主动语态变被动语态的几个特例.doc

主动语态变被动语态的几个特例 一、含有双宾语的句子变为被动语态时，多数将主动句中的间接宾语变为被动句的主语，直接宾语作保留宾语；也可将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语作保留宾语，但这时保留宾语前多加介词to或for。如： He gave me a new watch. 1) I was given a new watch. 2) A new watch was given to me. 二、含有复合宾语且宾语补足语是名词的句子变为被动语态时，只能将主动句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语，宾补不可变为主语。如： They call me Jim. I am called Jim.(不可说：Jim is called me.) 三、主语为疑问词的疑问句变为被动语态时，用“By+疑问词（宾格）”置于句首。如： Who broke the glass? By whom was the glass broken? 四、祈使句变为被动语态时，要改为“Let +原宾语+be+过去分词”。如：Close the window. Let the window be closed. 五、带宾语从句的复合句变为被动语态时，多用it作形式主语置于句首，原宾语从句成为真正主语（从句 ），从句中也需用被动语态。如： People said that Lin Feng could take good care of the baby. It was said that the baby could be taken good care of by Lin Feng. 六、含有谓语动词know的主动句变为被动语态时，不用by短语，需by改为to。如： We all know the scientist. The scientist is known to us all.七、no one、nobody等否定代词作主语的句子变为被动语态时，谓语动词用否定式，不再用原主语，但可加上by anyone、by anybody等短语。如： No one can lift the heavy box. The heavy box can not be lifted (by anyone). 被动语态改错练习 下列每句均有错误，请改正： 1. The May 4 Movement(运动) was happened in 1919. 2. Who was my book taken away? 3. Was this room cleaned by you and he? 4. When did the sweater bought? 5. She was made sing a second song.( sing 前加to（在make, hear, see, watch, feel等动词后作宾补的不定式不加to 。但这些动词构成的被动句中，不定式符号to 必须加上。） 6. The poor man was saved and gave some money. 7. A science lab is built now.8. I was given by Li Ping two books. 9. A happy life is being lived by us. 10. Something must be did to finish the work on time. 答案： 1. was happened happened 2. 句末加by或将原句改为By whom was my book taken away? 3. hehim 4. didwas 5. sing 前加to（在make, hear, see, watch, feel等动词后作宾补的不定式不加to 。但这些动词构成的被动句中，不定式符号to 必须加上。 6. gavegiven 此句意为“有人救了那个可怜的人，并给了他一点钱”，因此后一个动词也要用被动语态。 7is builtis being built 由now判断，应用现在进行时的被动语态。 8by Li Ping two books two books by Li Ping . by短语一般置于被动谓语结构之后，但在含双宾语的主动句变为被动句时，by短语应置于另一保留宾语之后。 9原句改为：We are living a happy life. 主动句宾语为同源宾语时，不可改为被动句。 10diddone 被动谓语结构中的行为动词都有过去分词，而不是过去式。 主动语态变为被动语态的方法 一、简单句的主动语态变被动语态 (1) 通常的办法是：将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，将主动结构中的谓语动词变为“be / get +过去分词”形式，将主动结构中的主语变为介词by的宾语(若动作的执行者没有必要说明则可以省略该by短语)。如： Li Lei planted the tree last year. The tree was planted by Li Lei last year. 这棵树是李蕾去年栽的。 Workers made the machines in Changsha. The machines were made in Changsha. 这些机器是长沙造的。 (2) 将含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时，应将宾语变为被动结构的主语，而宾语的补足语则留在原处成为主语补足语。如： He painted the door green yesterday. The door was painted green yesterday. 昨天门被漆成绿色了。 注意：表示“使、让”的动词make, have等，以及感官动词see, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等，在主动语态中，接不定式做宾语补足语时，不定式前的 to 要省略，而变为被动语态时，成为主语补足语的不定式，则必须带to。如：I saw him go into the teachersoffice. He was seen to go into the teachersoffice. 看见他进入了教师办公室。 (3) 带双宾语的句子变为被动语态时，既可将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，而在间接宾语前加to 或for留在动词之后；也可将间接宾语变为被动结构的主语，而直接宾语留在动词之后。但一般采用后一种用法。 He gave me the pen last year. I was given the pen last year. / The pen was given to me last year. 这支笔是去年给我的。 【说明】一般说来，间接宾语前带to的动词有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, post, send, show, take, teach, tell, write, throw等；间接宾语前带for的动词有：book登记, buy, call，get, make, do等。 (4) 动词believe, consider考虑, declare声明, expect, know, report, say, suppose, think等的被动语态，常有两种结构形式。如： He was said to get hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。 It was said that he got hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。 (5) 短语动词变被动语态时，短语动词后面的介词或副词不能省略。如： She has never been operated on before. 她从未动过手术 The baby was looked after by her sister. 这婴儿由她的姐姐照顾。 His plan was laughed at by everyone. 他的计划大家都嘲笑。 二、复合句的主动语态变被动语态 复合句的主动语态变被动语态时，复合句中的主句和从句都须同时变为被动语态。如： Li Lei told us that the teacher praised him today. We were told that Li Lei was praised by the teacher today. 有人告诉我们说今天李蕾受到了老师的表扬。 主动语态变被动语态的易错点 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，但变间接宾语为主语的情况较多。 主动：Tom gave me a present on my birthday. 我生日那天汤姆送我一件礼物。 被动：I was given a present by Tom on my birthday. A present was given to me yesterday. 注意：如果把直接宾语（指物）改为主语，则在间接宾语（指人）前加适当的介词。 1. 在下列动词后，通常在间接宾语前用介词to：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, sell, show, take,通tell等。2. 在下列动词后，一般在间接宾语前用介词for：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。 主动：Mother made me a new skirt. 母亲给我做了件衬衣。 被动：A new skirt was made for me. 3. 由于某些动词与介词有习惯搭配，既不用to也不用for, 而用别的介词。如: People all over the world know the Great Wall. 世界上的人都知道长城。 The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. （不用by短语） 4. 有时用间接宾语作主语讲不通或不习惯，必须用直接宾语作主语。如： Tom wrote me a letter 误：I was written a letter by Tom 正：A letter was written to me by Tom 类似的动词还有：return, send, pass, hand, sell, teach等。 含复合宾语（宾语+宾补）的主动句改为被动句时，一般把主动句中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面成为主语补足语。如： We always keep the classroom clean. 我们总是保持教室清洁。 The classroom is always kept clean. 教室总是保持清洁的。 They asked me to help them. 他们叫我帮助他们。 I was asked to help them. 我被他们叫去帮忙了。 We saw them playing football. 我们看到他们在踢足球。 They were seen playing football. 他们被人看见在踢足球。 注意： 1. 在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后要加上to。 We often hear her sing. 我们经常听到她唱歌。 She is often heard to sing. 经常有人听到她唱歌。 2. 如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。 如： We called him an ass. 我们叫他傻瓜。 误：As ass was called him. 正：He was called an ass. 短语动词的被动语态 (1) “动词+介词/副词”构成的短语动词，变成被动语态时，要把它们作为整体看待，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。 如： The patient is being operated on. 病人正在动手术。 His request was turned down. 他的要求遭到拒绝。 注：这类短语动词常见的还有agree to, ask for, laugh at, listen to, look after, think of, talk about, call on等。常用的由“及物动词+副词”构成的短语动词有bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put on, put off, take off, think over, work out, turn out, sell out, use up look up (查询) (2)“动词副词介词”构成的短语动词，变成变动语态时，要把它们作为一个整体看待。如： (3)The poor were looked down upon then. 那时穷人被人瞧不起。 He was looked up to by everyone他被人们所敬仰。 注：这类短语动词还有：get out of, look out of, get on with，get along with, catch up with, keep up with等。 3. “动词+名词+介词”构成的短语动动词，变被动语态时，既可将短语动词后的宾语作为被动句的主语，也可将短语动词中的名词作为被动句的主语。如： 4. You must pay attention to your pronunciation.你必须注意你的发音。 5. Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. 注：这类短语动词常见的还有catch sight of, make use of, make fun of, make friends with, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take part in, take notice of, keep an eye on等。 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的复合不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody，作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如： Nobody can lift this stone. 谁也拿不起这块石头。 误：The stone can be lifted by nobody. 正：The stone can not be lifted by anybody. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 误：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首： Who wrote this novel? 这部小说是谁写的？ 误：Who was this novel written by? 正：By whom was this novel written? 主动句中完成进行时态时，相应的被动句变为完成时态。如： He has been using this dictionary for ten years. 这本词典他用了十年了。 This dictionary has been used for ten years. 6.否定句的被动语态中，not放在第一个助动词后。 I should not be blamed by you. (被) You should not blame me. (主) 你不应该责怪我。 You should not write this letter.(主) This letter should not be written by you.(被) 你不应该写这封信