（过滤器）, Check the operating and discharge control. Clean and lubricate as required.Operating mechanismCheck that the safety pin is removable and that the lever（控制杆） is undamagedGas cartridgeExamine for damage and corrosion. Weigh the cartridge to ascertain that it is within prescribed（规定的） limits.O-rings washers（环形垫圈） and hose diaphragms（膜片）Check O-rings and replace hose diaphragms if fitted.Water and foam bodiesInspect the interior（内部）. Check for corrosion and lining（内衬） deterioration. Check separate containers for leakage or damagePowder bodyExamine the body and check internally for corrosion and lining deterioration.INSPECTION AFTER RECHARGEWater and foamReplace the charge in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.Reassemble(重装)Reassemble the extinguisher in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.Maintenance label Fill in entry(条目) on maintenance label, including full weight.Mounting of extinguishers Check the mounting bracket.ReportComplete a report on the state of maintenance of the extinguisher.(8) Records of inspections should be maintained. The records should show the date of inspection, the type of maintenance carried out and whether or not a pressure test was performed. (9)Extinguishers should be provided with a visual indication（直观指示） of discharge. (10)Instructions for recharging extinguishers should be supplied by the manufacturer and be available for use on board. (11)Extinguishers are classified（分类） according to the type of extinguishing medium（灭火剂） they contain. At present the types of extinguishers and the uses for which they are recommended are as follows:Extinguishing mediumRecommended for use on fires involvingWaterWater with additives（添加剂）wood, paper, textiles（纺织品） and similar materialsFoamwood, paper, textiles and flammable liquidsDry powder/dry chemical (standard/classes B, C )flammable liquids, electrical equipment and flammable gasesDry powder/dry chemical (multiple or general purpose/classes A, B, C)wood, paper, textiles, flammable liquids, electrical equipment and flammable gasesDry powder/dry chemical (metal)combustible metalsCarbon dioxideflammable liquids and electrical equipmentWet chemical for class F or Kcooking grease, fats or oil fires（油类火灾）Clean agents2. Spare charges for portable fire extinguishersIMO MSC/Circ.847, paragraph 6.2For portable fire extinguishers of the same type, capable of being recharged on board, the spare charges should be provided as follows: (1) 100% for the first ten portable fire extinguishers and 50% for the remaining portable fire extinguishers but not more than 60; and (2) For portable fire extinguishers that cannot be recharged by the crew,additional portable fire extinguishers of the same quantity, type, capacity and number as determined in (1) above should be provided in lieu of spare charges. (3) Instructions for recharging should be carried on board. Partially emptied extinguishers should also be recharged.3. T esting for portable fire extinguishers IMO MSC/Circ.847, paragraph 6.5A- The extinguishers should be examined annually by a competent person. B- Each extinguisher should be provided with a sign indicating that it has been examined.C- Containers of permanently pressurized portable fire extinguishers and propellant bottles of non-pressurized portable fire extinguishers should be hydraulic pressure tested as follows by a competent service station recognized by a Recognized Organization:(1) Powder type portable fire extinguishers every 10 years; (2) CO2 type portable fire extinguishers every 10 years; (3) Other type portable fire extinguishers ever y 10 years; and (4) Containers of non-permanently pressurized portable fire extinguishers should be hydraulic pressure tested every 10 years.问：手提式灭火器容易发生的缺陷有哪些？答：目前船舶配备的手提式灭火器有干粉、泡沫、二氧化碳灭火器。容易发生的缺陷：未定期检查；瓶体锈蚀严重；压力表显示无压力；灭火器总重超规范（FSS规定，手提式灭火器总重应不超过23KG）。船舶手提式灭火器配备不符合要求案例（一）2015年3月，某海事处对“X”轮实施安全检查，发现该轮起居处所配备的灭火器均为二氧化碳灭火器，不满足04国内航行海船法定检验技术规则(06修改通报) 第4篇船舶安全第2-2章构造-防火、探火与灭火1.15.3（1）（在起居处所内不应布置二氧化碳灭火器。在控制站和其它内设船舶安全所必要的电器或电子设备或装置的其它处所，所配备灭火器的灭火剂应既不导电也不会对设备和装置产生危害）的要求。在“06修改通报”中明确国内航行船舶2006年3月1日或以后安放龙骨的船舶应符合上述要求。手提式灭火器配备现状目前，国际航行船舶基本都按照国际海上人命安全公约（SOLAS）2000修正案-2章第10.3条要求配备了手提式灭火器，其起居处所基本没有二氧化碳灭火器。国内二程船舶无论是新船还是2006年3月1日之前安放龙骨的船舶，在日常检查中起居处所二氧化碳灭火器也不常见。无论国际航行船舶还是国内航行船舶，起居处所目前配备较多的是干粉灭火器或者水基灭火器。法规和公约要求海安会通函MSC.1/Circ.1275（2008年6月3日）关于SOLAS公约第-2章关于船上手提式灭火器的数量和布置的统一解释和SOLAS公约第-2/10.3.2.3条规定：在起居处所内不应布置二氧化碳灭火器。在控制站和其它内设船舶安全所必要的电器或电子设备或装置的其它处所，所配备灭火器的灭火剂应既不导电也不会对设备和装置产生危害。同时，二氧化碳的配备应符合国际消防安全系统规则（FSS规则）第4章关于船上手提式灭火器的数量和布置要求。对于国内航行船舶，“海06修改通报“要求2006年3月1日或以后建造船舶船舶，起居处所不应布置手提式二氧化碳灭火器。缺陷处理和纠正执法人员要求船方于开航前配齐合格的手提式灭火器，并对负责消防设备的三副进行违法记分1分处理。问题思考与工作提示对于手提式灭火器的配备和日常维护保养检查，虽然目前大多数船舶配备都比较规范，但是在日常现场检查和安全检查中，仍有不少问题值得大家去思考。现将本人思考的几点小建议分享给大家，希望对大家以后的工作有所帮助。一、鉴于SOLAS公约和FSS规则关于禁止起居处所使用手提式二氧化碳灭火器，其出发点是考虑生活区尤其是客船如果发生火灾，在使用手提式二氧化碳灭火器灭火的同时，可能会对船员、乘客人身安全造成二次伤害。那么，我们在日常检查中，可否建议国内2006年3月1日以前安放龙骨的船舶将二氧化碳灭火器更换成其他等效的灭火器。另外，如果2006年3月1日之前安放龙骨的船舶，其配备的二氧化碳灭火器过期后，新配备的灭火器是按照06修改通报配备还是沿用未修订的04规则进行配备？我个人倾向于前者，因为该项目的修改不会给船东带来额外的费用，同时，我们也建议船检机构在年度检验时，将防火控制图更新到符合新规范要求。二、船上手提式灭火器的维护保养检查，可以参照IMOA.951(23)决议“船用手提式灭火器改进指南”、GB4351-2004手提式灭火器通用技术条件、ISO 7165:1999 灭火-手提式灭火器-性能和制造等规范的要求。在查看灭火器时，我们可以结合船舶防火控制图以及灭火器的年检进行进一步的比对，查看备份灭火剂，许多船更换灭火器过程中会产生船图不一致。三、 在日常检查中，我们发现有些船员除了在培训四小证时候偶尔使用过手提式灭火器，在船上服役多年却从来没有使用过，有的船员甚至已经忘记了灭火器如何使用。尤其是二氧化碳灭火器，若使用不当不但容易造成人员呼吸困难，还会造成人员手臂冻伤。另外，部分高级船员也不是很清楚各类灭火器所对应的火灾种类，这需要我们一线的海事执法人员在安全检查和现场检查中多进行此类的实操检查，必要时通过演习等方式实地查看船员手提式灭火器的使用情况。四、 国内航行船舶手提式灭火器的配备一般应满足以下要求：1、起居处所、服务处所和控制站内应配备型式合适和数量足够的手提式灭火器。1000总吨及以上的船舶应至少备有5具手提式灭火器；2、用于任何处所的手提式灭火器，其中应有1具存放在该处所入口处附近；3、灭火器应布置于易于看到并能在失火时迅速和容易到达的位置。灭火器的可用性应不会受到天气、震动或其他外部因素的影响。手提式灭火器应配有表明其是否已经被用过的标志。附表1船上各类处所手提式灭火器的最低数量和布置处所的类型灭火器的最低数量配置灭火器适宜扑灭的失火类别起居处所公共处所每205甲板面积或不足，配1具灭火器A走廊每层甲板或每一主竖区内，灭火器间的步行距离应不超过25MA梯道0盥洗室、居住舱室、办公室、无烹调设备的配膳室0医务室1具A服务处所洗衣干燥间、设有烹调设备的配膳室1具A或B储藏室和物料间（甲板面积大于等于4）、邮件和行李室、贵重物品室、工作间（不是机器处所、厨房的一部分）1具B厨房对设有深油炸锅的厨房，1具能扑灭B级火的灭火器和1具附加的能扑灭F级或K级火的灭火器B,F或K储藏室和物料间（面积小于4）0存放易燃液体的其他处所根据SOLAS公约第-2/10.6.3条控制站控制站（非驾驶室）1具A或C驾驶室2具，如果驾驶室小于50，仅要求1具灭火器A或CA 类机器处所推进装置的集中控制站1具，当主配电板布置在集中控制站时，再布置1具适合扑灭电器A和/或C主配电板附近2具C工作间1具A或B带有燃油惰性气体发生器、焚烧炉和废物处理装置的围蔽处所2具B带有燃油净化器的单独围蔽舱室0周期性无人值班的A类机器处所每个入口处1具B其他处所构成机器处所一部分的工作间和其他机器处所（辅机处所、电器设备处所、自动电话交换室、空调处所和其他类似处所）1具B或C露天甲板0B滚装处所和车辆处所在每个甲板面，任何一点到达1具灭火器的步行距离不大于20mB货物处所0B液货泵舱2具B直升机甲板根据SOLAS公约第-2/18.5.1条B注：1 对于小处所，所要求的手提式灭火器可位于该处所外部且位于处所入口附近处。2对于服务处所，位于处所外部且位于处所入口附近处的对小处所要求的手提式灭火器，也可视为该服务处所要求配置的手提式灭火器之一。3如果驾驶室和海图室相邻并有直接通往海图室的门，不要求海图室中布置附加的灭火器。如客船的安全中心位于驾驶室限界面内时，也同样适用。4如果在露天甲板、开式滚装处所和车辆处所以及货物处所（适用时）载运危险货物时，应布置2具，每具容量不少于6公斤干粉或等效的手提式灭火器。在液货船的露天甲板上，应设有2具具有适当容量的手提式灭火器。5如果开放或封闭的集装箱内装载油箱内备有自用燃料的机动车辆，集装箱船的货舱内不需要设有手提式灭火器。附2：火灾分类灭火剂建议用于下列物质引起的火灾水、水和添加剂木材、纸类、纺织品及类似固体材料泡沫木材、纸类、纺织品及易燃液体干粉/干化学品（标准B/C级）易燃液化、电气设备、易燃气体干粉/干粉化学（高倍/一般用途/A、B、C级）木材、纸类、纺织品、易燃液体、电气设备和易燃气体干粉/干粉化学(金属)可燃金属二氧化碳易燃液体和电器设备湿化学品（F级）烹调用油、油脂清洁气体火灾种类：A级 固体材料引起的火灾、通常是有机材料。B级 可燃液体或液化固体引起的火灾。C级 气体引起的火灾D级 可燃金属如镁、钛、锆、钠、锂和钾引起的火灾。F级 烹调油和油脂引起的火灾。4. Maintenance and inspection of fixed carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system IMO MSC/Circ.1318, paragraph 6.1.2(1) MaintenanceandinspectionplanFixed carbon dioxide fire extinguishing systems should be kept in good working order and readily available for immediate use. Maintenance and inspections should be carried out in accordance with the ships maintenance plan having due regard to ensuring the reliability of the system. The onboard maintenance plan should be included in the ships safety management system and should be based on the system manufacturers recommendations including:.1 maintenanceandinspectionproceduresandinstructions.2 requiredschedulesforperiodicmaintenanceandinspections.3 listingofrecommendedsparepartsand.4 recordsofinspectionsandmaintenance,includingcorrectiveactionstakento maintain thesysteminoperable condition.(2) Monthly inspections 2.1 At least every 30 days a general visual inspection should be made of the overall system condition for obvious signs of damage, and should include verification that: .1 all stop valves are in the closed position .2 all releasing controls are in the proper position and readily accessible(易接近的) for immediate use .3 all discharge piping and pneumatic tubing（输气管） is intact and has not been damaged .4 all high pressure cylinders are in place and properly secured and .5 the alarm devices are in place and do not appear damaged.2.2 Inaddition,onlowpressuresystemstheinspectionsshouldverifythat:.1thepressuregaugeisreadinginthenormalrange.2theliquidlevelindicatorisreadingwithintheproperlevel.3themanuallyoperatedstoragetankmainservicevalveissecuredinthe openpositionand.4thevaporsupplylinevalveissecuredintheopenposition.(3) Annualinsp ectionsThe following minimum level of maintenance and inspections should be carried out in accordance with the system manufacturers instructions and safety precautions:.1 the boundaries of the protected space should be visually inspected to confirm that no modifications have been made to the enclosure that have created un-closeable openings that would render the system ineffective;.2 all storage containers should be visually inspected for any signs of damage, rust. Cylinders that are leaking, corroded, dented or bulging should be hydrostatically retested or replaced;.3 the manifold should be inspected to verify that all flexible discharge hoses and fittings are properly tightened;.4 all entrance doors to the protected space should close properly and should have warning signs, which indicate that the space is protected by a fixed carbon dioxide system and that personnel should evacuate immediately if the alarms-sounded.5 Allremotereleasingcontrolsshouldbecheckedfor clear operating instructions and indication as to the space served.(4) Renewal survey* incargoships ,thefollowingmaintenanceshouldbecarriedout.1 all high pressure cylinders and pilot cylinders should be weighed or have their content verified by other reliable means to confirm that the available charge in each is above 90% of the nominal charge. Cylinders containing less than 90% of the nominal charge should be refilled. The liquid level of low pressure storage tanks should be checked to verify that the required amount of carbon dioxide to protect the largest hazard is available;.2 the hydrostatic test date of all storage containers should be checked. High pressure cylinders should be subjected to periodical tests at intervals not exceeding 10 years. At the 10 year inspection at least 10% of the total number provided should be subjected to an internal inspection and hydrostatic test. If one or more cylinders fail, a total of 50% of the onboard cylinders should be tested. If further cylinders fail, all cylinders should be tested. Flexible hoses should be replaced at the intervals recommended by the manufacturer and not exceeding every 10 years;.3 the discharge piping and nozzles should be tested to verify that they are not blocked. The test should be performed by isolating the discharge piping from the system and flowing dry air or nitrogen(氮气)from test cylinders or suitable means through the piping. 5. Controls for f ixed carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system F SS Code, Chapter 5, paragraph 2.2.2Carbon dioxide systems shall comply with the following requirements: (1) Two separate controls shall be provided for releasing carbon dioxide into a protected space and to ensure the activation of the alarm. One control shall be used for opening the valve of the piping which conveys the gas into the protected space and a second control shall be used to discharge the gas from its storage containers; (2) Two controls shall be located inside a release box clearly identified for the particular space. If the box containing the controls is to be locked, a key to the box shall be in a break-glass-type enclosure conspicuously located adjacent to the box. 6. Foam fire-extinguishing systems IACS Recommendation No.53-2 IMO MSC/Circ.1312, MSC/Circ.670 and MSC/Circ.798Fixed foam extinguishing systems should be inspected every two years by a competent service station recognized by a Recognized Organization. Foam sample analysis shall be carried out after a period of 3 years after being supplied to the ship and thereafter every year at authorized service agent of manufacturers laboratory. A record of the age of the foam concentrates and of subsequent controls should be kept on board.7. Air cylinders f or self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) (CABA)IMO MSC/Circ.850, 1432 IACS Recommendation No.88 SCBA cylinders should be hydraulic pressure tested at intervals not exceeding 5 years and the hydrostatic test date must be permanently marked on the bottles. Two spare charges suitable for use with the breathing apparatus should be provided for each SCBA. If cargo ship are equipped with suitably located means for fully recharging the air cylinders free from contamination, only one spare charge is required for each required SCBA.8. Air bottles for air supply in totally enclosed lifeboats IACS Recommendation No.88 Air bottles for air supply in totally enclosed lifeboats should be hydraulic pressure tested by a competent service station recognized by a recognized organization at intervals not exceeding 5 years and the hydrostatic test date must be permanently marked on the bottles.Periodical hydrostatic tests of air Cylinders of safety equipment9. Medical oxygen cylinders C ap. 295B, regulation 66 Hydrostatic pressure testing of cylinders shall be carried out by a competent service station recognized by a Recognized Organization at the intervals not exceeding 5 years and the hydrostatic test date must be permanently marked on the bottles.10. E mergency escape breathing device (EEBD) IACS Recommendation No.88 IMO MSC/Circ.1081, 1432At least two EEBDs and one spare EEBD should be provided in accommodation spaces. In machinery spaces for category A containing internal combustion machinery used for main propulsion, EEBDs should be positioned as follows: (1) One EEBD in the engine control room, if located within the machinery space. (2) One EEBD in workshop areas. If there is, however, a direct access to an escape way from the work