第三章 冠词.doc

学大教育第三章 冠词冠词是一种虚词,本身不能单独使用,通常放在一个名词的前面,帮助说明该名词的词义。 冠词有两种： 定冠词和不定冠词。高考试题中对冠词的考查主要从以下几个方面：一、a/an与the的区别高考试题传真This is_house where we once lived.(1985) A.the B.this C.that D.aWhich is_country,Canada or Australia?(1992) A.a large B.larger C.a larger D.the larger-If you dont like the red coat, take the blue one. -OK, but do you have_size?The one is a bit tight for me.(1993) A.a big B.a bigger C.the big D.the biggerShe is_newcomer to_chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.(1994) A.the;the B.the;(不填) C.a;(不填) D.a;the-Have you seen_pen?I left it here this morning. -Is it_black one?I think saw it somewhere.(1997) A.a;the B.the;the C.the;a D.a;aJumping out of_airplane at ten thousand feet is quite_ exciting experience. (2002) A.不填;the B.不填;an C.an;an D.the;theHe greeted me with_Good-morning!and led me to the directors office(1985,上海) A.the B.a C.an D.onePlease pay attention to your spelling.Youve dropped_“m”here.(1989,上海) A.an B.the C./ D.aKeys:A D B C D C B A不定冠词主要用在单数可数名词前表示泛指,包括a、an两种形式,a用于辅音音素开头的名词前面,an用于元音音素开头的名词前面。例如：a telephone, a drawer, an advertisement, an aeroplane。the多用于特指的单数名词、复数名词或不可数名词之前。教你巧学巧记：初学英语的同学，往往把不定冠词a和an混用，你可用这样一句话记住他们的用法:不见原因(元音)，别施“恩 (n)”。如：一位老师a teacher一位英语老师an English teacher一个男人a man一位老人an old man如果你再能再记住下面这句话，你就能顺利闯过这个难关。Mr Li has one fox.(李先生有一只狐狸。) 这句话囊括了字母表里前面用不定冠词an的所有字母假若这些字母作为一个独立的单词使用的话。这些字母是:a,e,f,h,i,l,m,n,o,r,s,x。除这些字母外，其余的字母前面就用不定冠词a。二、a/an的使用特例一些表示情感的不可数名词，如feeling,honour,joy,pity,pleasure,surprise等，在表示一种心理情感时(前面多有一个描绘性的形容词)，需加不定冠词。高考试题传真 She had a feeling that the sad-looking man was not a person she could trust A B C or talk.(1991，上海) (注：a feeling没有错误) DOh,John._you give us!(1990) A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surpriseKeys:D C不可数名词danger,difficulty,disappointment,failure,help,success,wonder等，在表示“一种人或物”时，前面加不定冠词。例如：He is a success.他取得了成功。(他是一个成功者。)The meeting is a success.会议取得了成功。(这是一次成功的会议。)不可数名词education,history,knowledge,population,time,world等，在表述其某一部分或某一方面的内容、概念时，前面常加不定冠词(have a history/ knowledge/ population.可视为固定搭配)。高考试题传真Wouldnt it be_wonderful world if all nations lived in_peace with one another.(1994) A.a;(不填) B.the;(不填) C.a;the D.the;theIf there were no examinations,we should have_at school.(1994) A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happier time D.a much happier timeWe waited_for the bus.(1995,上海) A.long time B.a long time C.the long time D.some long timeMany people agree that_knowledge of English is a must in_international trade today.(1996) A.a;X B.the;an C.the;the D.X;theKeys:A D B A物质名词coffee,food,tea,fog,rain,snow,wind等，在表示“一种”或“一场”的意义(常有形容词修饰)时，前面要加不定冠词。例如：a black tea(一种红茶) a heavy rain(一场大雨)具有动作意义的抽象名词在与动词have,take,make,give,let out等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时，此抽象名词前的冠词一般不可缺少。常见的这类短语有：have a look/walk/rest/test/try/bath/break take a look/walk/swim/rest/bath give a laugh/smile/shout/talk/whistle高考试题传真The crowd gathered at the entrance to the hotel,hoping to be lucky enough to have look A B C D at the pop singer.(1996,上海)Keys:D 在同源宾语中，与动词“同源”的名词前一般要加不定冠词。例如：die a.death;dream a.dream;fight a.battle;have a.sleep; have/ lead/ live a.life; smile a.smile高考试题传真The poor peasants all had a_life before the liberation.(1978) A.suffered B.cruel C.bitterKeys:C含有不定冠词的习语或结构高考试题传真Will you_me a favour,please?(1991) A.give B.make C.do D.doing-If you dont like the red coat,take the blue one. -OK,but do you have_size?The one is a bit tight for me.(1993) A.a big B.a bigger C.the big D.the biggerWhen you do fine,close work,such as reading or embroidering,raise your eyes_ and look into the distance.(1987,上海) A.once in a while B.once for a while C.once at a while D.once upon a whileIm afraid Mr Brown isnt in.Would you like to_a message?(1991,上海) A.give B.leave C.carry D.takeKeys:C B A B1）与时间和方式有关的：a moment ago;after a while/moment/minute;for a time;half an hour;in a while/ moment/ minute; in an instant;just a minute/moment;once in a while;once upon a time;three meals a day;twice a weekall of sudden;as a result;as a rule;as a matter of;in a.way;in a hurry;in a loud/low voice;in a word;with a.hand;with a smile2）与一些常用动词构成的搭配：catch(a)cold;do a good deed;get a cold;get in a word;give a concert/lesson;go out for a walk;have a cold/cough/fever/headache/pain;have a good time;have a match/meeting;make a face;make an effort;make a living;make a living;make a mistake;make a noise;make a speech;make a start;make an apology;make it a rule;pay a visit;take a seat;take a message for;take an interest in;keep an eye on;lend sb. a hand注意由于make a face/mistake等词组中的名词是可数的，因而它们也有其复数形式make faces/mistakes等，但也有结构习惯上只仅以复数形式出现。高考试题传真Frank is the kind of person whom people like to_.(1983) A.make friend with B.make friends of C.make friends D.make friends withJohn_Henry when they met at the airport.(1984) A.shakes hand with B.shakes hands with C.shake hand with D.shook hands withKeys:D D三、不定冠词a(n)的特殊位置高考试题传真It is generally believed that teaching is _ it is a science.(NMET2001)A.an art much as Bmuch an art as Cas an art much Das much an art as_ box cannot be lifted by a boy of five. (1992,上海) A. So a heavy B. So heavy a C. A such heavy D. Such heavy a_from Beijing to London! (1993)A. How long way it is B. What long way is itC. How long way is it D. What a long way it isKeys:D B D不定冠词a(an)用于单数可数名词之前，如果名词之前有形容词则位于形容词之前，如a room,a big room。但有时它的位置特殊，其常见情况如下：1当名词被many,half,such,what等词修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。例如：Many a man has tried.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.I have waited for half an hour.What a beautiful girl she is!2当名词前面的形容词有how,however,so,as,too等副词修饰时，不定冠词置于形容词之后。例如：He is as good a teacher as you.So clever a man as he is,he cant be cheated.This is too small a hat for him.How beautiful a girl she is!3当单数可数名词前的形容词被quite修饰时，不定冠词放在quite之后。例如：Today is quite a hot day!注意：rather修饰形容词时，a/an可放在rather前，也可放在rather之后。例如：Swimming became rather a popular exercise.He came after a rather long time.四、the的使用场合特指双方都清楚的内容时，名词（无论何种名词）前面常加the(如前面的考题1、2)。高考试题传真-Where is Jack?-I think he is still in_bed,but he might just be in_ bathroom. (1992)A.不填；不填 B.the;the C.the;不填 D.不填;the_friends Betty had made there were all invited to her birthday party.(上海97) A.Few of B.Few C.The few D.A fewThe warmth of_sweater will of course be determined by the sort of_wool used.(2001全国) A.the;the B.the;不填 C.不填;the D.不填;不填Keys:D C B一些与天文、地理有关的名词前习惯上常加the。高考试题传真Beyond_stars,the astronauts saw nothing but_space.(1990)A.the;不填 B.不填;the C.不填;不填 D.the;theSummers in_ south of France are for_ most part dry and sunny. (2000,春季) A.(不填);a B.the;(不填) C.(不填);(不填) D.the;theKeys:A D比较：in the universe/sky,但：in space/heaven等。表示类属的单数名词前加the。高考试题传真Alexander Graham Bell invented_telephone in 1876.(1991)A.不填 B.a C.the D.oneKeys:C 有普通名词构成的专有名词前常加the。高考试题传真My father told me he was soon going to visit_.(1981)A.the United State B.the United States C.United States D.United StateKeys:B 乐器名词前要加the。高考试题传真Alice is fond of playing_piano while Henry is interested in listening to_music.(1989)A.不填;the B.不填；不填 C.the;不填 D.the;the After watching_TV,she played_violin for an hour.(1991) A.不填；不填 B.the;the C.the;不填 D.不填；theKeys:C D序数词和形容词最高级前常加the。高考试题传真_cave that George has discovered in his lifetime is near Alps.(1992，上海) A.Hundredth B.The hundred C.The hundredth D.A hundredthPaper money was in_use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in_thirteenth century.(1999) A.the;不填 B.the;the C.不填；the D.不填；不填Who is_of you three?(1978) A.older B.oldest C.the oldestJohn has three sisters.Mary is the_of the three.(1988) A.most cleverest B.more clever C.cleverest D.clevererThe salesman showed her several bags and she chose_one as she didnt want to spend too much money on it.(1991，上海) A.the less expensive B.less expensive C.the least expensive D.least expensive-Wheres_nearest bookstore? -Theres one at_end of the street.(2000上海春季) A.the;an B.a;the C.the;the D.a;anKeys:C C C C C C注意表达分数的序数词前不加the。高考试题传真About_of the workers in that steel works are young people.(1983) A.third-fifths B.three-fifths C.three-fives D.three-fifthKeys:B另外，序数词前也可加不定冠词，表达在原基础上“又一”的内涵。试比较：the third 第三 a third 又一个/次（原已有两个/次）姓氏复数名词前加the表示夫妻两人或一家人。高考试题传真_will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.(1993，上海)A.The Evans B.The Evans C.The Evanses D.Evanses-Who did you spend last weekend with? -_.(1998,上海) A.Palmers B.The Palmers C.The Palmers D.The PalmersKeys:C C在强调（或暗含）“两者中较”意义的句型中，比较级前加the。高考试题传真Of the two shirts,Id like to choose_one.(1994，上海) A.the less expensive B.the most expensive C.less expensive D.most expensiveIf the manager had to choose between the two,he would say John was_choice.(1995，上海) A.good B.the best C.better D.the betterKeys:A Dthe more.the more.句型中的the不可省略（注：实际上，此句型中the是副词）。高考试题传真_the temperature is,_water turns into steam.(1988) A.The high;the fast B.Higher;Faster C.The more high;the faster D.The higher;the fasterIts believed that_you work,_result youll get.(1993，上海) A.the harder;the better B.the more hard;the most better C.the harder;a better D.more hard;more betterKeys:D A在“beat/hit/knock/pat/strike sb.+in/on the+部位”及“catch/ grasp/ pull/ take/ seize sb.+by the+部位”的句型中或在“be blind/wounded/hurtin the+部位” 的句型中，the一般不删不换。A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in_leg.(2001上海) A.a B.one C.the D.hisKeys:CHe hit Bob on the nose.The policeman caught the thief by the arm.The camel was lame in the left foot.年代名词前常加the。高考试题传真It is not rare in_the people in_fifties are going to university for further education.(上海99) A.90s;the B.the 90s;(不填) C.90s;their D.the 90s;theirKeys:D in the 1990s;in the year 1998,但：in 1998“the+adj.”结构表达一类人或物时，the一般不可缺少。这类形容词常见的有：dead,old,living,poor,rich,sick,wounded等。例如：The sick are taken good care of in this hospital.在某些表示山脉、群岛、河流、海洋、报纸、杂志、大建筑物、朝代、时代、政党等专有名词前，要用定冠词。如：the Changjiang River 长江 the Atlantic 大西洋the Times 时代周刊 the Great Wall 长城the Great Hall of people 人民大会堂 the Communist Party of China 中国共产党the Warring States Period 战国时代含有the的习语或结构1）与时间、地点有关的：all the time;all the year around;at the age of;at the same time;at the beginning of;at the end of;by the end of;in the end;in the beginning;in the day;in the daytime;in the afternoon/evening/morning;the day before yesterday;the day after tomorrow;the other dayat the bottom of;at the edge of;at the foot of;at/in/on the corner of;by the side of;in the cinema;in the direction of;in the distance;in the middle of;in the sky;in the sun;in the world;in/under the shade;in/on the street;in/on/to the east of;on the left/right;on the ground;on the way to;on the other side of2)其他较固定的搭配：at the top of ones voice;by the way;in the darkness;in the habit of;in the form of;on/over the radio;under the leadership of;with the help of.break the law;form the habit of doing sth.;join the army/league;keep the balance of nature;listen to the radio;make the bed;make the best use of;put sb. to the trouble of doing sth.;take the side of;tell the truth.Whats the difference between.?Whats the matter with.?Whats the population/height/length/weight of.?高考试题传真He looked quite healthy though he was_.(1993,上海)A.in seventy B.in his seventy C.at seventies D.at the age of seventyKeys:D注意定冠词的倒置1当定冠词与all,half,both,double等词连用，修饰名词时，定冠词要放在这些词之后。例如：Lend me all the books you have.Both the windows are not open.We walked half the journey.The car runs at double the speed.2当定冠词与表示倍数、分数的词连用时，需要放在这些词之后。例如：高考试题传真Paper produced every year is_the worlds production of vehicles.(1998，上海)A.the three times weight of B.three times the weight ofC.as three times heavy as D.three times as heavier asKeys:BThe room is three times the size of that one.This stick is two-thirds the length of that one.3当much,exactly等词修饰same时，the放在这些词之后。例如：You talked much the same as she did.Both of them have exactly the same suitcase.教你巧学巧记：定冠词“the”在英语中使用率很高，然而它的用法却较难掌握。有些词前要加定冠词，有些却不要用，其基本用法就是特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。除此而外，还有许多地方都必须要用“the”。为了便于记忆，可以利用下面的两段顺口溜:一、使用定冠词口诀沙漠、河流与群山，列岛、海峡与海湾，阶级、党派、国家名，组织团体和机关，方位、朝代、独一词，会议、文件及报刊，木器、建筑、海洋群，定冠词来不能删。注:以上情况需使用定冠词。二、冠词省略口诀泛指复数日三餐球类运动季节前星期月份节假日，抽象物质或习惯。注:1.以上情况省略冠词。2.农历的节假日需用定冠词。3.泛指单数可数名词前用不定冠词。五、零冠词的使用具有单纯意义的专有名词前不用冠词。例如：China;Beijing;New York;Mr Smith泛指意义的复数名词前不用冠词。高考试题传真Many people are still in_habit of writing sill things in_public places.(1993) A.the;the B.(不填);(不填) C.the;(不填) D.(不填);theMost animals have little connection with_animals of_different kind unless they kill them for food.(NMET2000) A.the;a B. 不填;a C.the;the D. 不填;theKeys:C B 单纯表示三餐、四季、球类或棋类方面的名词前不用冠词。例如：We often have lunch at 12:00.I dont like playing football,but I like playing chess.比较：a quick breakfast;all through the winter;during the summer;in the winter of 1999学科名词前一般不加冠词。高考试题传真Five years ago her brother was_university student of_physics.( 1993,上海)A.a;the B.an;the C.an；不填 D.a;不填She is_newcomer to_chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.(1994) A.the;the B.the;不填 C.a;不填 D.a;theKeys:D C比较：He likes English.The English language is not so easy to master.Whats the English for “电脑”？ 以基数词形式表达序数时，不加冠词，即“名词+基数词”=“the+序数词+名词”。例如：He is a student of_.（1981）A.Class First B.the Class One C.Class One D.First Class比较：Class One=the First Class;World War II=the Second World War含day的节日名词前不用冠词。高考试题传真你今年是怎样庆祝五一节的？(1980)How did you celebrate_this year?（A.May Day B.the May day）具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前一般不用冠词。高考试题传真Water is colorless and tasteless.This book is of great importance to us all.That table is made of_.(1979) A.a wood B.some wood C.the wood D.wood_food youve cooked!(1991) A.How a nice B.How nice C.What a nice D.What nice容易错的这类零冠词名词有：fun, music, nature, poverty, progress, society, weather._we have today!(1983) A.A fine weather B.What a fine weather C.How a fine weather D.What fine weather_terrible weather weve been having these days!(MET92) A.What B.What a C.How D.HowKeys:D D D A另外，还需注意：有些名词不能与a/an一起使用，但在特指时可以根据情况与the一起使用，最具代表性的这类词有：advice, beauty, experience, homework, housework, work, information, news, practice, room, research.Father went to his doctor for_about his heart trouble.(1987) A.an advice B.advice C.advices D.the advicesIn Hangzhou Mr Green was so struck by_beauty of_nature that he stayed for another night.(1991，上海) A.(不填);(不填) B.(不填);the C.the;(不填) D.the;theKeys:D D D A B C在一些单数名词前，有时习惯上也不加冠词。需要同学们特别留意的有以下五种情况：单数名词前已有指示代词、物主代词修饰时，不再加冠词。例如：(误)My a friend came to see me last week.(正)My friend/A friend of mine came to see me last week.表示独一无二的职位、官衔的名词，如captain,chairman,head,president等，在句中作表语、同位语或补足语时，多不加冠词。例如：He is head of the English Department.(系主任只有一个)He is a teacher of the English Department.(教师不只是一位)但man, mankind表示“人类”；word表示“消息”或“通知”时，习惯上不加冠词。例如：(误)The man will conquer nature.(正)Man will conquer nature.(误)The word came that I was wanted on the phone.(正)Word came that I was wanted on the phone.系动词 turn后通常接零冠词单数名词。例如：(误)One of the boys turned a thief.(正)One of the boys turned thief/became a thief.由as/though引导的倒装结构中，习惯上使用零冠词单数名词。例如：(误)A child as/though he is,he knows a lot.(正)Child as/though he is,he knows a lot.(正)Though/Although he is a child, he knows a lot.含有零冠词的一些习语或结构by后接交通工具类名词，表示方式或手段时：by bus/bike/boat/plane/spaceship,etc.但：on foot/horsebackby后接由海、陆、空的交通、旅行等方式或手段时：by air/sea/land/road/railway/water,etc.by后接其他名词表示方式时：by electricity/hand/letter/machine/post/radio,etc.by构成某些习语时：by accident/chance; by means of;by way of;by mistake,etc.表示“用某种材料”时：in ink/pen;pencil,etc.比较：with a pen/pencil在以in或with结构表示某种情感或状态时：in danger/ excitement/ health/ hunger/ fear/ safety/ silence/ sorrow/ surprise/ thought/trouble,etc.with anger/cold/envy/fear/pleasure/pride/satisfaction,etc.在介词或连词连接的两个相同、相对或关系密切的一些固定词组中：all day and all night;day and night;day by day;arm in arm;east and west;face to face;father and son;husband and wife;hand in hand;heart and soul;man and woman;one by one;little by little;shoulder to shoulder;side by side;step by step;time and time,etc.与时间、地点、方式或状态有关的一些词组中：after graduation/liberation;all night long;at dinner;at first;at last;at