柴油发动机涡轮增压器.doc

柴油发动机涡轮增压器涡轮增压器涡轮增压器是现代增压发动机的关键部件。它利用发动机排气能量的动力，吹动涡轮，带动共轴的压气机轮一起高速旋转，压气机将新鲜空气压缩后，供给发动机工作，从而使发动机功率大幅度提高，油耗率下降，噪声和排污减少，有效改善发动机的动力、经济和环保性能。 涡轮增压器是高效、节能、环保高科技产品，它与发动机配套工作，日益广泛应用于汽车、工程机械、发电机组、船舶等各领域。构造涡轮增压器是由涡轮室和增压器组成的机器，涡轮室进气口与排气歧管相连，排气口接在排气管上；增压器进气口与空气滤清器管道相连，排气口接在进气歧管上。涡轮和叶轮分别装在涡轮室和增压器内，二者同轴刚性联接。原理涡轮增压器实际上是一种空气压缩机，通过压缩空气来增加进气量。它是利用发动机排出的废气惯性冲力来推动涡轮室内的涡轮，涡轮又带动同轴的叶轮，叶轮压送由空气滤清器管道送来的空气，使之增压进入气缸。当发动机转速增快，废气排出速度与涡轮转速也同步增快，叶轮就压缩更多的空气进入气缸，空气的压力和密度增大可以燃烧更多的燃料，相应增加燃料量和调整一下发动机的转速，就可以增加发动机的输出功率了。技术涡轮增压器安装在发动机的进排气歧管上，处在高温，高压和高速运转的工作状况下，其工作环境非常恶劣，工作要求又比较苛刻，因此对制造的材料和加工技术都要求很高。其中制造难度最高的是支承涡轮轴运转的“浮式轴承”，它工作转速可达10万转分以上，加上环境温度可达六、七百度以上，决非一般轴承所能承受，由于轴承与机体内壁间有油液做冷却，又称“全浮式轴承”。缺点另外涡轮增压器虽然有协助发动机增力的作用，但也有它的缺点，其中最明显的是，“滞后响应”，即由于叶轮的惯性作用对油门骤时变化反应迟缓，即使经过改良后的反应时间也要1.7秒，使发动机延迟增加或减少输出功率。这对于要突然加速或超车的汽车而言，瞬间会有点提不上劲的感觉。改进 但是涡轮增压器毕竟是无本生利的事情，它是利用发动机的废气工作的，这些废气的能量如果不加以利用也会白白地浪费掉。因此，自从涡轮增压器面世以来，人们就经常对它进行技术改造，例如提高加工精度，尽量减少涡轮与涡轮室内壁的间隙，以便提高废气能量利用率；采用新型材料陶瓷，利用陶瓷的耐热高，刚度强，重量轻的优点，可以将涡轮增压器做得更加紧凑，体积更少，而且能减少涡轮的“滞后响应”时间。在最近30年时间里，涡轮增压器已经普及到许多类型的汽车上，它弥补了一些自然吸气式发动机的先天不足，会发动机在不改变气缸工作容积的情况下可以提高输出功率10%以上，因此许多汽车制造公司都采用这种增压技术来改进发动机的输出功率，藉以实现轿车的高性能化.涡轮增压器最早是用于跑车或方程式赛车上的，以使发动机迸发出更大的功率。 发动机是靠燃料在汽缸内燃烧作功来产生功率的，输入的燃料量受到吸入汽缸内空气量的限制，所产生的功率也会受到限制，如果发动机的运行性能已处于最佳状态，再增加输出功率只能通过压缩更多的空气进入汽缸来增加燃料量，提高燃烧作功能力。在目前的技术条件下，涡轮增压器是惟一能使发动机在工作效率不变的情况下增加输出功率的机械装置。 涡轮增压器实际上是一种空气压缩机，通过压缩空气来增加进气量。它是利用发动机排出的废气惯性冲力来推动涡轮室内的涡轮，涡轮又带动同轴的叶轮，叶轮压送由空气滤清器管道送来的空气，使之增压进入汽缸。当发动机转速增快，废气排出速度与涡轮转速也同步增快，叶轮就压缩更多的空气进入汽缸，空气的压力和密度增大可以燃烧更多的燃料，相应增加燃料量和调整一下发动机的转速，就可以增加发动机的输出功率了。 但是涡轮增压器虽然有协助发动机增力的作用，但也有它的缺点，其中最明显的是，“滞后响应”，即由于叶轮的惯性作用对油门骤时变化反应迟缓，即使经过改良后的反应时间也要17秒，使发动机延迟增加或减少输出功率。这对于要突然加速或超车的汽车而言，瞬间会有点提不上劲的感觉。但是随着技术的改进，这一缺点正在被逐步克服。 在最近30年时间里，涡轮增压器已经普及到许多类型的汽车上，它弥补了一些自然吸气式发动机的先天不足，使发动机在不改变汽缸工作容积的情况下可以提高输出功率10以上，因此许多汽车制造公司都采用这种增压技术来改进发动机的输出功率，藉以实现轿车的高性能化。发动机是靠燃料在气缸内燃烧作功来产生功率的，输入的燃料量受到吸入气缸内空气量的限制，所产生的功率也会受到限制，如果发动机的运行性能已处于最佳状态，再增加输出功率只能通过压缩更多的空气进入气缸来增加燃料量，提高燃烧作功能力。在目前的技术条件下，涡轮增压器是唯一能使发动机在工作效率不变的情况下增加输出功率的机械装置。Turbochargers for diesel enginesTurbocharger turbocharger is a key component of modern supercharged engine. It uses the power of the engine exhaust energy, blowing turbine drive co-axial compressor wheel with high-speed rotation, the compressor will be compressed fresh air, the supply of engine work, so that a substantial increase in engine power, fuel consumption rate, noise and sewage reduced, effectively improve the engine power, economic and environmental performance. Turbocharger efficiency, energy saving, environmental protection and high-tech products, which work with the engine supporting the increasingly widely used in various fields of automobile, engineering machinery, generating sets, ship.Constructed turbochargers machine by the turbine chamber and the turbocharger, the turbine chamber inlet and exhaust manifold connected to the exhaust port is connected to the exhaust pipe; turbocharger inlet connected to the air filter pipe row The air inlet is connected to the intake manifold. The turbine and impeller are mounted on the turbine chamber and the turbocharger, the two coaxial rigid connection.Principles of turbochargers is actually an air compressor, compressed air to increase the intake air. It is the use of the engine exhausts inertia momentum to drive the turbine room of the turbine, turbine driven by another coaxial impeller, the impeller pressure to send air sent by the air filter pipe to the supercharger to make it into the cylinder. When the engine speed is increased, the exhaust gas speed and turbine speed synchronization faster, the impeller to compress more air into the cylinder, the air pressure and density can burn more fuel, a corresponding increase in the amount of fuel and adjust the engine speed, you can increase the output power of the engine.Technology turbocharger installed in the engine into the exhaust manifold in the high temperature, high pressure and high-speed operation of the working conditions, their work environment is very poor, job requirements are relatively harsh, so the manufacture of materials and processing technology demanding. Which is difficult to manufacture support the operation of the turbine shaft and floating bearing , it works speed up to 100 000 rev / min or more, plus the ambient temperature of up to six or seven Baidu, by no means a general bearing can bear, due to bearing the body wall of the fluid doing the cooling, also known as full floating bearing.Shortcomings of another turbocharger role to assist the engine to increase power, but also has its drawbacks, one of the most obvious is that the delayed response, due to the inertia of the impeller slow response to throttle suddenly changes, even after the improved reaction time should be 1.7 seconds to make the engine to delay the increase or decrease the output power. Sudden acceleration or overtaking car, and instantly a little mention does not pull its weight on the feeling.Turbochargers improve but after all this revenue-producing things, it is the use of the engine exhaust, exhaust energy, if you do not use will be wasted in vain. Therefore, since the since the launch of the turbocharger, often it is technological innovation, such as improving processing accuracy, minimize the clearance of the turbine and the turbine chamber wall, in order to increase the exhaust gas energy utilization; use of new materials ceramic, a ceramic resistance high heat, stiffness, light weight advantages, the turbocharger can be in a more compact, less volume, but also reduce the turbo lag response time.In the last 30 years, the turbocharger has spread to many types of vehicles, which make up the deficiencies of the naturally aspirated engine, will be the engine does not change the cylinder volume can be increased by more than 10% of the output power , so many car manufacturing companies are using this booster technology to improve the output power of the engine in order to achieve high performance cars.The turbocharger was first used in sports car or a Formula One racing, to enable the engine to burst out more power.Engines rely on the fuel combustion in the cylinder for the power to generate power, enter the amount of fuel subject to the restrictions on the amount of air sucked into the cylinder, the power generated will be limited, if the performance of the engine running at its best, and then increase output power can only be for the function of force by compressing more air into the cylinders to increase fuel consumption, improve combustion. Under the current technical conditions, the turbocharger is a mechanical device only allows the engine to increase the efficiency of the same output power.The turbocharger is actually an air compressor, compressed air to increase the intake air. It is the use of the engine exhausts inertia momentum to drive the turbine room of the turbine, turbine driven by another coaxial impeller, the impeller pressure to send air sent by the air filter pipe to the supercharger to make it into the cylinders. When the engine speed is increased, the exhaust gas speed and turbine speed synchronization faster, the impeller to compress more air into the cylinders, air pressure and density can burn more fuel, a corresponding increase in the amount of fuel and adjust the engine speed, you can increase the output power of the engine.Turbocharger role to assist the engine to increase power, but also has its drawbacks, the most obvious one is that the delayed response, due to the inertia of the impeller slow response to throttle suddenly changes even after the improved The reaction time should be 1.7 seconds, the engines latency increase or decrease the output power. Sudden acceleration or overtaking car, and instantly a little mention does not pull its weight on the feeling. However, as technology improves, this shortcoming is being gradually overcome.In the last 30 years, the turbocharger has spread to many types of car, it makes up for the deficiencies of the natur