吴丹 讲义7-17.doc

分众教育 打造西部一流教辅中心 服务区县百万莘莘学子分众教育辅导讲义学员姓名： 年 级： 高中 课次：第六次辅导科目：英语 教 师：吴丹 虚拟语气一、语气 (mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。直陈语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实。祈使语气 (imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。A. 陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。We are not ready.Did it rain all day yesterday?What a fine day today！B. 祈使语气表使说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。Be careful.Dont forget to close the window.Open the door, please.C. 虚拟语气表使动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。If I were you, I would go with him.1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。 2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 二、 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表： 句 型 条件从句 主句 一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形 例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。 典型例题 The volleyball match will be put off if it _. A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained 答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。 注意： 1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will. （错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. （对） If you leave now, you will never regret it. 三、 非真实条件句 （1）辨别if 引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。 条件从句主句与现在事实相违背过去式（动词是be用were）should / would/could/might + 动词原形 与过去事实相违背had + 过去分词should / would/could/might + have +过去分词与未来事实相违背1) should + 动词原形2) were + 动词不定式3) 过去式（动词是Be也可以用were）should / would/could/might + 动词原形1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式 (be的过去式用were), 主句的谓语用should （would, might， could）+动词原形。例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。 含义：They are not here, they cant help you. 如：If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。（事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。（事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。）2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should （ would, might， could）+ have 过去分词。如：She would have gone to the party if she had been invited. 要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。（事实是：当时没有人邀请她，因此，她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。）If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。（事实是：她今天早上叫我了，我没有睡过头。表示感激。）3. 与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)； should动词原形；were to动词原形，主句用should （would, might， could）+动词原形。如：If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。（事实是：我现在已经老了，明年我学不了法语了。）If it should fail, I would try again.要是失败了，我会再试一次。（事实是：有可能失败，可我会再试。表示未知。）四、混合条件句 当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。 （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。He would pass the test if he had taken my advice如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。五、虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如： Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。 Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。 Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。 注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如： If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。 If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。 典型例题 _ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I wereC. Were ID. Was I 答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Werent I to do。 六. 含蓄条件句虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。1) 条件暗含在短语中。如：But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词but for your help)What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在介词短语without you 中)I am really busy, otherwise, I would certainly go with you.(= If I were not busy, I would certainly go with you)我确定太忙了，不然的话我一定和你一起去。But that he saw it, he would not have believed it. 要不是她亲眼看见，他是不会相信的。It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way中)This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime 中)He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如：You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含 if you should accept it)七. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1). 宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气，作为suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire等动词的宾语。如：The doctor suggested that he not go there医生建议他不要去那里。He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。2). wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。 从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示现在的愿望（与现在事实相反），虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。 I wish it were true我但愿这是真的。 从句的谓语动词还可用“could（would，might）+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望 I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一会儿。 表示无能为力的过去愿望（与过去事实相反），可用“had +过去分词”或“could（would，might）+have+过去分词”I wish you had called yesterday我希望你昨天来过电话。We wish you had come to our New Years party.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。3). would rather, would sooner等表示愿望，其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。 表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式 用过去完成式(had + 过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义I would rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我宁愿她把重活留给别人。1） 在主语从句中的应用 It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。 It is 可用的词有三类 that （should）do suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等 important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等 a pity, a shame, no wonder等 八、在宾语从句中的应用 在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。例如： I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。 He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。 注意：如suggest, insist不表示建议 或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 判断改错： （错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill. （对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill. （错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong. （对） I insisted that you were wrong. The boy insisted that he hadnt broken the window. 男孩坚持说他没有打破窗户。（insist 表示坚持说，坚持认为）3） 在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如： My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。 I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。 九、 比较if only与only if only if表示只有；if only则表示如果就好了。与现在事实相反用一般过去式，与过去相反用过去完成时，与将来相反用would +原形If only I were 20 years younger.我要再年轻20岁就好了。If only I had come to the party yesterday. 如果昨天我来参加聚会就好了。Only if 引导条件状语从句，要倒装Only if the cause is urgent should you call out the doctor in the middle of night.只有情况紧急是，你才可以再夜间叫医生看病。10、 It is （high） time that It is （high） time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例如： It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。 It is high time that the children should go to bed. 11、 虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中，表愿望Long live the Communist Party of China！中国共产党万岁！God bless you! 上帝保佑你。God damn it! 该死的！The devil take you! 见鬼去吧！So be it then. 就那样吧。As if .As though 引导的表语从句As if .As though 引导的表语从句表示与事实相反的情况时也用虚拟语气，与现在将来事实相反用一般过去式，与过去事实相反用过去完成时。 It looks as if she had seen a ghost.看上去她好像见了鬼似的。The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she had been to the moon many times. 这个女孩对月球所做的逼真描述就好像她去过月球很多次似的。It seems as though it were spring already.看起来好像已经是春天啦一样。As if .As though 也可以引导事实或有很大可能性事实的从句，常在系动词look,seem,taste,smell, sound等次后。 It looks as if it is going to rain. (马上就要下雨啦)It seems as if the boy has lost his way. （事实上真的迷路了）专项练习1：1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was made.A. have read B. had readC. should have read D. are reading2.You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him.A. come; would meetB. had come; would have metC. come; will meet D. had come; would meet3.The two students talked as if they _ friends for years.A. should be B. would beC. have been D. had been4.It is important that I _ with Mr. Williams immediately.A. speakB. spokeC. will speak D. to speak5.He looked as if he _ ill for a long time.A. was B. Were C. has been D. had been6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _.A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hoursC. have lied there for two hoursD. have lain there for two hours7.I wish that I _ with you last night.A. went B. could goC. have goneD. could have gone8.Lets say you could go there again, how _ feel?A. will youB. should youC. would you D. do you9.I cant stand him. He always talks as though he _ everything.A. knew B. knowsC. has known D. had known10._ the fog, we should have reached our school.A. Because of B. In spite ofC. In case of D. But for11.If you had told me in advance, I _ him at the airport.A. would meet B. would had metC. would have met D. would have meet12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_ me how.A. teaches B. will teachC. has taught D. would teach13.I would have told him the answer, had it been possible, but I _ so busy then.A. had beenB. wereC. was D. would be14.Hes working hard for fear that he _.A. should fall behindB. fell behindC. may fall behind D. would fallen behind15.If it _ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.A. had rainedB. would have rainedC. have seen D. rained16.He suggested that they _ use a trick instead of fighting.A. should B. wouldC. do D. had17.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _ there.A. not went B. wont goC. not go D. not to go18.I would have gone to the meeting if I _ time.A. had had B. have hadC. had D. would have had19.Would you rather I _ buying a new bike?A. decided againstB. will decide againstC. have decided D. shall decide against20.You look so tired tonight. It is time you _.A. go to sleep B. went to sleepC. go to bed D. went to bed21.Why didnt you buy a new car? I would have bought one if I _ enough money.A. had B. have hadC. would have D. had had22.If she could sew, _.A. she make a dress B. she would have made a shirtC. she will make a shirt D. she would had made a coat23._ today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would he leave B. Was he leavingC. Were he to leave D. If he leaves24.His doctor suggested that he _ a short trip abroad.A. will takeB. would takeC. takeD. took25.The Bakers arrived last night. If theyd only let us know earlier,_ at the station.A. wed meet them B. well meet themC. wed have met them D. weve met them26.If I _ you, I _ more attention to English idioms and phrases.A. was; shall pay B. am; will payC. would be; would pay D. were; would pay27.We might have failed if you _ us a helping hand.A. have not givenB. would not giveC. had not given D. did not give28.The law requires that everyone _ his car checked at least once a year.A. has B. hadC. have D. will have29.It is strange that he _ so.A. woul