中小企业发展状况英译文修改.doc

中国中小企业发展状况The Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in China一.中国中小企业发展历程. The development history of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises(SME) 二.中国中小企业数量及分布区域 . The quantity and regional distribution of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises三.中国中小企业面临的困境. The difficulty position on Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises四.中国中小企业未来的发展. The future development of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises一、 中国中小企业发展历程.The development history of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises 中国中小企业的发展大致经历三个阶段：The development of Chinese SME had roughly gone through three stages:第一阶段(1952-1978):我国实行计划经济体制，实施以“单一公有制”为特征的中小企业政策，一直到1978年十一届三中全会。The first stage（1952-1978）：China implemented planned economy system and the policy for SMES which characterized bythe unitary public ownership system, until the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Party Congress in 1978. 第二阶段（1978-1983）:注重发展多种经济形式，国家、集体、私营、个体以及外国投资者的不同产权所有。The second stage（1978-1983）:China emphasized on developing a variety of economy forms: the state-owned economy, the collective economy, the private economy, the individual economy and the foreign capital economy. 第三阶段（1984至今）:我国的企业政策以“重大轻小”为特点，对中小企业实行变卖、承保、转制、与外商合资等政策。80年代的本土品牌，如彩电行业的金星、牡丹，化妆品行业的大宝、霞飞等占领国内市场，其中大宝在2003年的市场份额高达17.79%，随着欧莱雅、宝洁等的进入，2005年大宝的市场份额下降为1%。由于国内化妆品市场趋于饱和、进口国际品牌的强烈冲击等原因于2007年被美国强生收购。The third stage (1984-now): The enterprises policy in China was characterized by“preferring large to small” .China implemented the policies of selling, underwriting, restructuring and the foreign joint venture for SMES. In 1980s, local brands occupied the domestic market, such as Venus and Peony in color television industry, Dabao and Xiafei in the cosmetic industry.Then Dabao had as much as 17.79% in the market share in 2003. With the entry of LOreal and PG，the market share of Dabao had slumped to 1% in 2005. Dabao was taken over by Johnson Johnson in 2007,for the saturation in domestic cosmetics market and the strong impact by imported international brands, 1980年国家充分肯定走组织经济联合体的做法，企业集团产生，并经历初创、试点发展、规范发展阶段，开展了较大规模的兼并、重组，从2001年开始进入做大做强阶段。汇源集团成立于1992年，在全国各地建立了20多个分公司，链结了60多个优质果蔬等原料基地，有效地带动了地方经济的增长。但在开放经济的格局下，随着跨国公司如可口可乐等大举进入中国，其份额下降，经营面临严峻的考验。同时，中国的一些企业也走向了国际市场，如海尔集团 。2011年10月18日，海尔集团和日本三洋电机株式会社签订协议，收购了日本三洋的白色家电业务，这有助于实现国产品牌向国际化延伸。Since China fully confirming to build economic associations in 1980, business groups appeared and experienced three stages as initial, developing and standardizing stage. Meanwhile, they conducted to a large-scale merger and reorganization stage in 2001. Founded in 1992, Huiyuan Juice Group Ltd had set up more than 20 branch offices in the whole country and linked to over 60 high quality raw material bases for fruit and vegetable. This effectively drived the local economic growth. However, in the open pattern, accompanied by multinational corporation swarming into China(such as Coca Cola), Huiyuan faced the severe test such as market share dropping.At the same time, some Chinese enterprises entered into the international market, such as Haier Group. October 18 in 2011, Haier Group signed an agreement with Japanese Sanyo Motors Corporation to acquire the home appliance business, which helped to make home brand internationalization.二.中国中小企业数量及主要分布区域. The quantity and regional distribution of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises1.中小企业数量1. The quantity of SME. 截至2010年，中国中小企业总数已占全国企业总数的99%以上；创造了60%的GDP，是大型企业的4到6倍；上缴税收约为国家税收总额的50%；提供了75%的城镇就业机会；主导了60%的出口；中国65%的专利、75%以上的企业技术创新、80%以上的新产品开发都是由中小企业完成的。中小企业在繁荣经济、推动创新、扩大出口、增加就业等方面发挥着重要作用。By 2010, the Chinese SME made up over 99% of the total.They created 60% of GDP, which is 4 to 6 times as many as the large enterprises; turned over the tax to State about 50% of the total; provided 75% of urban employment opportunities; leading 60% of exports. Furthermore, they also accomplished 65% of Chinas patents, more than 75% of the enterprise technological innovation and more than 80% of the new product development. Hence, SME played an important role in the economic prosperity, promoting innovation, expanding export and increasing employment.中国中小企业在注册资本上的分布情况The registered capital distribution situation of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises Registered capital(unit:million yuan)Quantity of enterprises1-107854611-306666831-5043779751-10027930910120076970201-30059542301-500132365501-1000919111001-2000239992.中小企业主要分布区域2. The mainly regional distribution of small and medium-sized enterprises我国的中小企业主要分布在东部、西部、中部三个地区，且发达程度由东到西递减。相关数据如图所示，这表明，我国东部企业对工业产值贡献最大。 The SME in China are mainly distributed in the three regions- the east, west and central. And the development level decreases progressively from east to west. As related data shown in figure, it suggests that the eastern enterprises have the greatest contribution to the industrial output.1.东部地区1. The eastern region东部地区的中小企业主要分布在长江中下游地区、珠江三角洲地区，在数量、产值、效益和规模上是三个地区发展最好、最快的。The SME in the eastern region are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta Region. The eastern region is the best and fastest growing in quality, production value, benefit and scale .东部沿海地区，对外开放早、对外经济依存度大，三资企业和民营企业所占比重较大。三资企业中，三来一补、对外加工贸易型的中小企业居多，主要是劳动密集型的行业，专业化强、技术水平低，没有研发能力、核心技术和自主知识产权，没有自主品牌，靠贴牌生产，其产品附加值较低、品种单一，缺乏民族特色和创新元素。比如，东莞玩具加工企业、珠三角鞋帽业、服装业及纺织业等。 The eastern coastal area opens up early and greatly depends on the overseas economy.So the foreign-invested enterprises and private enterprises take up a greater proportion. The SME which are chiefly engaged in compensation trade and foreign processing trade are in the majority among the foreign-invested enterprises. And these enterprises focus on labor-intensive industries which are characterized by high specialization and low technical level. Furthermore they have no development capabilities, key technologies and independent intellectual rights and depend on Original Equipment Manufacturer(OEM).So their products have low added value and are lack of regional features and innovative elements, such as the toys processing enterprises in Dongguan; the shoes, clothing and textile industries in the Pearl River Delta region.2. 西部地区2. The western region 西部地区地广人稀，与14个国家接壤，地形和气候条件较差，但矿产、土地、水资源十分丰富，有大批中国独有的工农业产品，例如，中草药、中成药、珍稀花卉、珍稀蔬菜、陶制品等。与东部地区相比，西部地区中小企业数量少，服务业、教育业所占比重较低，但因西部地区得天独厚的区位特定优势，农业、军事、中医药产业发展较为突出。例如，从事中药及天然药物制剂的开发、生产的云南盘龙云海药业有限公司，主导产品为纯中药制成的“排毒胶囊”，从1994年成立以来，其产品销售每年以200%的幅度增长，短短6年就一个地方性的小厂发展成全国知名制药企业。The western region is scarcely populated and contiguous with 14 countries. The climate and terrain conditions are bad, but mineral, land and water resources are very rich and there is a large number of unique industrial and agriculture products, such as Chinese herbal medicines, patent drugs, rare flowers, vegetables and ceramics. Compared with the east, the number of SME is small and the proportion of service and education industries is low. But because of the special regional advantages, the development of agriculture, military and Chinese medicine industry is prominent. For example, Yunnan Panlong Sea Pharmaceutical Co.LTD is engaged in the development and production of Chinese herbal medicine and natural drug, and its leading product is Detoxification Capsule made of pure Chinese herbal medicines. The sales of this product increase 200% each year since 1994 when it was founded. Now, it has developed into the well-known pharmaceutical enterprise for just six years.3.中部地区3. The central region中部地区属经济欠发达地区,中小企业是支撑该地区经济发展的重要支柱。发展较好的产业有机械汽配、针纺织、医药化工及有地区禀赋特色的资源等。从2007年国家“中部崛起”计划实施开始，中部地区经济得到迅速发展，能源原材料工业发展加快，山西、河南、安徽等省大型煤炭基地积极推进，工程机械、电动机车、数控系统等装备制造企业快速发展。今后，中部地区的中小企业仍将继续受到国家的鼓励和支持，这也是中部地区加快发展的机遇。The Central Region is economically underdeveloped and the small and medium-sized enterprises are important pillars in economic development. The good developmental enterprises are mechanical auto parts, needle textile, medicine chemicals and regional characteristic resource endowment and so on. The central region has developed quickly since the national program “Rise of Central China implemented. Thus, the energy and raw materials industries Large-scale coal bases in Shanxi, Henan, and Anhui province promote actively and equipment manufacturers industries such as engineering machinery, motor vehicles, CNC develop rapidly. SME in the central region will continue to be encouraged and supported by China in future and there will be more opportunities of rapid development for the central region.三、中小企业面临的困境.The difficulty position on the small and medium-sized enterprises（一）严峻的外部环境制约（）The severe external environment condition1.国际金融危机影响，产品市场需求下降1. Due to the international financial crisis, the demand of products is falling 中小企业尤其是外向型中小企业国际订单减少、企业库存增多、资金周转困难、甚至存在资金链断流等问题。2008年前，我国中小企业的产品出口多以20%以上的幅度增长；从2008年11月开始，我国对外贸易进出口同比双双下降，出现了负增长；直到2010年，80%外向型中小企业的出口额与上年相比有所上升。For SME especially export-oriented enterprises, there are many problems: the falling quantity of international order, enterprise inventory increase, hard fund turnover and the cutoff capital chain. Before 2008, the quantity of export products increased at the rate of 20%. From November 2008, China import and export trades have been both drop year-on-year and the negative growth emerged. Until 2010, for 80% of export-oriented SME, their exports just rose compared to that last year.2.人民币升值，出口产品的国际竞争力下降2. Due to appreciation of RMB, the international competitiveness of the export product declines由于近些年来中国经济保持着较高的增长速度，国际收支双顺差，且外币利差扩大和人民币升值预期不断加强等原因，人民币对美元汇率在五年之间由2006年10月的7.9到2011年10月的 6.3升值了近25%。In recent years, since economy of China grows rapidly, the balance of payments double surplus, foreign currency interest rate spreads expansion and the expectation of RMB appreciation strengthens, the exchange rate of RMB to the US dollar rose from 6.3 in October 2006 to 7.9 in October 2011 and the appreciation was nearly up to 25%.最新实证研究表明，若人民币实际汇率升值10%，我国出口将下降7%，若汇率升值幅度为20%，则我国出口将下降10.5%。人民币升值提高了我国中小企业出口商品的外币价格，直接削弱了出口商品的价格竞争优势。The latest empirical research shows that our countrys export will drop by 7% if the real exchange rate appreciation of the RMB is by 10% and our export will drop by 10.5% if the exchange rate appreciation is by 20%. The appreciation of the RMB raises foreign currency price of export commodity, but this directly weakens the competitive advantage on price.3.受通胀压力影响，银行贷款利率上调3. Under the pressure of inflation, bank loan rate increases.为加强我国目前的流动性管理，减少通胀压力及通胀预期，央行多次上调银行存贷款利率,1-3年贷款利率由2008年12月的5.4%上调到目前6.65%，两年半时间上调了近23.15%。由于中小企业缺乏必要的抵押物和担保人，大约只有能够从正规银行体系得到贷款。这使得中小企业难以从商业银行得到足够的资金，一些企业为生存便选择了民间贷款，使得民间信贷业务迅速发展起来，而民间信贷的发展增加了中小企业高利息，高负债的经营风险。不久前，以温州信泰集团为代表的温州中小企业因民间借贷数额过大，利息过高，从而资金链短缺，企业发展陷入困境。For strengthening the current liquidity management in our country, reducing pressure and expectation of inflation, the central bank raised loan rate several times: 1-3 years loan rate rose from 5.4% in December 2008 up to 6.65% now, and increased nearly 23.15% in two and half years. Due to lack of necessary collateral and guarantor, only about 10% of the SME could get loan from normal banking system. It was difficult for the SME to get enough money from commercial banks. In order to survive, some enterprises chose the private sector loan, which is developing rapidly. However, the development of private sector loan increased the operational risk with high interest rates and high debt. Not long ago, because of the large non-government loan amount, high interest rate and lack of capital chain, WenZhouXinTai group, as a representative of the Wenzhou SME, got into trouble. 4.贸易摩擦制约中小企业的出口4. Trade friction restricts to the export of small and medium-sized enterprises在我国进出口贸易快速发展的同时，与进口国的贸易摩擦也越来越多，给我国相关中小企业带来了巨大的出口压力。以空压机为例，欧盟是我国空压机的第一大出口市场，但从2008年3月21日起欧盟对中国产空压机征收最高达77.6的反倾销税，受此影响，今年47月我国对欧盟空压机出口量下降12.9；2009年6月，澳大利亚对我国出口铝型材“双反”立案调查，当年广东铝型材出口下降24.6%；2009年下半年以来，美国陆续宣布对中国出口的轮胎、无缝精炼铜管和钢管等加征惩罚性关税，产品出口受阻；2011年，输美轮胎“特保案”，中国败诉，美对华实行三年其惩罚性关税，最高税率达到35%，上半年美国从中国进口的轮胎数量进口量继续同比下降6%。Import and export trades are increasing rapidly in our country, and at the same time, more and more importing trade frictions are emerging. It brought great export pressure to small and medium-sized enterprises. To air compressor, for example, the European Union is Chinas the biggest export market. But from March 21, 2008 to now, the anti-dumping duties imposed on Chinese air compressor was up to 77.6%. Affected by this, air compressor exports from our country to the European Union fell 12.9% in April this year. In June 2009, Australia initiated an investigation called “double reverse” on aluminum export from China and the Aluminum exports of Guangdong fell 24.6% in that year. Since the second half of 2009, the United States announced that they would impose punitive tariffs on tire, seamless steel pipe, copper pipe and refining exports from China, which blocked the product export. In 2011, China was a losing party in the special security case of the tire exports to the United States. The United States practiced three years of punitive duties on China and the top rate reached 35%. In the first half of the year, the number of tire which was exported to the United States continued to drop by 6% year-on-year.5. 对国际市场的规制不了解5. Not familiar with the international market regulation 中小企业对国际市场通行的惯例、法规及各种技术要求缺乏了解，常常使出口陷入被动。例如，有些中小企业不按照国际化标准生产体系进行生产，产品质量不符出口标准，失去进入国际市场的通行证。2011年9月，义乌市美琳达外贸有限公司向德国出口的指甲油被检测出使用德国禁限用物质，出口被禁止。 Small and medium-sized enterprises are not clearly familiar with international market popular practices, regulations and various of technical requirements, which often makes export into a passive position. For example, some small and medium-sized enterprises do not produce according to the international standard production system, so the product quality is not consistent with export standard. Thus, they lose the chance to enter the international market. In September 2011, the nail polish exported from Yiwu Melinda foreign trade Corporation to German was detected with the Germany limited material, and exports were prohibited.（二）中小企业自身存在缺陷（）The defects of small and medium-sized enterprises1.内部管理体制不健全，专业管理人才稀缺 1. Internal management system is not perfect and the professional management personnel are scarce我国的中小企业绝大部分采用家族式的管理体制，虽可节约管理费用，但家族式的管理体制不健全，影响其管理水平的提高，限制了其出口规模的扩大。另外，经营者素质不高，管理水平低下，也制约了中小企业的发展。我国中小企业的管理人才奇缺，全国大型企业每百万职工中拥有大专以上学历人员为10.46人，小企业为2.96 人。中小企业专业人才更是奇缺。这样的管理体制增大了企业的生产经营风险，造成企业效率低下。Most of small and medium enterprises adopt the family-based management system in China, which can save administrative expenses, but family-based management system is not perfect, which affects the management level and limits the enlargement of export scale. In addition, operators low quality and low management level also restricted the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The management personnel in small and medium-sized enterprises are scarce. There are 10.46 persons who are with college degree or above in every 1 million worker in the national large-scale enterprises, while only 2.96 persons in small enterprises. Specialized talented person is very scarce in small and medium-sized enterprises. Such management system increases the risk of production and operation of the enterprise and leads to low efficiency.2.设备、技术水平差，企业缺乏创新能力2. Bad equipment, poor technical level, lack of innovation ability不久前，上海市统计部门对全市中小企业做了一次抽样调查。200户被调查企业中，76的企业没设科研开发部门；科研经费投入占销售收入比重小于1以下的企业占一半以上，而拥有技术发明的企业只占6。而国外知名企业技术开发支出占销售收入的比例却达到了1520。如微软公司达17，爱立信公司达153，这与我国中小企业技术创新能力十分薄弱形成了鲜明的反差。Not long ago, Shanghai statistics department made a sampling survey on the small and medium-sized enterprises in the whole city. 200 enterprises were surveyed, 76% of these didnt set scientific research and development department. There were more than half enterprises whose scientific research funds accounted for less than 1% of the sales income. There were only 6% of the enterprises with the technical invention. However, technology development expenses accounting for the proportion of sales revenue has raised to 15-20% in foreign famous enterprises. The proportion has risen to 17% in Microsoft and 15.3% in Ericsson, which is the conspicuous contrast with the weak technology innovation of the small and medium-sized enterprise in China.3、中小企业信用缺失3. Credit lack of small and medium-sized enterprises 由于中小企业在中国上市的门槛高，相对比较困难，一些中小企业选择在纳斯达克等境外股票市场上市。截止2011年1月4日，在纳斯达克上市的中国企业数量达到167家，（其中，143家来自中国大陆，24家来自台湾、香港和澳门）。然而，部分中小企业借壳上市，财务造假，出现严重信用危机，致使中国企业信誉集体下滑。连日来，中国概念股股价暴跌甚至出现崩盘，截止2011年6月8日，新近上市后就暴涨161.25%的优酷已经跌掉54.11%；嘉汉林业（1995年在多伦多证券交易所上市）在其被曝出“操纵了一场庞氏骗局，永远都在发行新债券来筹集资金”的消息后，股价暴跌，由18.21美元跌至最近的4.01美元，跌幅高达77.9%。For the listed threshold is high for the small and medium-sized enterprises in China, some of them select to list in the overseas market, such as the NASDAQ stock market. Until January 4, 2011, the number of Chinese comp