高考英语 语法易 错点.doc

when和while的区别when是at or during the time that, 既指时间点，也可指一段时间； while是during the time that，只指一段时间，因此when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。 when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时，也可以是先后发生；while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。 由when引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while引导，如： a. When the teacher came in, we were talking. 当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为： While we were talking, the teacher came in. b. They were singing while we were dancing. when和while 还可作并列连词。when表示“在那时”；while表示“而，却”，表对照关系。如： a. The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motor bike. 孩子们正要跑过去搬开那袋米，这时他们听到了摩托车的声音。 b. He is strong while his brother is weak. 他长得很结实，而他弟弟却很瘦弱。 具体你可以参考这一段。 when，while，as引导时间状语从句的区别 when，while，as显然都可以引导时间状语从句，但用法区别非常大。 一、when可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用；而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。 Why do you want a new job when youve got such a good one already？（get为短暂性动词）你已经找到如此好的工作，为何还想再找新的？ Sorry，I was out when you called me（call为短暂性动词）对不起，你打电话时我刚好外出了。 Strike while the iron is hot（is为延续性动词，表示一种持续的状态）趁热打铁。 The students took notes as they listened（listen为延续性动词）学生们边听课边做笔记。 二、when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。 1从句动作在主句动作前发生，只用 when。 When he had finished his homework，he took a short rest（finished先发生）当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。 When I got to the airport，the guests had left（got to后发生）当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。 2从句动作和主句动作同时发生，且从句动作为延续性动词时，when，while，as都可使用。 When While As we were dancing，a stranger came in（dance为延续性动词）当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。 When While As she was making a phonecall，I was writing a letter（make为延续性动词）当她在打电话时，我正在写信。 3当主句、从句动作同时进行，从句动作的时间概念淡化，而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时，只能用 as。这时，as常表示“随着”；“一边，一边”之意。 As the time went on，the weather got worse（as表示“随着”之意） The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。 As years go by，China is getting stronger and richer随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。 The little girls sang as they went小姑娘们一边走，一边唱。 The sad mother sat on the roadside，shouting as she was crying伤心的妈妈坐在路边，边哭边叫。 4在将来时从句中，常用when，且从句须用一般时代替将来时。 You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it在我读完这本书后，你可以借阅。 When the manager comes here for a visit next week，Ill talk with him about this下周，经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。 三、when用于表示“一就”的句型中（指过去的事情）。 sbhad hardly（scarcely） done sthwhenHardly Scarcely had sbdone sthwhen I had hardly scarcely closed my eyes when someone knocked at the doorHardly Scarcely had I closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door我刚一闭上眼，就有人在敲门了。 I had hardly scarcely entered my room when the telephone rangHardly Scarcely had I entered my room when the telephone rang我刚一走进房门，电话就响了。1.I thought her nice and honest I met her. (1998年上海)A.for the first time B.the first time C. first time D. by the first time答案：B.the first time 用来引导状语从句分析：for the first time是介词短语，只能作状语，不能接从句；the first time相当于一个连词，引导状语从句，同时定冠词the不能省略，故选B。透视the first time/day，the moment/minute/second, immediately, every time, next time等表示时间的名词短语可用作连词，引导时间状语从句。time构成的搭配还有：at a time 一次；at one time 曾经；all the time 一直、总是；at times 时常；from time to time 间或；in time 及时；on time 准时；time and time again 一次又一次；at the same time 与此同时。2.Its difficult for us to learn a lesson in life_ weve actually had that lesson.（2007天津）A.until B.since C.before D.when答案是A，为什么不能选C。望大伙给个说法解析：很多时候英语单选题的答案并不是说只有这个选项可以将句意补充完整，或者说只有这个选项符合要求，而是因为它是最符合逻辑、语法、搭配等多方面的要求的一个，这个题目中until和before都可以将句子补充完整，但从句意逻辑上来比较一下，如果用before的话，意思就只有“在我们真切地经历一次教训之前，我们很难领会到其中真理”。但如果用until的话，句子的意思就更加有层次、更加丰富了，他可以直接翻译为“直到我们真切地经历过一次教训，我们才会领会到其中真理”，这就直接表达出了前面的答案所要表达的真正意思，也就是说这句话包含了前者的真正意义，像这种能够包含另一个正确答案意思的答案，一般就是最佳答案了。换句话说，包容性最强的正确答案就是最佳答案3. There were some chairs left over _A_ everyone had sat down.（2008四川）当每人都坐下时那里还有些空位置，had sat 过去完成式A. when B. until C. that D. where4. The telephone _B_, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.A. had rung B. was ringing（过去进行时） C. rings D. has rung5.Never cross the street against a light _you dont see any traffic coming.A.in case B.so that C.even though D. even ifeven if一般引导的是把握不大或假设的事情, even though引出的是事实。though 常表示一些已经确定的消息，而if由它本身所带的“如果”的含义，表示了一种对假设信息的不确定。 本题里的you dont see any traffic coming.，翻译过来应该是“就算你没看见有车过来，”当你过马路等红灯的时候，没车过来是经常会发生的事情，是个事实，不是把握性不大的事情，因此用even though，不用if。给你几个例句：Shes going to have problems finding a job even if her gets she A levels. 就算她考试成绩都是A，她找工作还会碰到问题。（考A是假设的情况）Even though hes 24 now, hes still like a little child.尽管他24岁了，但他仍然像个孩子。（他24岁了是事实）Even though he knows it, hell not let out the secret.（他知道这个秘密）. Even if he knows it, hell not let out the secret.（不确定他是否知道这个秘密）.6. _ the Internet is of great help, I dont think its a good idea to spend too much time on it. A. If B. While C. Because D. As 本题选择B，但是我不太明白D为什么不可以？感谢您的回答！本句的意思是虽然网络对人的帮助很大,但是我并不认为在网络上花费太多时间是个好注意.请注意句子含义的转折性.只有B有此含义.while-当.时候,虽然.although/though可能是最好的用词.1.The old ladys hand shook frequently.She explained to her doctor_this shaking had begun half a year before,and _,only because of this,she had been forced to give up her job.A.when ; howB.how ; whenC.how ; howD.why ; why 此题选c,为什么不选b、d，这句话如何翻译？这句话的意思是：这位老妇人的手常常发抖。她向她的医生解释这种抖动是怎样在半年前发生的，同时，由于手抖，她是怎样被迫放弃她的工作的。其实由题目意思就可以推选出C答案如果选why的选项，那就是说她自己已经知道手抖的原因，那还何需想医生咨询呢？而后面only because of this已经是对原因的解释，很明显不再是由why来提出疑问。独立主格结构百科名片： 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 编辑本段详细概述：非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing，被动用V-ed。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 编辑本段功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。 表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 编辑本段用法：独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语：The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语： Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 用作原因状语： An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 用作伴随状语： He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 表示补充说明： We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 *注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 编辑本段形式1一般独立主格形式:与主句逻辑关系松散形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式;n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词;n. + 副词. ; 名词/主格代词+现在分词名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。如： The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 名词/主格代词+过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。如： The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。 名词/主格代词+不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。 名词/主格代词+形容词如： An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 名词/主格代词+副词如： He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。 名词/主格代词+介词短语如： The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 2with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密 形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +abj.; with +n. + 介词短语 3each引导的强调型独立主格:强调句尾的复数名词 形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾 , each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式 如: Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the companys basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.（题源:GMAT语法全解白勇著，Page38） 4其他形式 There being +名词（代词）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 It being +名词（代词）如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 编辑本段特点1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room,his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。 如：Dont sleep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。 编辑本段注意事项1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。) 编辑本段示例请看下面一道题： Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。 请再看一个类似的例子： (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，该句是典型的非限制性定语从句，因为该句修饰的是前面的novels，即指物，所以只能用which做of的宾语，故本题选C。 再请看下面一例： (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。 请做做以下三题(答案均为B)： (1) There I met several people, two of _ being foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _ were foreigners. A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of _ were foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that1.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _at the end of last March . (2007山东)A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 选B 解析上说此句前后句没连词，只有逗号是不能连接两个句子的,所以后边the most recent _ at the end of last March就是独立主格的形式了，在句中做伴随状语这个是独立主格结构 解释是正确的首先一个句子在没有连词的情况下,只能有一个谓语动词.着句话前面已经有了has already sent up做谓语动词了,逗号不能连接两个完整的句子,所以A答案是最迷惑的,如果是分号或者有个连词and就可以用A.如Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.后面一句是个完整的句子,前面一句谓语就用ing分词的形式做伴随状语.相当于when everyone is ready.The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.这句也是一样,the boy leading the way也是独立主格,不过是做原因状语.相当于beasue the boy led the way My health allowing, I will work far into the night.这个前面部分也是独立主格结构,不过是做条件状语,相当与if my health allows .注意如果有连词了,句子的谓语动词和做独立主格的句子的谓语部分的区别.2007年的山东高考卷中有这样一道高考题： The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March.(2007年山东卷) A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 此题答案为 C。考查独立主格结构的用法。由于动作于去年的三月底就已经发生，所以不能选表示未来动作的不定式，即不能选 D；又由于句子用了具体的过去时间状语(at the end of last March)，故不能选完成式，即不能选 A 和 B。 英语中的独立主格结构从语法上看，它是一个独立的成分，而不是句子（因为句中没有谓语），在句中主要用作状语，通常可转换成状语从句。下面谈谈英语独立主格结构的几种常构成方式。 1. 名词或代词+现在分词 名词或代词通常是动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动的或正在进行的动作。如： She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。 All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. 那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。 2. 名词或代词+过去分词 名词或代词是动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构，表示被动或已完成的动作。如： This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。(表时间) She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。(表方式或伴随情况) Arthur gone, he would only be a