定语从句之关系代词(1).docx

定语从句I 关系代词定义：在复合句中修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句，叫做定语从句。基本构成：先行词+关系间+定语从句。先行词：它所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。关系词：连接先行同和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，同时指代先行词，并在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。分类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。引导定语从句的关系词有两类：关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose等，关系副词有when, where, why等。关系代词的具体用法见下表：关系代词指代的先行词在从句中所作的成分who指人主语、宾语、表语whom指人宾语whose指人或物定语which指物主语、宾语、表语that指人或物主语、宾语、表语一、关系代词的用法1.who指人，在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。(作主语)Danny was a man who we rescued from the ruins.丹尼是我们从废墟中救出来的一个人。(作宾语)2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。Rose is the person (who/whom) you should care about.罗丝是你应该关心的人。(作宾语)3.whose可修饰人，也可修饰物，表所属关系，whose在定语从句中作定语。I know the person whose house was destroyed in the earthquake.我认识那个人，他的房子在地震中被摧毁了。(作定语)4.which指事物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。5.that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。习惯上指人多用who, whom，指物多用which.The number of people that come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人数达100万。(that指人，作主语)The suitcase that lies on the ground is hers.地上放的那个手提箱是她的。(that指物，作主语)误区警示 关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。译 昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。误 The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening.正 The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening. 关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。Is that the girl (whom/who/that) you spoke of the other day?那就是你前几天所提到的女孩吗?二、只能用that而不用which引导定语从句的情况1.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。This is the most delicious food that I have ever had，这是我吃过的最美味的食品。2.先行词是不定代词，如all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing, none等时。有关这个专题的任何资料都请寄给我们。All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已经做了。3.先行词被all, any, every, no, the only, the very, the last等修饰时。Please send us any information that you have about the subject.The only thing that she could do was go to the police for help.她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。学法点拨：以上三种情况有一个共同特点，就是先行词或先行词之前的修饰词往往带有“唯一”或者“全部”概念，以致无法作出选择。因为关系代词which也是疑问代词，表示“哪一个”，含有选择意味，所以，用that引导万无一失。4.有两个或两个以上先行词，既指人又指物时。Sometimes we should ignore the persons and things that upset us.有时，我们不应该理会让我们不快的人和事。5.当主句是以who, which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which of the books that you bought is the most useful for my writing?你买的书中哪一本对我的写作最有用?三、只能用which而不用that引导定语从句的情况1.引导非限制性定语从句时。Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.足球，一项非常有趣的运动，在全世界得到了普及。2.当关系代词前有介词时。This is the house in which Mo Yan once lived，这就是莫言曾经住过的房子。3.当先行间本身就是that时。That which you told him about is what we want to know.你告诉他的事情就是我们想知道的。4.在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系间是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。四、只能用who而不用that引导定语从句的情况1.先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one, anyone, no one, all, nobody, anybody, none等。The students you should learn from are those who graduate from top universities.你应该学习的是那些从名牌大学毕业的学生。2.在There be结构中，先行词指人时。There is a young lady who is in a state of shock.有位年轻女士休克了。3.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who.(指人时)The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.昨晚你遇到的那个男孩就是那个学习非常努力的组长。误区警示关系代词或关系副词的选择有两个原则：一是看先行词是人还是物；二是看关系词代替先行词在从句中作什么成分。若关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语，则选关系代词若在从句中作状语，则选关系副词。Well remember those days that/which we spent together. (作宾语)Well remember those days when we played by the sea. (作状语)关系代词在从句中作主语时，根据先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的单复数。He is the only one of the students who has a good command of French.(the only one为先行词)He is one of the students who have a good command of French. (students为先行词) 五. as引导定语从句1.as用作关系代词，既可指人，也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在the same.as.，such.as.，as.as等句型中，as不能省略。Such teachers as know Tom think him very bright.认识汤姆的老师都认为他很聪明。Ill buy the same dictionary as you have.我要买和你的一样的词典。误区警示：当先行词被such, the same修饰时，也可用that引导定语从句，但指同一物，而不是同一类。This is the same bike that I lost two months ago.这就是两个月前我丢的那辆自行车。(同一辆自行车)比较 This is the same bike as I lost two months ago.这辆自行车跟我两个月前丢的那辆自行车一样。2.as引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句的内容。从句可放在主句前、主句后或主句中间。As you know, she is a stubborn girl, and I cant persuade her to change her mind.你知道，她是一个倔强的女孩，我不能说服她改变主意。My grandfather is fond of talking about the good old days, as is often the case with old people，我爷爷喜欢谈论过去的美好时光，这种情况在老年人中较为常见。学法点拨：as引导非限制性定语从句常用的固定表达：as