ATOXGeneralanglèsfromMonica-中英.ppt

,Mycotoxin Seminar, 11-04-03,MYCOTOXINS - GENERAL ASPECTS,- Very varied group of substances produced by a diverse number of fungal species,In general, these fungi are usually not pathogens to animals, but, by colonizing plant tissues, can produce mycotoxins which cause disorders in animals (mycotoxicoses)., At the moment, more than 300 different mycotoxins produced by more than 350 species of fungi have been identified,- Toxic secondary metabolites of toxinogenic fungi,霉菌毒素- 特性,- 各种毒素来源于种类繁多的真菌,一般来说，这些真菌通常不会成为动物的病原体，而是寄生在植物组织中产生霉菌毒素，这些毒素会引起动物机体代谢失调（真菌中毒症状）., 迄今为止，已经确认的300多种毒素由350多种真菌产生。,- 霉菌毒素为产毒真菌的次级代谢物,MAJOR CLASSES OF MYCOTOXINS,Aflatoxins (discovered in the early 1960s): Aspergillus,Trichothecens: Fusarium,Zearalenone: Fusarium,Fumonisins: Fusarium,Ochratoxin A: Aspergillus, Penicillium,Patulin:Penicillium Citrinin: Penicillium Ergot alkaloids (ergotism: known since the Middle Ages): Claviceps,霉菌毒素主要类型,黄曲霉毒素 (早在1960s就已被发现): 曲霉菌,单端孢霉毒素 : 镰刀菌,玉米赤霉烯酮: 镰刀菌,烟曲霉毒素: 镰刀菌,赭曲霉毒素 A: 曲霉菌, 青霉菌,展青霉素:青霉菌 桔青霉素: 青霉菌 麦角生物碱 (麦角中毒: 早在中世纪就已发现): 麦角菌属,FIELD,HARVEST,DRYING and STORAGE,MYCOTOXIN FORMATION,Moisture Temperature Damage from insects and birds,Water activity Temperature Substrate aeration Inoculum concentrations Mechanical damage Insect infestation Microbial interactions,Aspergillus Penicillium (Fusarium),Fusarium (Aspergillus),田间,收割,干燥与储存,霉菌毒素的形成,水分 温度 害虫/鸟的破坏,水活度 温度 通风 种菌浓度 机械破坏 害虫的侵扰 微生物间的互作,曲霉菌 青霉菌 (镰刀菌),镰刀菌 (曲霉菌),AFLATOXINS,Group of aprox. 20 mycotoxins (planar structure),Only aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 are normally found in foods,Produced by Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nominus),Occur in a wide range of important raw food commodities, including cereals, nuts, spices, figs and dried fruit,Freely soluble in moderately polar solvents (e.g. chloroform, methanol), dissolve in water to extent of 0.02 g per litre,Carcinogenic: aflatoxin B1: one of the most hepatocarinogens,Many goverments carry out surveillance on regular basis,黄曲霉毒素,该族中大约有20种毒素 (平面结构),在食物中经常被发现的毒素仅有 B1, B2, G1 和 G2,由曲霉菌属产生 (黄曲霉, 寄生曲霉 与 A. nominus),在重要的商品化食物原料中时有发现，例如谷物，坚果，香料，无花果以及干果等,在中等极性溶液中自由溶解， (e.g. 氯仿,甲醇), 在水中的溶解度为 0.02 g/L （疏水性）,致癌: 黄曲霉毒素 B1: 是致癌物质之一， 许多政府均定期对其进行监察,ZEARALENONE,Phenolic resorcyclic acid lactone (planar structure),Produced by Fusarium species (F.culmorum, F. graminearum and F. crookwellense),Occur in cereals, and tend to develop particulary during cool, wet growin seasons,Dissolve in water to extent of 0.02 g per litre (hydrophobic),Zearalenone is a naturally occuring estrogen: negative effect on reproductive system: hyperestrogenism, particulary in Swine: redeness and swelling of vulva, abortion and stillbirths Dairy cows: vaginitis, prolonged oestrus and infertility Calves: earlier sexual maturity,In funal cultures closely related metabolites are formed: - and -zearalenols - ruminants,玉米赤霉烯酮,2，4-二羟基苯甲酸内酯 (平面结构),由镰刀菌属产生 (山顶镰孢菌, 禾谷镰刀菌和 F. crookwellense),在谷物，尤其是湿冷环境下的谷物颗粒中发现,在水中溶解度为 0.02 g/L (疏水性),玉米赤霉烯酮是一种天然雌性激素，在繁殖体系中呈现阴性反应 即高雌性素症, 表现为： 猪: 外阴红肿，堕胎以及死胎 奶牛: 阴道炎,长期发情并不孕 牛犊: 性成熟早,在真菌菌落中形成代谢产物： - 和 -玉米赤霉烯醇 -反刍动物,TRICHOTHECENES (DEOXYNIVALENOL),Group o aprox. 150 mycotoxins group A: e.g. T2-toxin, HT-2 toxin, DAS (diacetoxyscirpenol) group B: e.g. DON (deoxynivalenol), NIV (nivalenol),Produced by Fusarium and other gernera like e.g. Trichoderma, Stachybotrys,Only a few have been shown to be agriculturally important, particulary DON,DON (group B): highly hydroxylated and relatively polar, being soluble in water and e.g. methanol and ethanol,Occur mainly in cereals grains as wheat, barley, maize, oats, rice, soya beans and derived products.,Acute trichothecens toxicity is caracterized by gastrointestinal disturbance, such as vomiting (pigs), diarrhoea and inflammation, dermal irritation, feed refusal, immunosuppression and aneamia. Animal become listless and inactive.,单端孢霉烯族毒素 （呕吐毒素）,该族中约有150种毒素 组 A: e.g. T2毒素, HT-2毒素, DAS (蛇形菌素l) 组 B: e.g. DON (呕吐毒素), NIV (雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 ),产自镰刀菌和其他属，例如，木霉属，葡萄状穗霉属,仅一小部分在农业中危害很大,比如呕吐毒素,呕吐毒素 (B组):高度羟基化和相对极性，溶于水，甲醇和乙醇,主要在谷物例如小麦，大麦，玉米 ，燕麦，大米，豆粕及其副产品中产生.,急性单端孢霉烯族毒性特征表现为肠胃不适，例如呕吐（猪），腹泻和炎症，皮肤发炎，拒食，免疫抑制和贫血症 动物表现相当消极并不愿活动,MYCOTOXINS / 霉菌毒素,GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT/ 消化道,PORTAL SYSTEM / 门脉循环,LIVER / 肝,BLOOD/ 血液,KIDNEY/肾,URINE/尿,FEACES/粪,BILE SALTS 胆汁盐,MUSCLES (MEAT)/肌肉,MILK / 奶 EGGS/蛋,MYCOTOXIN CARRY-OVER THROUGH THE FOOD CHAIN: 霉菌毒素在食物链中的转移途径: MYCOTOXINS RESIDUES IN ANIMAL TISSUES 动物机体组织中霉菌毒素的残留,SENSIVITY OF DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES TO MYCOTOXINS,FUMONISIN B1 伏马毒素 B1,POULTRY,RUMINANTS,PORCINE,DEOXYNIVALENOL (DON)/呕吐毒素,ZEARALENONE 玉米赤霉烯酮,OCRATOXIN A 赭曲霉毒素,AFLATOXIN B1 黄曲霉毒素B1,ppb,ppb-ppm,ppm,MYCOTOXIN CONTROL,PREHARVEST,HARVEST,POSTHARVEST,control insect infestation agronomic practices: - culture rotation pathogen-resistant varieties,Temperature & moisture control Antifungal agents DECONTAMINATION,harvest carefully in oder to reduce damage of grains/kernels,ADSORBENTS based DECONTAMINATION STRATEGY: CLAY MINERALS and others,霉菌毒素的控制,收割前,收割,收割后,控制害虫侵扰 农业实践 - 菌种转接 病原体-抗性品种,温度与水分控制 抗真菌剂 净化,为减少谷物/谷粒的破损，需要收割仔细,吸附剂的基础即 净化 粘土类矿物质等,Sampling for Mycotoxin Analysis 用于霉菌毒素分析的样品,Contaminated Feed 受污染的饲料 Big Sample/大样品 Mixing/混合 Sampling/取样,1 kg,1 tm,1 kg,DECONTAMINATION BY THE USE OF ADSORBENTS,Activated charcoal:,very effective in vitro against most mycotoxins, but not so in vivo problems: interference and color,Yeast/Yeast cell walls:,e.g. MycosorbTM claimed to be effective against DON not effective in vivo against ochratoxin,effective in vitro against zearalenone, but not so in vivo not effective in vivo against ochratoxin,Cholestyramine:,CLAYS: (HSCAS, Clinoptilolite Bentonite),the widest studied group of adsorbent, mainly tested against Aflatoxins very heterogenous results zearalenone: practically no in vivo data available. Efficacy in vitro generally variable,Conclusions must be taken very carefully, because the CLAY group of adsorbents is very heterogenous!,DECONTAMINATION BY THE USE OF ADSORBENTS 霉菌吸附剂的净化作用？,活性炭:,体外吸附霉菌毒素非常有效,但是体内效果不佳：干扰与颜色。,酵母/酵母细胞壁:,e.g. MycosorbTM对呕吐毒素非常有效，但是体内对赭曲霉毒素效果不佳,体外吸附玉米赤霉烯酮有效,但体内吸附赭曲霉毒素无效,消胆胺:,粘土类: (HSCAS, 沸石 斑脱土),广谱吸附剂，主要用于对黄曲霉毒素的检测 玉米赤霉烯酮: 体内无可行性数据报告. 体外吸附效果差异较大,结论必须慎重归纳：因为粘土类吸附剂本身有异构体,CLAYS,CLAY: mineral of very fine particle size. 粘土: 粒度非常细的矿物质. Soil fraction/粒径 2 m Normally clays exhibit plastic behaviour when mixed with water and become hard when submitted to drying or heath. 通常粘土与水混合时，表现为塑性行为；当烘干过程或产品本身很干燥时，又变的非常硬。 Mineral = Phylosilicates (laminar silicates “in layers”) 矿物质= 页硅酸盐 (“成层状”的薄层状硅酸盐),ELEMENTAL UNITS OF PHYLOSILICATES 层状硅酸盐的物理单元,Silicon Tetrahedron 硅四面体,Mg+ or Al+ Octahedron 八面体,LAMINAR PHYLOSILICATES DISPOSITION,Layers/片层: Tetrahedral sheet / 四面体片 Octahedral sheet / 八面体片,DISPOSICIN TRILAMINAR 2:1,Type of Layer: 1:1 (TO), 2:1 (TOT), 2:1:1 (TOTO) Specific Surface Global charge (-): - Isomorphic Substitutions in the structure: Tetrahedrical sheet: Si+4 Al3+ or Fe+3 Octahedrical sheet: Al3+ Fe+2 or Mg2+ - Exchange cations: Na+1 or Ca+2 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC),CLAY STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES,层状类型: 1:1 (TO), 2:1 (TOT), 2:1:1 (TOTO) 特殊表现 全局变换 (-): - 同构置换： 四面体片: Si+4 Al3+ or Fe+3 八面体片: Al3+ Fe+2 or Mg2+ - 阳离子交换: Na+1 or Ca+2 阳离子交换能力 (CEC),粘土类结构的不同之处,TWO PHYLOSILICATES,Smectite 蒙脱石,Kaolin 高岭土,Structural differences are due to: 结构差异的原因： Genesis 起源 Chemical Composition化学成分 Isomorphic Substitutions同构置换 Structural differences confer: 结构差异则赋予： Specific properties for technological applications (ex. Binding mycotoxins) 技术应用方面的特殊性能（例如，吸附霉菌毒素）,CAUSES OF CLAY STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCE 粘土类结构差异化的成因,Madrid, 15 million years ago 马德里/15，000，000年前,Madrid,Optimal conditions for genesis of Magnessium Smectite/含镁离子蒙脱石最佳形成条件: Alcaline Ph/碱性PH Dry Climate/干燥气候 High proportion of Mg/高比率的镁离子 Absence of reactive Al/无铝参与反应 High amount of sediments: water (lake boders) /高含量的沉淀物：水（湖边） High amount of salts (salty lakes)/ 高含量的盐（盐湖）,Madrid, 15 million years ago 马德里/15，000，000年前,ATOX: Magnesium Smectite/含镁离子蒙脱石,MINEROLOGY/矿物结构: SMECTITE/蒙脱石 75 % SEPIOLITE/海泡石 10 % CARBONATE/碳酸盐 10 % CHEMICAL ANALYSIS/化学分析 SiO2 50 % MgO 24 % Al2O3 6 % CaO 4 % Fe2O3 2 % Na2O 2 % K2O 1 %,PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES/物化结构: Moisture/水分 10 % Density/ 密度 . 700 g/l BET/比表面积 130 m2/g Swelling/膨胀 25 mm CEC/阳离子交换 55 PARTICLE SIZE/粒径规格: 50% 125 10%,Production process and control/加工工艺与品控,Selective mining/选矿,Sun drying/干燥,1st Grinding/第一次粉碎,Drying (fluid bed)/干燥（流动床）,2nd Grinding. Classification/第二次粉碎；分类,Packaging/包装 (20 kg bags),Sample for quality control 抽样品控,Sample for contingency plan/随机抽样,60 %,30 %,10 %,Mechanism of Action 作用机制,ATOX: MYCOTOXIN BINDER,-,HIDROFOBIC ADSORBTION 疏水吸附,ACID - BASE REACTIONS 酸碱反应 Substitutions of the exchange cations/阳离子交换替代,Chelate formation with exchange cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) 通过阳离子交换进行螯合,Atox- Mycotoxins interaction,Magnesium Smectite/含镁离子的蒙脱石: ATOX,Chelate formation/螯合物形成,TWO KETONIC GROUPS PER MOLECULE/2个酮基,AFLATOXIN B1,RIGID/刚性,COPLANARITY OF THE ATOMS STRUCTURE/共面的原子结构,AFLATOXIN B1-ATOX REACTION 黄曲霉毒素B1与ATOX的反应过程,Chelate formation/螯合物形成,ZEARALENONE,KETONIC GROUP CLOSE TO -OH RADICAL 酮基接近-OH自由基,PLANAR: GOOD ORIENTATION RESPECT TO THE LAMINAR DISPOSITION OF ATOX 平面,ZON-ATOX REACTION,General model for non specific adsorption,Adsorption 吸附率,Cation Exchange Capacity 阳离子交换能力/比表面积,/ SA,Total adsorption capacity 总吸附能力,Effective adsorption 有效吸附,Interference 干扰,(2),(1),Adsorption mechanism & interference risk 吸附机制与干扰的风险,SA + + +,CEC + + +,CEC/SA + + +,CEC - - +,Parameter/参数 Smectite Smectite HSF1 (Magnesium) (Aluminium) 高比表面页硅酸盐 蒙脱石（镁） 蒙脱石（铝） N 5 9 4 CEC (meq/100g) 46 9 90 18 16 3 SA (m2/g) 147 41 63 14 268 55 CEC/SA (meq/100m2) 0.3 0.1 1.5 0.6 0.1 0.,Comparing Clays/粘土类产品比较,1HSF: High Surface Phylosilicate 高比表面页硅酸盐,ATOX: the Optimal Mineral Adsorbent/理想的矿物质吸附剂,HSF,ATOX has the optimal values of CEC & SA to adsorb mycotoxins without binding nutrients ATOX拥有理想的CEC与SA吸附霉菌毒素，而不会吸附营养物质,Optimal CEC/理想的阳离子交换: 50 75 meq/ 100 g Higher values interferences with nutrients 数值越高 与营养物质发生干扰 Lower values not enough binding capacity 数值越低 不具备足够的粘合能力,Optimal CEC/ SA (Charge Density): 0.3 0.5 m2/ meq 理想的CEC/SA（交换密度）,Key Values for Mycotoxin Adsorption 霉菌毒素吸附剂的关键值,Optimal SA/理想的比表面积: 100 150 m2/ g Lower values steric limitation (may cause mycotoxin desorptions) 数值越低 空间受限（可能引起霉菌毒素的解吸）,Comparing Different Commercial Binders 各种商品化吸附剂的比较,Research Works. Results. Comparative Studies. 各项研究工作,ATOX: MYCOTOXIN BINDER 阿到克：霉菌毒素吸附剂,Aflatoxin 黄曲霉毒素,Aflatoxin: in vitro assay 黄曲霉毒素：体外分析,in vitro Eficacy/体外分析效果 Average SD (n) Research Commercial Center Smectite ATOX Uni.Piazenza 7418 (5) 86 6 (2) Evialis 75 25 (12) 85 7 (6),Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (poultry) Evialis 2002 黄曲霉毒素：体内分析（家禽）,Samples: High Surface Phyllosilicate/高比表面页硅酸盐 (HSF, n=4) Commercial aluminium smectites/商品化铝蒙脱石 (n=9) Magnesium smectites/镁蒙脱石 (ATOX; n=5) Metodology/方法: Ducks fed with control & contaminated diets (90 ppb AFB1) 鸭子饲喂空白与受污染日粮（90ppbAFB1） Indicators: Concentration of cholesterol & albumin in blood (Magnin & Guyonvarch, 2002) 指示剂：血液中胆固醇与白蛋白浓度(Magnin & Guyonvarch, 2002),0.0,20.0,40.0,60.0,80.0,100.0,120.0,140.0,160.0,180.0,AFB1 Protection Index,ATOX,Commercial Smectite 商品化蒙脱石,HSF 高比表面页硅酸盐,ATOX-46,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (poultry) Evialis 2002,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (poultry),Metodology/方法: 25 pollos (2 kg) /25只鸡（2kg） 10 das + 10 das/10天+10天 25 jaulas individuales/25只笼子 Recoleccin total de excreta/共同收集排泄物 Dieta en harina/粉料 Sin medicacin/无药物 Tratamientos/试验组 testigo/对照组 ( C ) n = 5 AFB1 100 ppb ( T ) n = 10 AFB1 100 ppb + ATOX 2% ( A ) n = 10 Ration/日粮 150 ppb AFB1/150ppb黄曲霉毒素B1 10.5 ppb AFB2/10.5ppb黄曲霉毒素B2 Mximo legal 20 ppb Aflatoxina/黄曲霉毒素的最高限用量为20ppb,% De AFB1 Absorbida 黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附率%,1、24 HOLSTEINCOWS IN MIDLACTACION (29,7 KG OF MILK)/ 24在泌乳期的荷斯坦奶牛（29.7kg的牛奶） 2、EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (4*4）试验设计（4*4） 3、Mixed ration: compound feed, cereal mixture, hay, cottonseeds, maize silage 混合日粮：配合饲料，混合谷物，干草，棉籽，青贮玉米 4、Compound contained with contaminated groundnut and cottonseed (9 g/kg feed) 日粮中包括受污染的花生与棉籽（ 9 g/kg 饲料）,10,33,3 Week,12,28,2 Week,13,30,4 Week,12,5,15,ATOX,32,5,39,CONTROL,Average,1 Week,Treatments,ATOX reduced the AFM1 level in the milk 61,5% compared to the control 与对照组相比，阿到克将牛奶中AFM1减少61.5%,Table: Content of Aflatoxin M1 in milk (ng/kg) 表：牛奶中黄曲霉毒素M1的含量,12,18,18,19,20,19,17,5,20,HSF-2,19,5,22,HSF-1,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) Pietri et al., 2002,Table 1. Aflatoxin M1 in milk (pg/l) with and without mycotoxin adsorbent,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) Piacenza., 2003,ATOX was the best product in an indepenent in vivo assay organizaded by an Italian divulgative center 意大利某中心：通过体内检测，阿到克是最理想的吸附剂产品,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,Field Study in Northern Italy/意大利北部的现场调查 Situation: problems in a group of 8 farms with levels of AFM1 in milk surpassing UE legislation (0.05 ppb). 情况：在8个农场中均发现AFM1超过UE法规（0.05ppb） Corn & concentrated with variable levels of AFB1 contamination in deferent farms (214-5, 30-1 ppb, respectively). AFB2, AFG1 & AFG2 were also detected. 在不同的农场中均发现：玉米和浓缩料中含有不同水平的AFB1（分别是 214-5, 30-1 ppb, ），同时AFB2,AFG1和AFG2也有检测到。 Trial duration: Oct - Nov 2003, Feb Mar 2004/ 试验时间：2003.10-11，2004.2-3 ATOX level of inclusion: 1 %/ 阿到克添加量：1% Results: absence of AFM1 in milk since the use of ATOX 结果显示：使用阿到克后，牛奶中AFM1毒素消失。,FARM 1/农场 1,242,534,163.8,37.7,71.5,130,0,50,100,150,200,250,300,350,400,450,500,550,600,28-oct,30-oct,01-nov,04-nov,06-nov,14-nov,Sampling dates (2003),AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt),T=0,Atox 120 g/animal/day,Atox 60 g/animal/day,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,FARM 2/农场2,88,61,36,63,61,46,0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,28-oct,30-oct,01-nov,04-nov,05-nov,10-nov,T=0,Atox 120 g/animal/day,Atox 60 g/animal/day,Atox 150 g/anim/day,AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt),Sampling dates (2003),Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,98,102,18,22,21,31,37,35,33,60,0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110,29-sep,30-sep,01-oct,03-oct,05-oct,06-oct,07-oct,08-oct,09-oct,13-oct,60 gr,FARM 3/农场3,AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt),Sampling dates (2003),Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,53.6,18.8,19.5,24.6,36.9,30.9,63.3,69.7,11,53.6,50.8,39.4,61,52.8,55.7,60.4,66.7,11,0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,Atox,Mycosorb,No Atox,Yeast 50 g/animal/gg,Yeast 30 g/animal/gg,Atox 120 g/animal/gg,Atox 60 g/animal/gg,Atox 120 g/animal/gg,FARM 4: comparing ATOX & Yeast 农场4：阿到克与酵母比较,AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt),Sampling dates (2003),Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,FARM 5/农场5,22,42,50,21,33,39,0,10,20,30,40,50,60,No,seq,Atox 120g,Atox 60g,Yeast 30g,AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt),Sampling dates (2003),Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,FARM 6/农场 6,236,76,260,73,53,0,50,100,150,200,250,300,No,No seq.,Atox 120 g,Atox 60 g,4 Kg corn,2 Kg corn,Sampling dates (2003),AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt),Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,FARM 7/农场7,64.3,11,29,8,0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,No seq.,Atox 120,g,Atox 60 g,No seq.,AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt),Sampling dates (2003),Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,FARM 8/农场8,43,23,65,0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,08/03/2004,13/03/2004,18/03/2004,ATOX: 120 g,AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt),Sampling dates (2003),Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,Corn 玉米,Straw Hay稻草,Silage 青贮料,Concentate 浓缩料,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,Recommended Dose/建议添加量: 1.000.000 ud ATOX per ud de AFB1 (0,1% per each ppb) AFB1/ppb需要添加阿到克0.1% Example: a ration containing 5 ppb AFB1 needs 5 kg ATOX/ Tm feed 例子：若日粮中含有5ppbAFB1，需要添加5kg/Tm的阿到克,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,Conclusions/结论: ATOX is an efficient product of fast response. 阿到克是一款快速见效的高效产品 As starting dose in dairy cow: 0,5% of the total ration. 在奶牛中起始剂量为日粮的0.5% As shock dose: 0,1% per ppt de AFB1 of total ration (Ej: in case of 20 ppb 2% ATOX) 治疗剂量：AFB1/ppt的日粮中添加阿到克0.1% ATOX works better in corn compared to forage. 阿到克在玉米中的工作效果更优。,Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK., 2003-4,IN VITRO 体外,IN VIVO 体内, 90%,80% in broilers 肉鸡业, 90%,60% in dairy cows 奶牛,(EVIALIS, 2.002),(AGRIOK, 2003) (UNI. Piacenza, 2.002),ATOX: Eficacy of Adsorbing AFLATOXINS 黄曲霉毒素的吸附效率,Zearalenone 玉米赤霉烯酮,Zearalenone. In vitro assays FAL 2001 玉米赤霉烯酮：体外分析FAL 2001,Zearalenone. In vitro assays FAL 2001; CSIC 2002 玉米赤霉烯酮：体外分析FAL 2001；CSIC 2002,Simulations of the stomach and thick intestine/对胃和小肠的模拟: Peristaltic movements/蠕动 Gastric and intestinal secretions/ 胃肠分泌物 Digesta transit time/食糜转运时间 Elimination of digested compounds/消化物的消除 35 g. de feed (100 ppb ZON) 35 g de feed (100 ppb AFB1) ATOX level: 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1% 阿到克添加水平： 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1%,TNO gastrointestinal model (TIM),Zearalenone & Aflatoxin. Results in TIM TNO, 2002,Field Study/现场研究 Situation:reproductive problems in sows 试验：母猪繁殖问题 Soya and feed with variable ZON levels of contamination (75-153, 50-136 ppm, respectively) 豆粕与饲料中含有不同水平的玉米赤霉烯酮（分别为75-153, 50-136 ppm ） Trial start: February 2003/试验开始于2003年2月 ATOX inclusion level/阿到克添加量: