初中英语连词讲与练.doc

初中英语连词讲与练连词是连接单词、短语或句子的一种虚词。在句中不单独作句子成分。历年中考中常考并列连词and，but，neither nor；从属连词now that，though，when。所以了解状语从句和宾语从句的真正意义有助于正确使用从属连词。连词: 从属连词和并列连词（一）从属连词：用于连接各种从句的连词（二）并列连词：并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：1.表并列关系的and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor等。2. 表选择关系的or, eitheror等3. 表转折关系的but, while（然而）等。4.表因果关系的for, so等。5. and: “和”在肯定句中表并列or: “和”在否定句中表并列另外：1)or “或者”用于选择疑问句 2)or “否则”eg. .Which do you like better, tea or milk? .Hurry up, or youll be late for school. 6.but “但是”表转折eg. I listened, but I heard nothing.注意：1)though(虽然), but(但是)不能连用 2)not but 不是而是eg. This book isnt mine but yours.both and : 既又（连接主语为复数）neithernor: 既不也不（连接两主语时，谓语动词取决于临近主语的人称和数）7. eitheror: 或者或者（连接两主语时，谓语动词取决于临近主语的人称和数） not only but also:不但而且 she is not only a student ,but also a good student .eg.1)Both he and I are students.2)Neither he nor I am a student.练 习1. _ he is very young, _ he knows a lot about science. A. Though; butB. Because; so C. Though; / 2. She was _ we all like her. A. such a good singer B. such a good singer that C. so good singer that 3. Ill give her the message _ she comes back. A. as soon as B. before C. since4. Mother didnt go to bed _ she finished cleaning the room. A. after B. Until C. because 5. It is a long time _ we met last time in Shanghai. A. before B. after C. Since(自从-以来) 6. He was worried about _ he would come to my party. A. that B. what C. if7. Can you tell me _ is she going to give me as a present? A. what B. when C. who 8. Rose is an English girl, _ she doesnt like English food. A.so B for C. and 9. There is air _ water on the moon. A. and B. or C. so 10. Tom laughed _ the others did, _ he didnt understand the story. A. like; though B. as; though C. like; because 11. It was _ we went fishing in the open air yesterday. A. such a nice weather B. so nice weather that C. such nice weather that 12. I didnt hear _ he said just now. A. that B. what C. which 13. They were reading _ the lights were out. A. until B. when C. while14. The street was wet, _ it rained last night. A. because B. As C. for 15. Could you tell me _ his father is like? A. that B. how C. what ( )1._ the afternoon of May, we visited the old man.A. On B. AtC. In( )2.Many people work _ the day and sleep _ night. A. on ; at B. in ; in C. in ; at( )3.He speaks Japanese best _ the boy students. A. between B. with C. among( )4.A wolf _ a sheep skin is our dangerous enemy.A. withB. in C. on( )5.Joan hopes to come back _ three days. A. after B. for C. in( )6.They sent the letter to me _ mistake. A. by B. for C. with( )7.He left home _ a cold winter evening. A. at B. on C. in( )8.Shanghai is _ the east of China. A. in B. on C. to( )9._ my fathers help, I have finished my composition. A.and B. on C. with( )10.Hes very strict _ himself and hes very strict _ his work. A. with ; in B. in ; with C. with ; with( )11.I really cant agree _ you. A. toB. on C. with( )12.The shop wont open _ nine in the morning. A. untilB.at C. during( )13.How about _ the flowers now? A. wateringB. are watering C. watered( )14.She spent all his money _ books. A. inB. with C. on( )15.They are talking _ low voices. A. with B. in C. on( )16.Its very kind _ you to help us. A. forB. to C. of( )17.What will you have _ breakfast this morning? A. withB. forC. by( )18.A plane is flying _ the city. A. onB. over C. above( )19.You are free to speak _ the meeting. A. atB. inC. on( )20.Mr. Green will stay in China_ Friday. A. toB. onC. till( )21.Its wrong to play tricks _ other people .A. onB. of C. with( )22.Which color do you like? I prefer blue _ red. A. forB. as C. to( )23.The student will give us a talk _ how to use our spare time.A. for B. on C. in( )24.I paid two hundred yuan _ that kind of bicycle.A. in B. for C. on( )25.The doctor is very kind _ his patientsA. to B. on C. at( )26.We cant live _ air.A. in B. with C. without( )27.The child was afraid _ the strange sound. A. at B. for C. of( )28.He was very angry _ her for being late.A. for B. with C. at( )29.What do you think _ the play?A. on B. like C. of( )30.I think its the right way to work out the problem, but I am not sure _ it.A. do B. for C. of( )31.Reading _ the sun isnt good _ youA. under ; for B. in ; for C. in ; to( )32.I wont ask about it, Im going to see it _ my own eyes.A. by B. for C. with( )33.We go to school every day _ Sunday.A. except B. withoutC. on( )34.There is a small river _ the two towns A. in B. between C. among( )35.Li Lei sometimes falls asleep _ the lesson. A. for B. through C. during( )36.Mr. Black went to Paris _ a few days. A. for B. in C. after( )37.They will leave _ London next month.A. toB. fromC. for( )38.Are you going to the zoo _ bus or _ my car? A. on ; by B. by ; in C. on ; in( )39. Japan lies _ the east of China . A. toB. inC. about( )40.No one can stop her _ going away. A. ofB. from C. out of( )41. . _ the help of my teacher, I caught up with the other students.A. Under B. In C. With D. On( )42.Youll get a nice present _ your parents_ your birthday.A. from ; on B. for ; at C. frm ; in( )43.Light comes in _ the window. A. fromB. acrossC. through( )44.There are many apples _ the tree. A bird _ the tree is picking an apple. A. in ; on B. on ; in C. in ; at( )45. Hurry up, _ you will miss the train.A. and B. soC.or( )46. Dont go _ the street. The bus is coming. A. crossB. acros C. past( )47.He lives _ the twentieth floor _ No. 154 Zhongshan Street.A. on;atB. in ; in C. on ; in( )48.He found a piece of useful information _ the Internet. A. at B.onC. in( )49._ my surprise, he lost the game. A. With B. To C. On( )50. Tom failed in the exam again _ he wanted to pass it very muchit. A. ifB. soC. though初中主谓一致讲练一，主谓一致三原则 主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则。 1. 语法一致原则：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。例如： Tom is a good student. They often play football on the playground. 2. 意义一致：指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这是谓语动词用单数形式。例如： My family are having lunch now. Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book. 3. 就近一致就近一致就近一致就近一致：指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近他的主语。例如： Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football. There is a pen and some books on the desk. 二、主谓一致常考题型 1. 单数名词(代词)，不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数形式，复数名词(代词)作主语，谓语用复数形式。例如： The desk is Toms. Some water is in the bottle. The students are playing football on the playground. 2. many a+单数名词作主语，意义虽为“许多”，但谓语要用单数形式。例如： Many a student has been to Shanghai. 3. more than one+单数名词作主语，谓语用单数。例如： More than one student has ever been to Beijing. 4. 主语是each/every+单数名词+and(each/every)+单数名词时，谓语动词用单数。例如： Each boy and each girl has got a seat. Every man and every woman is at work. 5. one and a half+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： One and a half hours is enough. 6. 动词不定式，动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： To see is to believe Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes. 7. a/an+单数名词+or two 作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如： A student or two has failed the exam. 8. 不定代词somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, everybody,everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing作主语，谓语动词用单数；none 如果指量，动词用单数。若用来指数目，与可数名词连用，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数，none 如果代 表不可数名词时谓语动词用单数。例如： Is everyone here today. Something is wrong with him. Nobody was in. None of the land has become desert. 9. each, either, neither, another, the other 作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如： Each of them has an English dictionary. Neither answer is correct. 10. a number of+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数；the number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如： A number of famous people were invited to party. 许多名人都被邀请参加这个聚会。 The number of the students is over eight hundred. 我们学校的学生数超过800人。 11. 当kind of, pair of, glass of 等表示确定数量的名词短语修饰主语时，谓语与kind, pair, glass等一致。例如： This pair of shoes is Toms. There are two glasses of water on the table. 12. the+形容词：表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；表示抽象概念时，用单数形式。例如： The poor are very happy, but the rich are sad. The beautiful lives forever. 13. 表示时间，价格，重量，数目，长度，数学运算等的词或短语作主语时，这些通常作一个整体概念，谓语用单数形式。 例如： Twenty pounds isnt so heavy. Two months is not a short time. Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离). Twenty pounds isnt so heavy. Ten miles isnt a long distance. Five minus four is one. 14. 集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时: A. 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图) 15. Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。 如： There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵16、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数： The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋) 17. glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。 如： The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) 18 .a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。 如： A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句) 19、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。 如： The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品) 20. 用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。 如： Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来) 21.主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。 如： A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边) 22. eitheror (或者或者，要么要么), neithernor(既不也不) , not onlybut also (不仅而且) 连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。 如： Either you or he is right. Neither you nor I am going there. Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 23. there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定（就近原则）。 以here，there开头的句子，若主语在两个或两个以上，谓语动词通常与临近的主语一致（就近原则）。例如： There is a book and three pens on the desk. Here are some books and paper for you. There is a table and four chairs in the room. 24. 在A as well as B的结构里，语意的重点在 A，不在 B，如果这个结构作主语，谓语动词形式与谓语动词形式与谓语动词形式与谓语动词形式与A一致。 He as well as his friends likes going shopping. 不但他的朋友喜欢购物，他也喜欢。 He can speak Spanish as well as English 他不但会说英语，而且会讲西班牙语。 as well as 与not only but also 的区别： A as well as B的侧重点在的侧重点在的侧重点在的侧重点在A；not only A but also B的侧重点在的侧重点在的侧重点在的侧重点在B 如：He speaks not only English but also Fren他不但会说英语，而且还会说法语。 Not only you but (also) I am to blame. 不仅你，连我都要受责难。 You as well as I are to blame. 不仅我，你也一样有责任。 25. 主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词名词名词名词确定： 如： Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)26. population一词特殊用法： Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数) 27. when and where 是个整体,表示单数 Professor James will give us a lecture on the western culture， but when and where hasnt been decided yet. （这个事情什么时候在哪发生 ）仍然不确定，括号内这个整体不确定，所以谓语动词用单数主谓一致精练 ( ) 1. -Have you got some water to drink? -Here you are. There_ still some in the bottle. A. are B. were C. is D. was ( ) 2 ._ there many American friends in the school last Friday? A. Is B. Was C. Are D. Were ( ) 3. There _ a great many accidents（事故） last year. A. were B. are C. is D. was ( ) 4 .-How many children _ in the picture? -Three. A. has there B. is there C. have there D. are there ( ) 5. In 1850, about a third of U. S. A_ covered by forests. A. were B. has been C. / D. was ( ) 6. Most of our earth_ covered by water. A. are B. is C. was D. were ( ) 7. Sunday _ the first day of the week. A. is B. are C. am D. be ( ) 8.Neither_right. A. answers are B. answers arent C. answer is D. answer isnt ( ) 9. The population of the world _ still _ now. A. has; grown B. will; grow C. is; growing D. is grown ( ) 10.There _ many people running in the park every morning. A. is B. were C. are D. have ( ) 11. These police often_the children across the street. A. help B. helps C. helping D. is helping ( ) 12. _ going to England by air next week. A. The Green family are B. The Greens family are C. The Greens family are D. Green family are ( ) 13.The whole family _ enjoying the beautiful music now. A. is all B. all is C. all are D. are all ( ) 14.Our class _ big. A. is B. are C. were D. will ( ) 15. Neither he nor I _ from Canada. We are from Australia. A. is B. are C. am D. be ( ) 16. Either you or he _ right. A. are B. is C. does D. were ( ) 17. Neither Mary nor her brother_ good at singing. A. is B. are C. is not D. are not ( ) 18. Not only Tom but also Alice and Mary _ busy. A. is B. was C. are D. has ( ) 19. Physics _ interesting to us. A. are B. has C. is D. were ( ) 20. The news_ exciting. We got excited at it. A. is B. was C. were D. are ( ) 21. Though mathematics_ hard, we all work at it hard. A. are B. were C. was D.is 初中英语非谓语动词语法精讲定义及构成非谓语动词主要包括不定式&动名词&分词（现在分词和过去分词），.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分它有三种形式：不定式，分词（现在分词、过去分词），动名词1非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.（2）都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）（4）都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）We being League member, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。(5)英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。功能及用法(一)动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.否定式：not + (to) do（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.2不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。（2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.（3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.（4）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.（5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：动宾关系