人教版九年级英语unit21定语从句课件.ppt

定语从句,TheAttributiveClause,带定语从句的谚语：1.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.自助者天助之。2.Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.谁笑到最后，谁笑的最好。3.HewhodoesntreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.不到长城非好汉。,关系代词的用法,关系代词在从句中可以：,whom,who,which,that,whose,何时可以省略？,做宾语时可以省略,定语：,用于修饰名词或代词,Heisacleverboy.他是一个聪明的男孩。Heisaphysicsteacher.他是一个物理老师。AustraliaisanEnglish-speakingcountry.澳大利亚是一个讲英语的家。,Keywords:复合句(含有从句的句子;从句在复合句中充当什么成分就叫什么从句)e.g.1.WhenIcamein,hewasreadingabook.(时间状语从句)2.Ihope(that)youwillgivemeareplysoon.(宾语从句),定语从句：,由一个句子充当定语,即在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句,定语从句的位置：,在修饰名词或代词后,先行词：,引导词：,引导定语从句的词关系代词that,who,whom,whose,which,as关系副词when,where,why,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词,Forexample:,Thisisabookwhichtellsaboutspaceknowledge.,先行词,关系代词,定语从句,定语从句四步：第一步,找出先行词；第二,找出定语从句第三,看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（主语、宾语）第四,选择合适的关系词。,e.g.Thisisthecarwhichheboughtlastyear.,先行词,定语从句,引导词的作用：(1)引导定语从句(2)在从句中作一成分(3)代替先行词在从句中的位置,关系代词,that,that在从句中作主语或宾语，指人和物,1)Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.（主语）,2)ThenoodlesthatIlookedweredelicious.（宾语）,Thisisthefactory.Thefactoryisnearourschool.Thisisthefactory_,which/thatisnearourschool,1.Thisisthefactory.2.Ivisitedthefactory.Thisisthefactory_,which/thatIvisited.,which,Which在从句中作主语或宾语，指物,1)Theyplantedthetreeswhichdidntneedmuchwater.(主语),2)Thefishwhichweboughtwerenotfresh.（宾语）,Thisisthefactory.Thefactoryisnearourschool.Thisisthefactory_,which/thatisnearourschool,1.Thisisthefactory.2.Ivisitedthefactory.Thisisthefactory_,which/thatIvisited.,who,who在从句中作主语和宾语,指人,1)TheforeignerwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.（主语）,2)ComradeLiisamanwhoweshouldlearnfrom（宾语）,Ihaveafriend.Ihaveaselflessfriend.Ihaveafriend_,whoisselfless,whom,whom在从句中作宾语,指人,3)ThepersontowhomyoujusttalkedisMr.Li.（宾语）,4)Mr.Readistheprofessortowhomyoushouldwrite.（宾语）,whose,2)Thisisthebookwhosecoverisblue.,whose在从句中作定语，指人或物,1)MissFloweristheteacherwhosehousecaughtfirelastweek.,whose引导的定语从句应注意以下几点：1.whose引导定语从句，在从句中作定语其后应紧跟名词Thatsthechildwhosedrawingwelookedatjustnow.,2.whose引导定语从句，其先行词可指人，也可指物Isawsometreeswhoseleaveswereblackwithdisease.,3.whose在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词宾语,可以与介词一起放在先行词与从句之间Tom,onwhosebikeIwenttoschoolisafriendofmine.,4.Whose的先行词指物时,可用ofwhich代替whose.指人不可whose+n=the+n+ofwhich=ofwhich+the+n.Helivesintheroomwhosewindowfacessouth.=Helivesintheroom,thewindowofwhichfacessouth.,1)Doyouknowtheman_isstandingoverthere?2)Thegirl_weweretalkingaboutisMary.,who/that,who(m)/that,3)Thebook_isabouttheUSAhasbeenlost.4)Didyouseethepen_Ilostyesterday?,that/which,that/which,5)Therearesomepeople_facesyoucantforget.6)Iamsittinginthechair_legsarebroken.,whose,whose,Therearesomepeoplewhosefacesyoucantforget.Therearesomepeopleofwhomthefacesyoucantforget.,Iamsittinginthechairwhoselegsarebroken.Iamsittinginthechairofwhichthelegsarebroken.,关系代词who,that作主语,1.Yourfriendcametoseeyouyesterday.2.YourfriendstudiesinBeijingUniversity.,Yourfriendwho/thatstudiesinBeijingUniversitycametoseeyouyesterday.,关系代词whom,that作宾语,1.Heistheman.2.Youhavebeenwaitingfortheman.,Heistheman(whom/that)youhavebeenwaitingfor.,关系代词which,that作主语,1.Itsoundedlikeatrain.2.Atrainwasgoingundermyhouse.,Itsoundedlikeatrainwhich/thatwasgoingundermyhouse.,关系代词which/that作宾语,1.Theearthisabigball.2.Weliveontheearth.,Theearth(which/that)weliveonisabigball.,关系代词whose作定语,1.Doyouknowtheman?2.Themanswatchismissing.,Doyouknowthemanwhosewatchismissing?,where,where引导的定语从句修饰表示地点的名词,并在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于“介词+关系代词(which)”。where=inwhich=atwhich,1.Thisisthefactory.2.Iworkedinthefactory.Thisisthefactory_,which/thatIworkedin.,Thisisthefactoryin_Iworked.,which,=,where,1.Wevisitedthehouse.2.Luxunoncelivedinthehouse.Wevisitedthehouse_Luxunoncelived.,where,=,inwhich,1.Thisisthelibrary_hasmanybooks.2.Thisisthelibrary_Ivisited.3.Thisisthelibrary_Ireadbooks.,which/that,which/that,inwhich/where,thelibrary,thelibrary,inthelibrary,when,when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词,并在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于“介词+关系代词(which)”。关系副词when=inwhich=atwhich=onwhich,1.Illneverforgettheday.2.IjoinedthePartyontheday.Illneverforgettheday_IjoinedtheParty.,when,=,onwhich,WestillrememberthatAugust_wetraveledtogether.,inthatAugust,inwhich/when,Thisistheday_wecantforget.Thisistheday_Iwasborn.,which/that,onwhich/when,theday,ontheday,why,why引导的定语从句修饰表示原因的名词,并在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于“介词+关系代词(which)”。why=forwhich,1.Therearemanyreasons.2.Peopleliketravelingformanyreasons.Therearemanyreasons_peopleliketraveling.,forwhich,why,=,Thisisthereason_hegaveme.Thisisthereason_hewaslate.,forwhich/why,which/that,thereason,forthereason,thewaythat,方式关系副词that=inwhichThisisthewaythat(inwhich)hedidit,Idontliethewaythat(=inwhich)youlaughather,提醒一：关系代词或关系副词的选择有两个原则：1）先行词是人还是物;2)先行词在从句中作什么成分。若先行词在从句中作主语，宾语，或定语，则选关系代词；若在从句中作状语，则选关系副词。,1Wewillrememberthosedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.(作宾语)2wewillrememberthosedayswhenweplayedbythesea.(作状语),提醒二：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，根据先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的单复数。,1HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoknowsFrench(theonlyone为先行词)2HeisoneofthestudentswhoknowFrench(students为先行词),提醒三：关系代词的省略：在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作动词宾语或介词宾语（这时介词不能在关系代词前）时常可省略。,Theboy(that/who/whom)wesawlastnightwasTom,提醒四：定语从句常见错误,1缺先行词：Isthisschoolthatyouvisitedlastyear?该句缺先行词，应在school后面加上theone,2缺引导词：Chineseeatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth应在children后面加上who关系代词作主语时不能省略,3成分重复：ThisisthehousewhereIlivedthereyearsago.Where和there句子成分重复，应去掉there,提醒五关系副词和关系代词的判断方法关系副词和关系代词的选择是根据先行词在定语从句中作的成分。若是做状语，则用关系副词或“介词+which”若是作主语或宾语，则用关系代词。例如：,Iwillneverforgetthedays(that/which)IspentwithmyteacherIwillneverforgetthedayswhenIplayedwithyou,Thefactory(that/which)wevisitedyesterdaywasbuiltlastyearThefactorywhereheworkswasbuiltlastyear,Thisisthereason(that/which)shegavemefordoingitDoyouknowthereasonswhyhecamelate?,但要注意在以下8种情况下,指物时用that不用which,who,注意！,1.先行词是all,any,everything,anything,nothing,something,much,little,few,none,theone等时,Thereismuchthatshouldbeused.Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree.,2.先行词被all,any,no,only,little,much,very,every,some,few,none等修饰时,Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.Everydictionarythatourlibraryboughtisgood.,3.先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。,ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveeverread.ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.,4.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。,Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.TheGreatWallisthelastplacethatMr.SmithisgoingtovisitbeforeheleavesBeijing.,5.在以which,who作主语的特殊疑问句中的定语从句中,Whoisthemanthatisreadingabookthere?Whichisthemagazinethatyouborrowedfromthereadingroom?,6.当先行词既有表示人又有表示物的词时,Wetalkedofthethingsandpersonsthatweremembered.,7.当先行词在定语从句中做表语时,无论先行词是人还是物,Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatshewas.,8.主句以therebe开头时,ThereislittlethatIcandotomakeupforthelosttime.,(1)关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前）。Therearemanytrees_theycanhavearest.Thisisthering_shespent1000dollars.,2、只用which不用that的情况,(2)在非限制性定语从句中。Football,_isaverypopulargame,isplayedallovertheworld.,underwhich,onwhich,which,3.表所有关系及整体中的一部分或全部时，用介词of,有时可用whose转换。1)Impaintingahouse,theroof_isround.,Impaintingahouse_isround.,2)Theyliveinahouse,_windowsfacesouth.,Theyliveinahouse,thewindows_facesouth.,ofwhich,whose,ofwhich,whoseroof,不用that的场合如下：1）非限制性定语从句中Lastnight,Isawaverygoodfilm,whichwasabouttheLongMarch.2）介词放在关系代词之前时ThisisthemanfromwhomIlearntthenews3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that时IhavefoundthatwhichIwaslookingfor.,二、只用who的情况,One_hasnothingtofeardarestotellthetruth.Theones_laughatthedisabledarenotgoodstudents.Anyone_failstofinishthetaskshouldbepunished.Those_wanttogotoTheGreatWallsighuphere.,who,who,who,who,先行词是one,ones,anyone,those时用who.,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；,非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。,(1)Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.,（限制性）,(2)Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.,(非限制性）,(3)CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.,(非限制性）,定语从句必须注意的特殊例子1.先行词为situation,case,stage,point,position关系词要用where,inwhicheg.Canyouimagingthesituationwhere/inwhichyoucanusetheword.2.先行词为way,关系词要用that,inwhich或省略eg.Doyouknowtheway(that/inwhich/-)heworkedtheproblem.,3.定语从句的必须注意的两个句型。Isthisschooltheonewevisitedthatyear?Isthistheschoolthatwevisitedthatyear?Heisoneofthestudentswhoarefromthesouth.Heisthe(only)oneofthestudentswhoisfromthesouth.,修饰人时关系代词that和who,whom的区分。当主句中的主语是who时，只能用that。eg.Whoisthegirlthatisstandingoverthere?在非限制性定语从句中以及介词后面时只能用who或者whom。eg.Ihaveason,whoisreallylovelyandinteresting.Thereare40studentsintheclass,mostofwhomareboys.关系代词whose既能修饰人，也能修饰物，在定语从句中充当定语，修饰先行词。eg.SheisthegirlwhoseEnglishsoundsverybeautiful.Maryhasaverygooddog,whosehairturnsoutwhiteandblack.,关系副词when,where,why的用法以及与关系代词的区分。关系副词在定语从句当中只能充当状语，当一个句子能够完整地表达一个意思时，我们就可以给这个句子加上特定的关系副词。eg.IwontforgetthetimewhenIgotmarried.Haveyoustillrememberthedayswhenwestayedtogether?Thisistheplacewherewehadagoodtime.IsthisthehousewhereMrSmithlives?Idontknowthereasonwhyhewontjoinus.Doyouknowthereasonwhyhedidntcometosweeptheclassroom?,关系副词when,where,why和介词+which之间的关系。关系副词when,where,why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。如：when=in/on/at+which,where=in/on/at+which,why=for+which介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。eg.1.Iwontforgetthedatewhen(onwhich)Iwasborn.2.Thisistheroomwhere(inwhich)Ilived.=ThisistheroomwhichIlivedin.3.Idontknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hehaventcometoday.4.Tomstillremembersthedayswhen(inwhich)theylivedinTianjin.,1.whose既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。Myunclewhoseofficewehavejustpassed,isalawyer.OncetherewasawisekingwhosenamewasAlfred.2.whose代指“的”，既可以指人，也可以指物。Lookatthebuilding,whoseroofiswhite.Thegirllivesinthehouse,whosewindowsfacesouth.,whose在定语从句中的用法,关系副词when,where和关系代词that,which的区分。同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用when，有时使用that/which。这主要看两点：一是定语从句是否完整；二是定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词。请比较以下句子：Thisistheparkthatwevisitedlastyear.Thisistheparkwhereweheldabirthdayparty.Shewontforgetthedaysthatshespentontheisland.Shewontforgetthedayswhentheystayedtogether.Thatsthedatewhenwewenttothecollege.Thatsthedatethatshewontforgetforever.Ilikethetimewhenwelivedtogether.Ilikethetimethatwehadtogether.,注意:1.介词关系代词引导的定语从句,关键是判断介词的选择看从句谓语部分缺少什么介词(习惯搭配)先行词放在从句中需不需要添介词通过整个句子整体含义来判断2.whom,which作介词宾语时,介词一般可放在which之前,也可放在从句原来的位置上,在含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在原来的位置上.,关系代词和关系副词如何区别？,1.取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须用关系副词或介词+关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。2.要看他们在从句中作什么成份而定。或者说，假如把先行词放到从句中是作主语、宾语还是状语而定。1）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.2）IllneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.3）Illneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.,1.Illneverforgetthedays_wespenttogetherinParis.2.Illrememberthedays_westayedtogether.3.Thisisthefactory_wevisitedlastyear.4.Thisisthehouse_Lincolnoncelived.,thatwhich,when,thatwhich,where,vt.,vi.,vt.,vi.,duringwhich,inwhich,5.Thereason_hemissedthespeechisthatheforgotthetime.6.Thereason_hegaveussoundedreasonable.,why,thatwhich,(合理的）,forwhich,Thisisthehouse.Ilivedinittwoyearsago.,Thisisthehouse_Ilivedintwoyearsago.,Thisisthehouse_Ilivedtwoyearsago.,Thisisthehouse_Ilivedtwoyearsago.,(that/which),inwhich,where,“介词关系代词”即“介词whom/which”引导定语从句应注意：1介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素A.与先行词的搭配关系1）Iwillneverforgettheday_Ijoinedthearmy.2)Iwillneverforgetthedays_Iworkedintheschool.3)Iwillneverforgettheyear_mysonwenttocollege.4)Igothomeat7:00p.m.yesterday,_mostpeoplehadhadsupper.,onwhich,duringwhich,inwhich,bywhich,B.与谓语动词的搭配习惯1）Haveyoufoundthebook_Ipaid29USdollars?2)Haveyoufoundthebook_Ispent29USdollars?3)Haveyoufoundthebook_welearntalot?4)Haveyoufoundthebook_sheoftentalks?,forwhich,onwhich,fromwhich,aboutwhich,关系代词as的用法及其与which的区别。关系代词as在定语从句中指代整件事，充当句中的主语或者宾语，它经常和thesame,such,as一起搭配使用，共同构成一个固定词组。eg.Asweallknow,heisafamousscientist.Heisadiligentboy,asisexpected.Shehasthesamebookasyouhave.关系代词as可以放在句子的开头，可以使用被动语态，而关系代词which则不可以。请比较：Aseveryoneknows,itisnecessarytobuildahospitalinthissmalltown.Itisnecessarytobuildahospitalinthissmalltown,whichiscleartous.Ourdepartmentwillholdthemeeting,asisknownbyus.,2.which和as都能引导非限制性定语从句,a.Asweexpected,hepassedtheexam.b.Hetookawaymyphoto,whichmademeunhappy.c.Thehouse,whichtheybuilt2yearsago,felldownintheearthquake.,1)as引导非限制性定语从句时只能指代整个句子。而which既可指代前面整个句子，也可指代前面句子中的一个词或短语。,1.which和as都能引导限制性定语从句，指代主句的某一个词，在从句中充当主语或宾语。,但as通常用在thesame.as,suchas,asas结构中Iwillgiveyousuchthingsasyoumayneed.ThisisthesamewatchasIlost.ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.,“as”和”which”引导定语从句的区别,同一,同样,3)as本身有“正如.正象”.的含义,常用于asisannounced/expected/known/reported/said/imagined/shown或asusuallyhappen,asisoftenthecase,asweknow等句型,2)as和which引导的非限制性定语从句指代整个主句,as引导的从句可放在主句之前、之后或中间,而which引导的从句只能放在句末.,4）当后置的非限定性定语从句是否定结构时，只能用which引导Hemadealongspeech,aswasexpected.Hemadealongspeech,whichwasnotexpected/unexpected.Tomdrinksaloteveryday,whichhiswifedoesntlikeatall.,区分定语从句与其相似句型,Mr.Wuhastwosons,andbothofthemarefondofplayinggolf.,(这里and连接的是并列句，不能用whom代替them。如去掉and，就必须用whom代替them成定语从句。,Itwaslastnightthattheterriblefirebrokeout.,(这里是“Itwas+被强调部分+that.”构成的强调句型，故连接词不用when。),1.IvereadallthebookswhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.,whichthat或去掉which。当先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little等修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。,2.ThisisthebestfilmwhichIhaveeverseen.,whichthat或去掉which。当先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级或theonly,thevery等所修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。,3.MyfatherandMr.Smithtalkedaboutthingsandpersonswhotheyrememberedinthecountry.,如果先行词既指人又指物时,常用that引导定语从句。,that,4.Everythingwhichwesawwasofgreatinterest.,当先行词为something,anything,everything,nothing,all等时,常由that引导定语从句。,whichthat或去掉which。,1.Thatbookthatyouwantitisonthedesk.,2.Isthisfactorythatwevisitedlastweek?,theone,Thisfactoryistheoneth