莎翁在中国 中英对照阅读.docx

莎翁在中国William Shakespeare was placed on a pedestal when his name first appeared in Chinese publications around 1839. Great scholars and artists have since made numerous attempts to bring the Swan of Avon to a Chinese-speaking audience. Although statistics are hard to come by, its almost certain that he is the most translated foreign author and the most staged foreign dramatist.大约在1839年，莎士比亚的名字首次出现在中国的出版物中，人们很崇拜他。从那以后，伟大的学者、艺术家们无数次尝试将这位“埃文河上的诗人”及其作品呈现给中国观众。虽然统计资料很难获取，但几乎可以肯定的是，作为一名外国作家，莎士比亚作品的中译本数量最多；作为一名外国剧作家，他的剧本在中国被搬上舞台最多次。Shakespeare (1564-1616) who was born and died on the same date, April 23now the UNESCO-anointed World Book Dayhas been an inspiration for several generations of Chinese readers and theatergoers. (Spains Miguel de Cervantes died on the same day April 23, 1616; and Tang Xianzu, arguably Chinas greatest dramatist and author of The Peony Pavilion, died in the same year.)莎士比亚（1564-1616）的生卒日都是4月23日，这一天同时也是联合国教科文组织指定的世界读书日。他为好几代中国读者和戏剧家提供了创作灵感。（西班牙塞万提斯和莎士比亚于同一天1616年4月23日去世；汤显祖可以说是中国最伟大的剧作家，同时也是牡丹亭的作者和莎士比亚同年去世。）While the Chinese only spotlight about a dozen of Shakespeares plays, academic research tends to have a much wider focus. Most of the approaches are oriented toward discovering the social context of his works and recreating them, in text and on the stage, as close to the original as possible. Productions place great emphasis on replicating the foreignness of the characters and sets, and translators spend more time trying to figure out how to render the poetic forms, rather than the rich layers of meaning.虽然在中国，人们只关注莎士比亚的十二部戏剧，但是学术研究涉及了更广阔的范围。研究方法大多倾向于探究其作品的社会背景、尽可能原汁原味地使其作品在剧本和舞台上再现。这些戏剧的制作十分强调复制其人物角色和场景的“异域性”，译者花更多时间去想如何翻译诗歌的形式，而不是诗歌的多层含义。In the past two decades, Chinese dramatists have experimented with increasingly liberal treatments of the Bards plays and texts. The eminent Chinese theater director Lin Zhaohua has said he does not serve Shakespeare when he takes on one of his plays. I use my heart and soul to approach his text, but ultimately it is for myself, he said. I express what I feel about our world through the dramatic characters and situations in his plays, the parts that speak to me. It doesnt matter whether its a comedy or a tragedy. The audience can interpret it in their own way.在过去的二十年里，中国的剧作家已经越来越多地采用莎士比亚戏剧和剧本中自由的处理方式。杰出的中国戏剧导演林兆华曾说过，他把莎士比亚的一部剧搬上舞台“并不是为莎士比亚服务。”“我全心全意地去感受他的剧本，但最终这剧是为我自己服务，”他说道。“我通过莎士比亚戏剧里生动的人物和情景我深有感触的部分，来表达我对这个世界的感受。是喜剧还是悲剧并不重要。观众会用他们自己的方式去解读。”Stan Lai, who usually writes his own plays but has directed Western classics such as Shakespeare, believes that Chinese idolatry of the Bard has essentially turned him into a brand. Dont obsess over the plots, he suggested. We should explore the spirit of his work. And dont forget, Shakespeare was an entertainer of mass appeal in his day.赖声川通常自己写剧本，但也导演过一些西方经典戏剧如莎士比亚戏剧。他认为，中国人对莎士比亚的崇拜实质上已经将他变成一种品牌了。“不要沉浸在故事情节中，”他建议。“我们应该探索他作品中的精神。别忘了，莎士比亚生前是一个有强大吸引力的演员。”Still cutting edge 依然引领先锋As Tian Qinxin put it, because Shakespeare belongs to the world, there is no need to subvert him. All you need is to understand and express him with Chinese situations. Tian, who has just produced her own version of Romeo and Juliet, doesnt equate respect and homage of a classic with the reproduction of the exact language or imitating the movements of Western actors.正如田沁鑫所说，莎士比亚是世界的，我们无须颠覆他。“你所需要的就是在中国的情境下去理解、诠释他。”田沁鑫刚刚重排了她自己的版本的罗密欧与朱丽叶，她并没有把尊重和崇敬经典等同于照搬原话或模仿西方演员的动作。To be what she calls a translating machine for the emotions Shakespeare conveys, Tian has to overcome her own religious restraints: Im a Buddhist, and I believe love is about possessing and controlling and fear of loss. So, I have to approach the story from the point of view of a nonbeliever.”为了成为她口中的“翻译”莎士比亚情感的“机器”，田沁鑫必须克服她自己的宗教约束：“我是一名佛教徒，我相信爱是战友和支配，爱是害怕失去。所以，我必须从没有信仰的人的角度来处理这个故事。”And that, according to many in the audience, has helped her to capture the essence of Romeo and Juliet, which is young love in all-consuming blossom.很多观众说，这帮助她抓住了罗密欧与朱丽叶的的真谛激情绽放的年轻的爱。The same play was definitely subverted when Meng Jinghui, Chinas pre-eminent avant-garde impresario, took a stab at it in 2011. We want to show the cutting edge of todays youth. Shakespeare was cutting edge in his time. He was forward-looking and very much the embodiment of the zeitgeist 400 years ago. I want to have a dialogue with him, said Meng, who watched 24 different productions of the play and incorporated a plethora of styles in his own, including pop, gothic, heavy metal, vampirism and collage. That is my brand new interpretation, he said.2011年，中国杰出的先锋戏剧导演孟京辉尝试重新编排罗密欧与朱丽叶，确定的是，他颠覆了原作。“我们想展示这个时代青年的最前沿。莎士比亚是他的时代的先锋。他高瞻远瞩，是400年前时代精神的化身。我想和他进行对话，”孟京辉说道。他看了24种版本的改编剧本，然后将多种风格融入他的剧本里，包括流行、哥特式、重金属、吸血主义和拼贴。“这是我全新的诠释，”他说道。Like Chinas own Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) dramas, Shakespeare was grounded in the grassroots, according to Yang Zao, a Beijing-based literary researcher. If we present only the so-called faithful versions, they would attract a very limited audience. The West has taken great strides in breathing new life into these classics, and we should know how to learn from them and explore what is eternal in his work. Shakespeare is a cultural resource we should both respect and explore.杨早是一名在北京工作的文学研究员，他说，和中国本土的元代（1271-1368）戏剧一样，莎士比亚戏剧奠定了西方戏剧发展的基础。“如果我们仅仅呈现所谓忠实原作的版本，观众将会非常有限。西方已经在赋予经典著作新生命中取得了很大的进步，我们应该知道如何向他们学习、探索莎士比亚作品永恒的东西。莎士比亚是我们应该尊敬和探索的文化资源。”As more dramatizations flow into China through touring and filmed performances, the implicit notion that there must be one authentic version is giving way to a diverse range of interpretations. This has unchained the preconceptions of the Bard from the clutches of academics and made him accessible to the general public, which holds him in awe. People are discovering parts of his work with strong resonance and then trying to paraphrase it in their own languages and situations. Contemporary dilemmas are conjured up as perfect parallels to whats in the text.随着越来越多的戏剧创作通过巡回演出和电影进入中国，一定要有原版的暗示性观念正在向多种多样的诠释转变。这消除了学者对莎士比亚的先入之见，使持敬畏之心的公众。人们带着强烈的共鸣去领悟他的一些作品，然后试着用自己的话语、在自己的情境下进行解读。当代的两难困境被看做是完全忠于原文的。To a growing number of Chinese, Shakespeare has morphed from a literary icon to whom one has to show sufficient respect to prove ones educational credentials, to a writer whose prescience and insight into the human condition have illuminated our own era of dizzying change.对于很多中国人来说，莎士比亚已经从一个人们需要表现出对他足够的敬意来展示自己的教育资历的文学偶像，变成一位对人类境况的预见和洞察照亮了我们这个千变万化的时代的作家。（via：Chinadaily）词汇学习：* pedestal pedistl n. 基架，基座；基础vt. 搁在台上；支持；加座* emphasis emfsis n. 重点；强调；加强语气* subvert sbv:t, sb- vt. 颠覆；推翻；破坏* homage hmid n. 敬意；尊敬；效忠* restraint ristreint n. 抑制，克制；约束* impresario ,impris:riu n. （意）（歌剧、乐团等的）演出者；经理人；乐队指挥，导演* plethora pler n. 过多；过剩；医 多血症动物也做梦？If animals dream like us, where do they go in their slumber? Jason G Goldman explores how we can peer into the minds of sleeping cats, birds and other creatures.据BBC报道，要是动物和我们一样也会做梦，它们睡梦中都去哪儿了？杰森G戈德曼（Jason G Goldman）研究了如何窥探猫、鸟类和其他动物睡眠中的思想活动的问题。Almost all other animals are clearly observed to partake in sleep, whether they are aquatic, aerial, or terrestrial, wrote Aristotle in his workOn Sleep and Sleeplessness. But do other animals dream? On that the Greek philosopher also had an opinion. In The History of Animals, he wrote: It would appear that not only do men dream, but horses also, and dogs, and oxen; aye, and sheep, and goats, and all viviparous quadrupeds; and dogs show their dreaming by barking in their sleep. His research methods may lack sophistication, but Aristotle may not have been too far off the mark.“据观察，几乎所有动物都睡觉，无论它们生活在水中、空中还是陆地，”亚里士多德在他的作品论睡眠与失眠中写道。可是动物会做梦吗？这位希腊哲学家对这一问题也有自己的观点。他在动物志中写道：“似乎不仅人会做梦，马、狗、牛、绵羊、山羊和所有胎生的四足动物都会做梦。通过睡眠中的犬吠可以看出狗在做梦。”他是研究手段也许并不高明，不过亚里士多德的结论可能偏差并不大。We certainly cant ask animals if they dream, but we can at least observe the evidence that they might. There are two ways in which scientists have gone about this seemingly impossible task. One is to look at their physical behaviour during the various phases of the sleep cycle. The second is to see whether their sleeping brains work similarly to our own sleeping brains.我们当然不能去问动物它们会不会做梦，但至少可以观察可能证明做梦的证据。科学家们通过两种方式来完成这项看似不可能的任务。一是观察动物在不同睡眠阶段的动作行为。二是研究动物睡眠中的大脑运动是与人类睡眠中的大脑运动相似。The story of how we worked out how to peer into the minds of sleeping animals begins in the 1960s. Back then, scattered reports began to appear in medical journals describing people acting out movements in their dreams. This was curious, because during so-called REM sleep (rapid eye movement), our muscles are usually paralysed.上世纪60年代我们就开始探索如何窥探动物睡眠中的思想活动。那时候，医学期刊上开始有零星报道指出人会把梦中的运动表现出来。这是极不寻常的，因为在所谓快速眼动睡眠中，我们的肌肉处于瘫痪状态。Researchers realised that inducing a similar state in animals could allow them to probe how they dream. In 1965, French scientists Michel Jouvet and J F Delorme found that removing a part of the brainstem, called the pons, from a cats brain prevented it becoming paralysed when in REM. The researchers called the condition REM without atonia or REM-A. Instead of lying still, the cats walked around and behaved aggressively.研究人员意识到动物身上相似的行为可以让他们探索动物如何做梦。1965年，法国科学家米歇尔朱维特（Michel Jouvet）和JF德罗姆（J F Delorme）发现，如果从猫的脑干中移除一部分叫做脑桥的成分，猫在快速眼动睡眠中就不会转为瘫痪状态。研究人员把这一状态称为“张力缺失的快速眼动”。这种情况下猫不是躺着，而是四处走动而且有攻击性。This hinted they were dreaming of activities from their waking hours. And studies since have revealed similar behaviour. According to veterinary neurologist Adrian Morrison, who has written a review of this research, cats in REM-A will move their heads as if following stimuli. Some cats also show behaviour identical to predatory attacks, as if they were chasing mice in their dreams. Similar dream activity has been seen in dogs.这说明猫正梦到自己清醒时的活动。之后的研究揭示了类似的行为。兽医神经学家阿德林莫里森（Adrian Morrison）写了一篇关于该研究的报告，他说猫在张力缺失的快眼运动中像受到刺激一样摇动头部。有的猫还展示出类似出击捕食一样的行为，好像正在梦中抓老鼠。狗的身上也发现了类似的梦境行为。Some humans have been found to act out their dreams too if they suffer from a condition called REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder. Punching, kicking, leaping, and running from the bed during attempted dream enactment are frequent manifestations and usually correlate with the reported imagery, according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). Injuries are common among these people and those sleeping with them, the ICSD adds.据发现有的人也会“表现出”自己的梦，因为受到所谓的快眼运动睡眠行为失调症的影响。“在虚拟的睡梦情境中出拳、蹬腿、跳跃或跑下床，这些是常见的表现，而且与报告的心理意象相对应，”国际睡眠失调分类研究显示。这些人经常受伤，还有跟他们一起睡觉的人，该研究补充道。Physical movement is not the only way of peering into dreams, though. Researchers can now humanely peer into the electrical and chemical activities of brain cells in animals while they sleep. In 2007, MIT scientists Kenway Louise and Matthew Wilson recorded the activity of neurons in a part of the rat brain called the hippocampus, a structure known to be involved in the formation and encoding of memories. They first recorded the activity of those brain cells while the rats ran in their mazes. Then they looked at the activity of the very same neurons while they slept. Louise and Wilson discovered identical patterns of firing during running and during REM. In other words, it was as if the rats were running the maze in their minds while they were snoozing. The results were so clear that the researchers could infer the rats precise location within their mental dream mazes and map them to actual spots within the actual maze.不过，运动行为不是窥探梦境的唯一方式。研究人员现在能够以人道的方式窥探动物睡觉时脑细胞的电波和化学活动。2007年，麻省理工大学的科学家肯威路易（Kenway Louise）和马修威尔逊（Matthew Wilson）记录下了老鼠大脑中叫做海马体的成分的神经活动，海马体与记忆的形成和编码有关。他们首先记录了老鼠走迷宫时的脑细胞活动。然后观察了老鼠睡眠中同一区域的神经活动。路易和威尔逊发现走迷宫时的发放模式与快速眼动时的发放模式是相同的。换句话说，似乎老鼠睡觉时在脑海里走迷宫。实验结果非常清晰，研究人员甚至可以指出老鼠在脑海中的迷宫具体走到了哪个位置，而且把这些位置标注在了真实的迷宫上。University of Chicago biologists Amish Dave and Daniel Margoliashlooked into the brains of zebra finches and discovered something similar. These birds are not born with the melodies of their songs hardwired into the brains; instead, they have to learn to sing their songs. When theyre awake, the neurons in part of the finches forebrain called the robutus archistriatalis fire following their singing of particular notes. Researchers can determine which note was sung based on the firing patterns of those neurons. By piecing together the electrical patterns in those neurons over time, Dave and Margoliash can reconstruct the entire song from start to finish.芝加哥大学的生物学家阿米什戴夫（Amish Dave）和丹尼尔马格里亚史（Daniel Margoliash）对斑胸草雀进行研究，获得了类似的发现。这些鸟儿并不是天生就会唱动听的旋律，而是必须通过后天的学习。小鸟清醒时，它们前脑中的一部分神经细胞依据它们唱的具体旋律进行发放活动。研究者可以通过该神经的发放模式判断小鸟唱了哪支曲子。通过拼接该神经一段时间内的电波类型，戴夫和马格里亚史能够从头到尾重现整首曲子。Later, when the birds were asleep, Dave and Margoliash looked again at the electrical activity in that part of their brains. The firing of those neurons wasnt entirely random. Instead, the neurons fired in order, as if the bird was audibly singing the song, note for note. It might be said that the zebra finches were practising their songs while they slumbered.当小鸟睡着以后，戴夫和马格里亚史再次观察大脑该区域的电波运动