普陀高中培训机构 新王牌 高中英语定语从句.doc

秋季英语专项资料英语语法知识定语从句（Attributive Clause）一、定义：1. 定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。2. 限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）3. 非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定语从句，意思仍然完整，形式上用逗号隔开，不能用that引导。整个句子可分成两句来翻译。Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.4.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词在限制性定语从句中常有3个作用：1）引导定语从句 2）代替先行词 3）在定语从句中担当一个成分。注：关系代词有主格、宾格之分。一般whom作为宾语。二、关系代词: who, whom, which, that, whose, as 等，在从句中作主语、宾语或定语。1). who指人，在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2). whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom/who) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy (whom/who) I want to see.(3) The man (who/whom) you met just now is my friend.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.He is the man whom/who I talk to. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.如：He is the man who has an English book.3). which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词常放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置。 4). that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.5).whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. 当whose引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。1）The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.-The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.2) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?- Do you like the book of which the color is yellow? 关系代词引导定语从句时必须注意以下几点：1.当定语从句中含有介词时：1）如果介词放在句末, who, that, which可省略, 但介词在关系代词前时, 只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.2）含有介词的固定动词词组中, 介词不可前置, 只能放在原来的位置上。如：look for, look after, take care of等This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)3）that 作介词的宾语时, 介词不能放它的前面, 只能放在从句中动词的后面。The city that she lives in is very far away.4） “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 2. 关系词只能用that,而不用 which的情况： 1) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰, 或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时, 只能用that, 而不用which.。He was the first person that passed the exam. 2）被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时, 只能用that, 而不用which。Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 3）先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时, 只能用that, 不用which。This is the same bike that I lost.4).先行词里同时含有人或物时, 只能用that, 而不用which.I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.5) 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句, 为避免重复, 只能用that.Who is the girl that is crying？ Which is the school that you once studied in?6) 主句是there be 结构, 修饰主语的定语从句用that, 而不用which.There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 7) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?8).先行词是the way时，通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。The way in which（that/.） he answered the question was surprising.I dont like the way that( in which) you laugh at her.3. 关系词只能用which, 而不用that 的情况：1) 先行词为that, those时, 用which, 而不用that.Whats that which is under the desk？ 2) 关系代词前有介词时,用which, 而不用that.This is the room in which he lives. 3) 引导非限制性定语从句, 用which, 而不用that.Tom came back, which made us happy. 三、关系副词: why, where, when 在从句中作状语。1. where 指地点，其先行词表示地点， 在定语从句中做地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born.The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.2. when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在定语从句中做时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to the school.The time when we got together finally came.3. why指原因，其先行词表示原因，在定语从句中做原因状语。 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句常可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换why = for which where = in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)when = during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.四、非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。 2.当先行词是专有名词、物主代词或被指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.4.有时as也可用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句。译为“正如”。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.5.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,代表事物.； 五、关系代词与关系副词的选择一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人，指物，时间，地点还是原因，如果指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which。二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是主语还是宾语，是定语还是状语等。如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用相应的when, where, why。注意：不要一看到先行词为表示时间，地点或原因的名词，就认为要用when, where, why来引导定语从句，一定要注意分清它们在定语从句中充当什么成分。I forget the time when he will come. (when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语)I forget the time that he told me. (when引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语)The reason why he cant come is that he is ill. (why引导定语从句，在从句中作原因状语)The reason that he told me is not true. （why引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语）三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，记住:that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。If youve really said that to her,_ will cause real trouble. A.that B.which C.as D.what 六、as/which引导的定语从句关系代词as和which引导的定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。1.as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，都可以在从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。He married her, as/which was natural. He was honest, as/which we can see.2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句。as有“正如，正像”的意思。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。而which引导的非限制性定语从句没有“正如”之意，只能放在主句之后。 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.3. .当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.4.当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which引导。Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.5.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词受such, as, the same修饰时，常用as引导定语从句。 (1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) He gave us as many books as he could.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同。(1) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。（指同一条裙子）(2) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。（指类似的一条裙子，而不是同一条.）七、巩固练习：1.把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：1). The magazine is mine. He has taken it away.2). The students will not pass the exam . They dont study hard.3). The woman is our geography teacher. You saw her in the park.4). I want to talk to the boys. Their homework hasnt been handed in.5). He used to live in a small house. Its roof was broken.6).We visited the town. The famous man spent his childhood.7). They passed a factory. At the back of the factory there were rice fields.8).We are living in an age. Many things are done on computer.2. 选择填空：1). The man _ visited our school yesterday is from London.A. who B. which C. whom D. when2). Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten.A. that B. which C. whatD. as3).Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily?A. when B. where C. which D. who4).Those _ want to go please sign their names here.A. whomB. which C. who D. when5). Where is the man _ I met this morning?A. when B. where C. which D. who6). Who is the woman _ is sweeping the floor over there?A. who B. / C. thatD. when7). The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers neighbour.A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which8). The man _ around our school is from America.A. which you showed B. you showed himC. you showed D. where you showed9). He talked about a hero _ no one had ever heard.A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who10). In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French.A. where B. who C. in which D. which11). Finally, the thief handed over everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. that B. which C. whatever D. all12). The foreign guests, _ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those13). This is the very letter _came last night.A. who B. which C. that D. as14). This is the factory _ we worked a year ago.A. where B. that C. which D. on which15). Do you work near the building _ colour is yellow?A. that B. which C. its D. whose16). Is this school _ we visited three years ago?A. the one B. which C. that D. where17). Is this the school _ we visited three years ago?A. the one B. where C. in whichD. /18). How many students are there in your class _ homes are in the country?A. whose B. who C. whom D. which19). Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise.A. it B. which C. that D. he 20). They stayed with me three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had.A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which21). The room _ Mr White lives is not very large. A. that B. which C. where D. when22). Dont forget the day _ you were received into the Youth League.A.which B.that C.at which D.on which23). He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, _ was unexpected.A. which B. as C. that D. it24). _ is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.A. WhatB. As C. That D. Which25). The old man had three sons, all of _ died during World War .A. whose B. that C. whom D. who26). I have bought two pens, _ write well.A. none of which B. neither of whichC. both of which D. all of which27). Do you know the reason _ she has changed her mind?A. why B. which C. for thatD. of which28). He failed in the exam, _ proves that he wasnt working hard enough.A. which B. what C. it D. that29). _ was expected, he succeeded