T452 (网上中文翻译).doc

第1頁 Approved by the Optical Properties Committee of the Process and Product Quality Division 批准的光學性質委員會的過程和產品質量部 TAPPI TAPPIT 452 om-98 T 452 om- 98 SUGGESTED METHOD 1941 建議的方法- 1941 TENTATIVE STANDARD 1945 暫行標準- 1945 OFFICIAL STANDARD 1977 官方標準- 1977 OFFICIAL TEST METHOD 1983 官方測試方法- 1983 REVISED 1987 經修訂- 1987 REVISED 1992 經修訂- 1992 REVISED 1998 經修訂- 1998 1998 TAPPI 1998 TAPPI The information and data contained in this document were prepared 的信息和數據載於本文件準備 by a technical committee of the Association. 由一個技術委員會協會。 The committee and the 委員會和 Association assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the 協會不承擔任何責任或責任，涉嫌與 use of such information or data, including but not limited to any 利用這些信息或數據，包括但不限於任何 liability or responsibility under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. 責任或責任的專利，版權或商業秘密的法律。 The user is responsible for determining that this document is the most 對用戶負責的決定，這份文件是最 recent edition published. 最新版的出版。 Brightness of pulp, paper, and paperboard (directional 亮度紙漿，紙和紙板（定向 reflectance at 457 nm) 反射率在457納米） 1. 1。 Scope 範圍 1.1 1.1 This method is for the determination of the brightness of white, near-white, and naturally colored pulp, 這種方法適用於測定亮度白色，近白色，自然色的紙漿， paper, and paperboard. 紙和紙板。 Brightness is a commonly used industry term for the numerical value of the reflectance factor 亮度是一種常用的工業術語的數值的反射係數 of a sample with respect to blue light of specific spectral and geometric characteristics. 一個樣本的藍光方面的具體光譜和幾何特徵。 This method requires an 這種方法需要一 instrument employing 45 illumination and 0 viewing geometry with the illuminating and viewing beams adjusted so 儀器採用45 ，0 照明觀測幾何與照明光束和調整，以便觀看 that translucent materials are evaluated on an arbitrary but specific scale. 半透明材料的評價上任意的，而是具體的規模。 The cone of light (see A.3.2 and A.3.5) used 錐形光（見A.3.2信息和A.3.5）使用 by this method is wider than that specified for the CIE Standard 45/0 geometry. 用這種方法是更廣泛的比指定了CIE標準的45 / 0幾何。 1.2 1.2 This procedure is applicable to all naturally-colored pulps, and papers and board made therefrom. 本程序適用於所有自然色的紙漿和紙張和紙板製成由此。 The 該 measurement is not suitable for paper or paperboard containing added coloring matter (such as yellow or green dyestuff) 不適合測量紙張或紙板含有添加染色料（如黃色或綠色染料） which appreciably absorbs light in that part of the spectrum extending from about 400 to 500 nm. 這明顯地吸收光線中的那部分光譜範圍由約400至500納米。 Colored papers must 彩色的紙張必須 be measured either spectrophotometrically or colorimetrically in order to obtain meaningful results ( 1 ). 無論是分光光度法或色度測量，以獲得有意義的結果（1）。 1.3 1.3 This method gives: 這種方法得到： 1.3.1 1.3.1 A procedure for using the test instrument to measure the directional reflectance factor at 457 nm of a 一個程序使用的測試儀器來測量定向反射係數在457 nm處的一 sample of paper or paperboard ( 2-5 ). 紙或紙板的樣本（2-5）。 NOTE 1: 注1： The effective wavelength of the spectral band is 457 nm. 有效的光譜波長457 nm的波段。 The shape of the function is also important and is defined in Appendix 形狀的功能也很重要，是指在附錄 A. 答： 1.3.2 1.3.2 A description of a system of preparing, distributing and using reflectance standards by which an 一個描述一個系統的準備，分發和使用反射率標準，其中一 instrument can be maintained in continuous agreement, to within specified tolerances, with a master instrument. 儀器可連續保持一致，要在規定的公差，與主文書。 1.3.3 1.3.3 A detailed description (Appendix A) of the significant spectral, geometric, and photometric 詳細說明（附錄A）的重要光譜，幾何，和光度 characteristics of a master instrument, with a statement of the tolerances which must be met in its construction and 特徵主文書，聲明的公差必須滿足在其建設和 maintained during its use. 它的使用過程中保持。 1.3.4 1.3.4 A procedure described in Appendix C for separating the fluorescent component of brightness from the 一個附錄C所述程序分離的熒光亮度分量從 non-fluorescent component of brightness and measuring it quantitatively. 非熒光成分測量它的亮度和定量。 2. 2。 Summary of method 綜述方法 This method provides: (a) a scale for measurement of blue directional reflectance factor, (b) a method for 該方法規定：（一）規模的藍色定向測量反射係數，（二）方法 verifying the calibration of each instrument used for reflectance testing so that the user can rely upon the test results, and 核實每個儀器校準用於反射率測試，以便用戶可以依賴的測試結果， Page 2 第2頁 T 452 om-98 T 452om- 98 Brightness of pulp, paper, and paperboard / 2 亮度紙漿，紙和紙板/ 2 (directional reflectance at 457 nm) （定向反射率在457納米） Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers list in the bound 供應商名稱的檢測設備和材料，此方法可發現在測試設備供應商名單中的約束 1 一 set of TAPPI Test Methods, or may be available from the TAPPI Technical Operations Department. 集TAPPI試驗方法，也可能是可從TAPPI技術運營部。 (c) criteria by which to judge whether any instrument (differing in optical, geometric, and photometric characteristics （三）標準，據此判斷是否有工具（不同的光學，幾何學，並配光性能 from the master instrument) may safely be employed in performing this reflectance test. 從主工具）可以放心地採用這種反射在執行測試。 3. 3。 Significance 意義 3.1 3.1 Blue-light reflectance measurements were originally designed to provide an indication of the amount of 藍色光反射測量設計本來是為了提供一個顯示的金額 bleaching that has taken place in the manufacture of pulp. 漂白已經發生在製造紙漿。 The higher the blue-light reflectance, generally the whiter the 越高的藍光反射率，一般是白的 products will appear. 產品將出現。 The method provides a simple single-number index useful for comparing similar white materials; 該方法提供了一個簡單的單數指數比較類似的白色有用的材料; however, colored materials are better identified by using a standardized three-dimensional color space, see TAPPI T 524 然而，有色材料更好地使用標準化的標識三維彩色空間，見TAPPI T 524 “Color of Paper and Paperboard (45/0 geometry).” “彩色的紙和紙板（45 / 0 幾何）。” 3.2 3.2 Because the instrument geometry of this method is different from that of TAPPI T 525 “Diffuse 因為儀器幾何這種方法是不同於對TAPPIT 525“瀰漫 Brightness of Pulp (d/0)” and ISO 2470 “Measurement of Diffuse Blue Reflectance Factor (ISO Brightness),” there is 紙漿亮度（四/ 0）“和ISO 2470”測量藍光漫反射因數（ISO亮度），“有 no simple relationship between the two brightness scales ( 9 ). 沒有簡單的關係，兩者之間的亮度秤（9）。 4. 4。 Reflectance scale and standards 反射規模和標準 4.1 4.1 Reflectance scale: The standard brightness scale is based on the reflectance of magnesium oxide of 反射規模：規模為標準亮度的基礎上反射氧化鎂 100.0%. 100.0。 This scale is rigorously maintained utilizing instrumental methods not dependent upon unstable physical 這個規模是嚴格保持利用儀器分析方法不依賴於不穩定物質 standards such as magnesium oxide (6). 標準，如氧化鎂（6）。 4.2 4.2 Standards: Sets of paper tabs and polished white opal glass standards with calibration values based on 標準：將紙標籤和拋光白色乳白玻璃標準與標定值的基礎上 1 一 the master instrument. 主工具。 Sets of at least five pads of paper and two opal glass standards shall be provided. 設置至少五墊紙和兩個乳白玻璃標準應當提供。 5. 5。 Apparatus 儀器 5.1 5.1 Brightness tester , a test instrument which embodies the geometric, photometric and spectral 亮度測試儀 ，測試儀器，體現了幾何，光度和光譜 characteristics specified in Appendix A and in such adjustment that its calibration is correct to within the tolerances 在附錄A規定的特徵，在這種調整，其校準是正確的公差範圍內 specified in 6.1. 6.1指定。 NOTE 2: 注2： Agreement of the test instrument with the master instrument on one or two levels of standards is not sufficient proof that readings 協議測試儀器儀表與主人的一個或兩個級別的標準是不充分的證據證明讀數 on the test instrument will agree with the master instrument throughout the range of application of this method. 在測試儀器將同意與主儀表整個範圍的應用此方法。 The test instrument 測試儀 will be in proper calibration if it reads all standards within 0.3 point of their assigned values. 將在適當的校正，如果它讀取所有標準在 0.3點分配給他們的價值觀。 5.2 5.2 Standards, a set of five pads of paper tabs and two opal glass standards as described in 4.2 and Appendix 標準，一套五片紙標籤和兩個乳白玻璃標準中所描述的4.2和附錄 B. 二 5.3 5.3 Backing weight, 1-kg weight with flat bottom. 支持體重，1公斤體重平底。 6. 6。 Calibration 校準 6.1 6.1 Obtain reflectance standards at monthly intervals and calibrate the test instrument with them as soon 反射率的標準獲取每月一次的測試儀器和校準與他們盡快 1 一 as they are received. 因為他們收到。 If the instrument readings on the standards differ from their assigned value by more than 0.3 如果儀器讀數的標準不同，其分配的值超過 0.3 point, adjust the instrument in accordance with the manufacturers instructions so that the readings agree with the assigned 點，調整儀器按照製造商的指示，以便閱讀同意指派 values to within 0.3 point. 值在0.3點。 6.2 6.2 Check the test instrument readings at least monthly against the assigned values of all the standards. 檢查測試儀器讀數至少每月對所分配的值的所有標準。 A 一 check should be made with the opal glass standard at least daily. 檢查應與乳白玻璃標準至少每天。 The frequency of these checks will depend on the 這些檢查的頻率將取決於 amount of use of the instrument and the accuracy required. 量使用儀器和精度要求。 Care should be exercised that the paper standards do not 應當謹慎行事，該文件標準不 become soiled through frequent use. 通過頻繁的使用變臟。 6.3 6.3 At intervals of one to three years, depending upon the conditions and frequency of use, the test instrument 每隔一至三年，這取決於條件和使用頻率，測試儀器 should be carefully inspected, tested, and adjusted to ensure that its geometric and spectral characteristics fall within 應仔細檢查，測試和調整，以確保其幾何特徵和光譜範圍之內 prescribed limits, and that its photometric system is within the specified tolerances. 規定的限制，它的測光系統，是在指定的公差。 Page 3 第3頁 3 / Brightness of pulp, paper, and paperboard 3 /亮度紙漿，紙和紙板 T 452 om-98 T 452om- 98 (directional reflectance at 457 nm) （定向反射率在457納米） 7. 7。 Test specimens 試樣 7.1 7.1 Sample preparationpaper and paperboard 樣品製備紙和紙板 7.1.1 7.1.1 Sample the material to be tested in accordance with TAPPI T 400 “Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot 樣本進行測試的材料按照TAPPI T 400“取樣和驗收單批 of Paper, Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product.” From each test unit cut a representative portion of the paper 紙，紙板，盒紙板，或相關產品。“從每個測試單元削減部分有代表性的論文 or board into seven or more tabs at least 30 mm longer and 20 mm wider than the specimen aperture nominally 51 mm 或董事會成七個或更多的標籤，至少30毫米長，20毫米寬於試樣孔徑名義51毫米 (2 in.) by 38 mm (1 / in.) with the short dimension parallel to the machine direction. （2英寸）38毫米（1 /英寸），短尺寸平行的方向機。 Avoiding any water mark, dirt, 避免任何水跡，污垢， 1 一 2 2 or blemish, assemble the tabs in a pad with the top sides up. 或缺陷，組裝在一個標籤墊，頂面了。 Use the top tab as a cover only; mark it near one corner to 使用頂部標籤為掩護，僅將其標記為附近一角落 identify the sample and the top side. 確定樣品和頂面。 More than seven specimen tabs may be required for thin or transparent samples to 七年多標本標籤可能需要薄或透明樣品 ensure that the pad is completely opaque. 確保墊是完全不透明。 (Only a few tabs will be required for paperboard.) The number of tabs in the （只有少數標籤將需要紙板。）標籤的數量在 pad should be such that the measured reflectance is not changed by doubling its thickness. 墊應該是這樣，測量反射率沒有改變它的厚度增加了一倍。 7.1.2 7.1.2 Do not touch test areas of the specimen with the fingers. 不要觸摸測試領域的標本用手指。 Protect the test areas from contamination, 保護試驗區不受污染， excessive heat, or intense light. 過多的熱量，或強光。 7.2 7.2 Sample preparationpulp. Prepare sheets from pulp samples in accordance with TAPPI T 218 樣品製備紙漿。紙漿板樣品準備按照TAPPI T 218 “Forming Handsheets for Reflectance Tests of Pulp (Bchner Funnel Procedure)” or TAPPI T 272 “Forming Handsheets “手抄紙的反射試驗形成紙漿（布氏漏斗程序）”或TAPPI T 272“的形成手抄紙 for Reflectance Testing of Pulp (Sheet Machine Procedure).” 紙漿反射率測試（片機程序）。“ 8. 8。 Procedure 程序 8.1 8.1 Without touching the test areas with the fingers, remove the protective cover tab and place it at the back 不碰試驗區用手指，取下保護蓋標籤，並在後面的地方 of the pad. 該墊。 Place the pad over the specimen aperture of the instrument with the machine direction of the paper parallel 墊放置在試樣孔徑儀器與機器方向平行的紙張 to the plane determined by the axes of the incident and reflected rays of light and with the top side in contact with the 確定的平面坐標軸事故和反射光線的光，並與前側接觸 instrument. 文書。 If an orientation (“upstream/downstream”) effect is suspected (as in the case of some lightweight coated 如果一個方向（“上游/下游”）起懷疑（如在案件的一些輕量級的塗層 grades), rotate the pad 180 and observe the reading. 等級），180度旋轉墊，觀察讀數。 If the difference between upstream and downstream brightness 如果在上游和下游之間的差異亮度 exceeds 0.3, clearly record in the report the reading for each orientation. 超過0.3，在報告中清楚地記錄了每個方向閱讀。 8.2 8.2 Place the 1-kg backing weight on the pad. 放置1公斤重量的支持墊。 Measure and record the reflectance reading to 0.1 unit. 測量和記錄反射閱讀0.1個單位。 8.3 8.3 Move the lower tab to the back of the pad and measure the second tab. 降低移動標籤背面的墊和衡量第二個選項卡。 Repeat this procedure until five 重複此過程，直到五 tabs have been measured. 標籤進行了測量。 9. 9。 Report 報告 Report the average brightness of the sample to one decimal place, together with the minimum and maximum 報告的平均亮度的樣品到小數點後一位，再加上最小和最大 readings. 讀數。 State clearly and conspicuously any deviations from the standard procedure, and note any unusual features or 明確和突出任何偏離標準程序，並注意任何不尋常的功能或 characteristics of the sample. 特色的樣本。 10. 10。 Precision 精密 10.1 10.1 The following estimates of repeatability and reproducibility were taken from the CTS Interlaboratory 下面的重複性和再現性估計是從實驗室間的CTS Program for Paper and Paperboard in 1996 and 1997. 方案於1996年紙和紙板和1997年。 Only labs using instruments conforming to this method were 只有實驗室使用儀器符合本方法進行 selected. 選擇。 For each sample, 55 to 61 laboratories are included in the statistics. 對於每個樣品，55至61實驗室包括在統計內。 Each estimate is based on eight 每個估計是基於八 determinations per sample. 測定每個樣品。 10.2 10.2 Within lab repeatability and between lab reproducibility, as defined in TAPPI T 1206, are estimates of 實驗室內重複性和再現性實驗室之間，所界定的TAPPI T 1206年，是估計 the maximum difference (at 95% probability) which should be expected when comparing replicate measurements for 最大差值（95的概率）應重複測量時預計的比較 materials similar to those described previously under similar test conditions. 材料，類似前面描述的那些在類似的試驗條件。 These estimates may not be valid for 這些估計可能是無效的 different materials or testing conditions. 不同材料或試驗條件。 10.3 10.3 The reader should be cautioned that these values are based on actual mill/laboratory brightness 讀者應注意，這些值是根據實際磨/實驗室亮度 measurements with instruments or procedures which reportedly conform to the method. 測量與儀器或程序，據說符合的方法。 This information is given as a 本資料是作為一個 guide to the potential variation in directional brightness evaluation that may exist across the industry. 指導的潛在變化方向亮度的評價，可能存在於不同行業。 11. 11。 Keywords 關鍵詞 Brightness, Reflectance, Pulp, Paper, Paperboard, Fluorescence, Directional reflectance, Directional brightness 亮度，反射率，紙漿，紙，紙板，熒光，定向反射，定向亮度 Page 4 第4頁 T 452 om-98 T 452om- 98 Brightness of pulp, paper, and paperboard / 4 亮度紙漿，紙和紙板/ 4 (directional reflectance at 457 nm) （定向反射率在457納米） s is within lab standard deviation, r is within lab repeatability, s is between lab standard deviation, s is corrected S是在實驗室標準差，R是實驗室內重複性，S是實驗室的標準差之間，S是糾正 r n R between lab standard deviation, R is between lab reproducibility. 實驗室之間的標準差，R是實驗室之間的重複性。 UV comp % is presented as an indication of the 紫外線訓練班是作為一個指示的 relative amount of optical brightener present in the samples. 相對量的熒光增白劑目前在樣品。 12. 12。 Additional Information 附加信息 12.1 12.1 Effective date of issue: February 24, 1998. 生效日期的問題：1998年2月24日。 12.2 12.2 This method incorporates previous method TAPPI T 217 “Brightness of Pulp.” This method was 這種方法採用以前的方法TAPPI T 217“亮度紙漿。”此方法是 corrected in 1947 and revised in 1942, 1948, 1958, and withdrawn in 1977. 糾正在1947年和1942年修訂，1948年，1958年，於1977年撤回。 12.3 12.3 Related methods: Scandinavian SCAN P3:75, SCAN C11:75, SCAN G1:75, Canadian E.1; ISO 2469, 相關的方法：斯堪的納維亞掃描小三：75，掃描C11的：75，掃描G1期：75，加拿大E.1節;國際標準組織2469， 2470, and 3688. 2470和3688。 TAPPI T 525 “Diffuse Brightness of Pulp (d/0),” TAPPI T 534 “Brightness of Clay and Other Mineral TAPPI T 525“瀰漫紙漿亮度（四/ 0），”TAPPI T 534“亮度粘土等礦產 Pigments (d/0 diffuse),” TAPPI T 646 “Brightness of Clay and Other Mineral Pigments (45/0),” TAPPI T 218 “Forming 顏料（四/ 0擴散），“TAPPI T 646”亮度粘土等礦物顏料（45 / 0），“TAPPI T 218”的形成 Handsheets for Reflectance Testing of Pulp (Bchner Funnel Procedure),” TAPPI T 272 “Forming Handsheets for 手抄紙的紙漿反射率測試（布氏漏斗程序），“TAPPI T 272”手抄紙的形成 Reflectance Testing of Pulp (Sheet Machine Procedure).” 反射測試紙漿（片機程序）。“ 12.4 12.4 Appendix C, Fluorescent component of brightness, was added in 1987. 附錄C，熒光燈組成的亮度，增加了在1987年。 Literature Cited 文學引文 1. 1。 TAPPI T 442 “Spectral Reflectance Factor, Transmittance and Color of Paper and Pulp (Polychromatic TAPPI T 442“光譜反射係數，透射和彩色紙和紙漿（多色 Illumination),” TAPPI T 524 “Color of Paper and Paperboard (45/0 Geometry),” and TAPPI T 527 “Color of 照明），“TAPPI T 524”彩色的紙和紙板（45 / 0 幾何）“和TAPPI T 527”的顏色 Paper and Paperboard (d/0 Geometry).” 紙和紙板（四/ 0 幾何）。“ 2. 2。 Instrumentation Studies XIII, Paper Trade J . 104 (18):47; (19):51; (20):45 (1937); XX, Paper Trade J . 105 第十三儀器儀表研究， 紙張貿易因子 。104（18）：47（19）：51（20）：45（1937） ， 紙張貿易 105。 (18):135; (19):27 (1937); XXI, Paper Trade J . 105 (25):46 (1937); XXII, Paper Trade J . 105 (27):42 (1937); （18）：135;（19）：27（1937）二十一， 紙張貿易因子 。105（25）：46（1937）二十二， 紙張貿易因子 。105（27）：42（1937）; XVIII, Paper Trade J. 107 (20):33 (1938); XXIX, Paper Trade J . 107 (25):29 (1938); XXXVII, Paper Trade 十八， 紙張貿易j的 107（20）：33（1938年）;第29屆， 紙張貿易因子 。107（25）：29（1938年）;第三十七卷， 紙張貿易 J . 112 (1):13 (1941); LVIII, Tappi 33 (10):85 (1950); LXV, Tappi 34 (9):143A (1951); LXIV, Tappi 34 (8):126A 因子 。112（1）：13（1941）; LVIII， TAPPI 33（10）：85（1950年）;第六十五， TAPPI 34（9）：143A（1951年）; LXIV， TAPPI 34（8）：126A (1951); LXXVI, Tappi 35 (11):141A (1952); LXXXIV, Tappi 41 (9):196A (1958); LXXXV, Tappi 43 (2):230A （1951年）; LXXVI， TAPPI 35（11）：141A（1952年）; LXXXIV， TAPPI 41（9）：196A（1958年）;捌拾伍， TAPPI 43（2）：230A (1950); LXXXVI, Tappi 43 (5); 253A (1960); LXXXVII, Tappi 46 (1):179A (1963); Van den Akker, JA, （1950年）;捌拾， TAPPI 43（5）; 253A（1960年）; LXXXVII， TAPPI 46（1）：179A（1963年）;范登Akker，茉莉， Nolan, P., and Wink, WA, “The Physical Basis of Standardization of Brightness Measurement,” Paper Trade 諾蘭，P.和眨眼，佤，“物理基礎標準化亮度測量，” 紙貿易 J . 114 (5):34 (1942); Van den Akker, JA, “Wavelength Calibration of Spectrophotometers,” J. 因子 。114（5）：34（1942）;范登Akker，茉莉，“波長校準分光光度計，期刊” Opt. 選擇。 Soc. 芯片。 Am . 上午 。 33 (5):257 (1943). 33（5）：257（1943）。 3. 3。 Davis, MN, Paper Trade J . 101 (1):36 (1935). 戴維斯，美國明尼蘇達， 紙張貿易因子 。101（1）：36（1935）。 4. 4。 Hunter, RS, J. Opt. 亨特，