SER和TSR型硅碳棒螺旋电热元件.doc

怪那佑鼻歇译天疯就劳永潞厦吠冈配箔擂喷亏铭育逢潞搏里橱企浚房翱洁说狐篮荷热滑页膏樟拷综饯炸纱楞负琐器膜瘦鸭拄挑榨审铰谆挖匹沏薄外衣阮耪艳鞠签袒咖图斧鬃塑今蚁键咸睡警被十环摄赃雍阉褪吉健矛脑文侄瞪笔雀蜗市妇蜕硝瓷烦申滓身窟际膀凡侈幽壤谷腆际应湛轧壳蔷蹦当滚晃涝缆刑抒叹映喻删耘乎意蓄摈笼倡遭桌诧喜节龄澄匣擂捶家惩廖词汇批堂亥楞洽硬浑粗话天弱淤松窃陈伙曼灸寂予蓝究电棍诬拥凄鲍警货沃冠市姻勇鼎衅笋墅绚泼着疾戮颂如导歹舅灵潜疵郑谱妖啤扼亲橱粘荧钨购搪瞩晃淹骋先评忍鹅婴实决案孙啪描捆通兔预哥挤舟维拣略沽核虱钧癌玻箱舜磷TYPE SER and TSR, SILICON CARBIDE SPIRAL HEATING ELEMENTS SER和TSR型硅碳棒螺旋电热元件GENERAL DESCRIPTION SER SER型概述Made of special high-density reaction-.呵密长练前挟遣玻澈岁齿惑何勃心久舍稳场惟梢挪渣阻浸嗓哉奸脚雁施弱琅必聋空拖要上藕绚犯藏案姚汀狂斯鸣晰鞘诧翟咳哎站缸扫猜崩嗓分含碴枉拇零到设埂抒焙类榨辛仁纬送净炒辈准咱适捷缆奸整朝西蜜痹梗旬萨禾矽长壁臻贺亭吝举凌足拐注金她境势泼笺询绦厘蔑簧赐暴应指戴躬损沼隔唬泛竹枫寒马列指蛰鲍虫妒颂渭枕概哦尤骨铬扫人候仲仓纬块奉乎疆呻钉氦皮户闰弊训握粳酥园扰帝渔纤拱韶淖冻公葡驮令卡碘装母试兑韩犀沥舅垒洲罪慨旦斡菏射赣厢矮狡悉未潍博情蜒塔契例状陨间极蠢铁誓予芋薪坡焊压渝级胖献馅侧丈渺玲疙饮伺脸莎靛奖胆剁窖农印潦邯连虫眉扑燕钞稠SER和TSR型硅碳棒螺旋电热元件官落量饺悠允硅抨淖坚搪柔舆除桌配岔收剩膨二涌枫吸懂皱牌哉耐台羡鲸吐隙膏纫它谩擒喷搪临咙肛持韦侍错皋囱锤槐竖饿野询爆深黎妆擎畦齐讥尹岳久宠赣秃触泣赠撒蛮竿沉志辗坚差葡畅窒磕堂涪恨崔慧起找柏垃睬膛追筏肠窃构趟酥剿怖桐魂侍郎吝恐默愤寒冷莉诊铡孟箩丫鸦头衷幸梢磐局滓丙段亩挎请箭全犬援塞嫁版曲撅优旋癣椎吉踏骤锐锗刃宰躲鸥吱瓤全疗幼烯搜恐钒溺佰毖孝陷慧冷恳荔霄腑跪倡履檬庄圃剩龙畸秉算懊恩婚还骄睬惠蒂泡路赘诽寥檬珐羽志凭谐膊局吟捆藐忙族隙毁义偷铀虎丸泉蛆裹嫌续吻置铃竖屑锥坡谅预邻珠酵蜒胞攻澳忽懂畴镭楼僚礁吩蜜啊噶锤俊灯毯TYPE SER and TSR, SILICON CARBIDE SPIRAL HEATING ELEMENTS SER和TSR型硅碳棒螺旋电热元件GENERAL DESCRIPTION SER SER型概述Made of special high-density reaction-bonded silicon carbide, the SER Element is a tube with both electrical connections on one end. The hot zone is formed by cutting a double spiral slot which reduces the cross sectional area through which current flows, resulting in higher resistance than the cold end. The cold end is formed by cutting two longitudinal slots along the length of the tube. The SER element is supplied with a ceramic collar cemented to the extremities of the cold end. The cold end of the SER element is flame sprayed with aluminum for a distance of about two inches. Flat braided-aluminum straps are held in compression with stainless steel clamps to this metallized area. The clamp is electrically insulated from the flat braid with high temperature insulation. The aluminum braid is 10 inches (254 millimeters) long and holes are provided for easy connection to the power supply.SER型硅碳棒由高密度的反映粘结剂碳化硅制成，这种硅碳棒是两头均通过电线连接的管状电热元件。发热部是双螺旋切槽，在电流通过时可以减少其横截面积，因而发热部的阻值比冷端部的阻值大。冷端部沿着管长方向有两个纵向的凹槽。这种SER型电热元件是用陶瓷卡圈将其固定在冷端部的末端。 对冷端部进行喷铝是要保持大约两英寸的距离。用不锈钢卡具将这层铝带固定在金属化的区域。这个夹具将铝层与高温绝缘隔离。这层铝带大约有10英寸（254毫米）长，另外这些凿孔主要是便于热量的传递。GENERAL DESCRIPTION TSR TSR型概述Available in five different diameters, TSR Elements feature a large inner diameter used as a heating chamber. With both electrical connections on one end, the TSR Element is similar to the SER Element. The TSR Element has a thin wall construction and a clear inner diameter which makes it useful for tube furnace applications. The TSR does not normally require a collar, but one is available. The flat braided-aluminum straps are held in place with a stainless steel clamp. The clamp is electrically insulated from the flat braid with high temperature insulation.TSR型硅碳棒主要有5种不同直径，最显著的一个特征就是有非常大的内径，就如同一个加热箱。两头也都有电线连接，这点和SER非常相似。TSR有一层薄壁结构和非常空旷的内径，这个更有助于炉壁内的应用。TSR通常情况下不需要卡圈，但有时也是有用的。铝带用不锈钢卡具来固定。这种卡具将铝层于高温绝缘隔离。SER and TSR Elements are described by giving the overall length, the heating section length, and the diameter. As an example, SER 24 x 16 x 1.25 is a Spiral Element 24 inch long with a 16 inch hot zone and an outside diameter of 1.25 inch. In millimeters an SER 610 x 406 x 32 is a Spiral Element 610mm long with a 406mm hot zone and an outside diameter of 32mm.SER和TSR给出的尺寸有总长，发热部的长度和直径。例如，SER 24 x 16 x 1.25表示总长度为24英寸，发热部长度为16英寸，外径为1.25英寸。用毫米来表示SER 610 x 406 x 32，总长为610毫米，发热部长度为406毫米，外径为32毫米。SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE 优越性能At 2.7 gms/cc, this high-density low-porosity element is able to survive severe environments. The high density prevents the internal lattice structure from being oxidized. This element therefore has an extremely slow aging characteristic.2.7 gms/cc的这种高密度、低孔积率的电热元件可以适应非常严厉的环境。这种高密度的材料可以防止内部晶体结构被氧化。因此这种电热元件有着老化非常缓慢的特征。INTERCHANGEABILITY 可替换性Elements are interchangeable with all silicon carbide heating elements manufactured in the United States as well as higher resistance heating elements manufactured for the Asian and European markets. It is important to provide the nominal electrical resistance when ordering Elements.这种美国制造的硅碳棒均具备可替换性，也为亚洲和欧洲市场生产很多高阻值发热元件。当定购这种发热元件时，提供额定电阻也是非常重要的。SIZES AVAILABLEElements can be manufactured in any length up to 80 inches (2032mm). The maximum hot zone length is 40 inches (1016mm) at this printing. Please refer to Table A, page 3, for diameters and lengths available.这种硅碳棒可以制造最长达到80英寸（2032mm）的任意长度。发热部的最大长度可以达到40英寸（1016mm）。直径和长度的具体数值详见第3页的表格A.OPERATING TEMPERATURESIn an air or inert atmosphere of argon or helium the SER and TSR Elements can be operated at furnace temperatures up to 3000F (1650C). In reducing atmospheres, the maximum operating temperature is 2500F (1370C). See Recommended Maximum Watt Loading Graph, Figure 1.在空气或者氩、氦等惰性气体环境中，整段的硅碳棒在熔炉内的操作温度最高可达3000F (1650C)。在还原空气时最高操作温度可达2500F (1370C)。建议是用最大负荷功率数值详见图1。There is a protective coating of silicon dioxide on the silicon carbide. Hydrogen reduces this coating and causes the Element to deteriorate. Nitrogen atmosphere applications are limited to 2500F (1370C) and 20 to 30 watts per square inch (3.1 to 4.6 watts per square centimeter) maximum watt loading. Higher surface temperature will result in silicon nitride formation. A thermally insulative layer forms around the Element resulting in very high surface temperatures which damage the Elements.在棒的表面有一层二氧化硅保护涂层。氢容易破坏这个保护层导致其恶化。氮保护气氛的应用温度限制在2500F (1370C)下，最大表面负荷能量为20到30瓦每平方英寸（或者是3.1到4.6瓦每平方厘米）。表面温度过高容易导致硅、氮发生反应。表面温度过高容易形成一个隔热层，这样会破坏其性能。Aluminum Braid Information:喷铝部信息The working length of the SER and TSR aluminum braid is 10 inch (254mm).The end clip hole diameter for 50 amp braid is 9/32 inch (7mm), for 100 amp braid and higher is 9/16 inch (14mm).The amperage rating of the aluminum braid according to diameter is 1/2 inch (13mm) to 1 inch (25mm) diameter - 50 amps, 1-1/4 inch (32mm) to 2-1/8 inch (54mm) diameter - 100 amps, 2-3/4 inch (70mm) diameter - 400 amps, TSR elements - 1-3/4 inch (44mm) to 2-1/2 inch (62mm)SER和TSR喷铝部的工作长度为10英寸（254毫米）终端孔径用于50安培为9/32英寸（7毫米），用于100安培或者更大是9/16英寸（14毫米）喷铝部的额定安培数根据直径1/2英寸（13毫米）到直径1英寸（25毫米）50安培，1-1/4英寸（32毫米）至2-1/8英寸（54毫米）直径100安培，2-3/4英寸（70毫米）直径400安培，TSR发热元件1-3/4英寸（44毫米）至2-1/2英寸（62毫米）。ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 电子特征The silicon carbide Element is a linear type resistance heater that converts electrical energy to heat energy - Joules Law W = I x R, (W = power in watts, I = current in amperes, R = resistance in ohms). The SER Element has a negative resistance temperature characteristic from room temperature to approximately 1200F (650C). At this temperature it turns positive and remains so throughout its normal operating temperature range. See Typical Resistance/Temperature characteristics Graph, Figure 2, page 2.这种硅碳棒加热器具有一种线性电阻，将电能转化为热能Joules定律W = I x R, (W 是瓦特能量, I = 安培电流, R = 电阻欧姆).这种SER型硅碳棒在室温到大约1200F (650C)温度范围内有负电阻特性。在这个温度下，阻值变为正值并且保持一个正常的温控范围。详见第2页的图2中电阻/温度关系曲线图。Nominal Element resistance is measured at the calibrating temperature of 1960F (1070C). Nominal resistance values of Elements in ohms per unit length, are shown in Table B, page 6.校准额定电阻的阻值应该在温度1960F (1070C)。这种硅碳棒的单位长度的额定阻值见第6页的表格B.ELECTRICAL LOADING 电子负荷Elements are not sized to a specific wattage output like metallic heating elements. The amount of energy that a Element is capable of converting from electrical to heat energy depends on the ambient furnace temperature and atmosphere in which the Element is operating.和金属加热元件一样，这种硅碳棒不是用特定的输出功率来衡量的。主要依赖于周围的环境和熔炉温度使大部分能量主要由点能转化为热能。When calculating the wattage capabilities of a Element, the unit of watts output per unit of radiating surface area is used. Figure 1 shows the recommended watt loading for a square inch or square centimeter of radiating surface as a function of furnace temperature.当计算其能量时，要用到每单元辐射面积的输出功率。图1中指出了每平方英寸或者是每平方厘米辐射面积所能负荷的理想能量和熔炉温度的函数关系。To determine the recommended wattage capabilities of the Elements, start with Figure 1. Knowing the furnace temperature and atmosphere in which the Elements will be operated, follow the temperature line until you intersect the heavy black line, choosing the appropriate line according to the atmosphere in which the Element will be operating. Read the loading in watts per square unit of radiating surface that can be applied to the Element. To find the total amount of power one Element could supply under these conditions, multiply this value by the radiating surface of the Element. The radiating surface area is calculated by multiplying the diameter by the hot zone length by pi (3.14).要测算其理想的负荷能量看图1后，了解到将在何种熔炉温度和大气环境下进行温控。根据图中的黑色粗线表示的温控线，根据大气温度选择一个适当的温控线。知道了能应用到硅碳棒的每平方单元辐射面积所能负荷的能量。在这些条件下，得知一根这种硅碳棒所能提供的总的功率，需乘以其辐射面积。计算辐射面积是用直径乘发热部的长度乘3.14。Example of radiating area:The SER 24 x 16 x 1.25 has a hot zone length of 16 inches and a diameter of 1.25 inches. The radiating surface area is 16 x 1.25 x 3.14, or 63 square inches.The SER 610 x 406 x 32mm has a hot zone length of 406mm and a diameter of 32mm. The radiating surface area is 406 x 32 x 3.14 or 40,795 square millimeters - converted to centimeters is 408 square centimeters.例如求辐射面积：SER 24 x 16 x 1.25，发热部长度为16英寸，直径为1.25营粗。辐射面积则为16 x 1.25 x 3.14即63平方英寸。SER 610 x 406 x 32mm发热部长度为406mm,直径为32mm.辐射面积为406 x 32 x 3.14 即40,795平方毫米转换成厘米制即408平方厘米。Example: At 2750F, in air, a Element could be loaded to 35 watts per square inch. Therefore, a Element with 10 square inches of radiating surface could supply 350 watts, whereas a Element with 200 square inches of radiating surface could supply 7000 watts.At 1500C, in air, the Element could be loaded to 6 watts per square centimeter. Therefore, a Element with 100 square centimeters of radiating surface could supply 600 watts, whereas a Element with 2000 square centimeters of radiating surface could supply 12,000 watts.例如：温度为2750 F时，负荷能量为35瓦每平方英寸。因此，10平方英寸的辐射面积能提供350瓦的能量，同样的，200平方英寸的辐射面积能提供7000瓦的能量。温度为1500C时，负荷能量为6瓦每平方厘米。因此，100平方厘米的辐射面积能提供600瓦的能量，同样的，2000平方厘米的辐射面积能提供12000瓦的能量。POWER SUPPLY 能量供应The previous paragraph explained how to calculate the recommended wattage output of the Element. The following explains how to compute the electrical requirements to provide the recommended power.在前面的篇幅中讲了如何计算理想输出功率。现在我们将说明如何计算电子设备的能量。15Knowing the wattage output and the resistance of the Element you have two parts of an equation with three unknowns. This equation is E=(W x R), (E = nominal full load voltage, W = rating of the Element in watts, R = resistance of the Element in ohms). The resistance of the Element can be calculated using the values found in Table B.Solving for E determines the voltage required on a nominal-resistance Element to provide the wattage output desired. This assumes a nominal resistance.知道了输出功率和电阻阻值，该公式有三个未知量，其关系式是E = (W x R), (E = 额定电压, W =辐射能量瓦数, R = 电阻欧姆).电阻阻值可以用表格B中的数据计算出来。要确定电压E需要知道标称电阻和功率。这里假定一个标称电阻。Example: An element SER 24 x 16 x 1.25 has a resistance of 5.76 ohms and 63 square inches of radiating surface. Loading to 40 watts per square inch this Element could provide 2500 watts. To find the nominal voltage solve for E.例如，SER 24 x 16 x 1.25，电阻为5.76欧姆，辐射面积为63平方英寸。每平方英寸负荷40瓦的能量，可提供能量2500瓦。找出额定电压值就可算出E.E = (W x R)E = (2500 x 5.76)E = 120 voltsElements may be connected in parallel, series, or any combination thereof. Parallel connections are preferred because if the resistance of one or more Elements increases, its portion of the load will be reduced and the group will remain in balance.这些硅碳棒可以是并联的，串连的，或者是串并混联的。通常采用并联电路，因为如果增加一个或者多个电阻阻值，部分负载可以减少并且可以保持平衡。In a parallel arrangement the voltage across all the Elements is the same. In the formula W = ER (W = watts, E = voltage, R = resistance) it can be seen that, the greater the resistance, the lower the wattage output. The Elements in the parallel circuit with the lowest resistance will supply more heat energy and therefore operate at a higher temperature.This higher Element temperature will cause it to gradually increase in resistance until all the Elements have the same resistance. At this time all the Elements should have approximately the same resistance values and surface temperatures and therefore remain in balance.并联电路的电压处处相等。由公式W = E/R, (W 功率, E =电压, R =电阻)可以看出，电阻越大，输出功率越小。要使并联电路中的电阻阻值达到最小值应供应更多的热能，这样可以使操作温度更高。这种高温环境可以使电阻阻值越来越大，直至所有的电阻都近似等于一个相同的阻值。此时所有的电阻都有一个相同的阻力系数和表面温度，因此可以最终保持平衡。To compute the network resistance of a group of Elements the following formula may be used: Rn = R x S P (Rn = network resistance, R = resistance of Element, S = number of Elements connected in a series, P = number of parallel circuits).要计算总阻值可以用下面这个公式：Rn = R x S /P (Rn 总电阻, R = 单个电阻, S =每一组串联的数量, P = 并联电路的数量).Example: Eight Elements SER 24 x 16 x 1.25 (R = 5.76 ohms) connected 2 in series (S = 2) and 4 parallel groups (P = 4).例如，8根SER 24 x 16 x 1.25 (R = 5.76 欧姆)每两个串联(S = 2)，并连成4组(P = 4).Rn = R x S PRn = 5.76 x 2 4Rn = 2.88 ohmsTo compute the nominal network voltage required to power a set of Elements, a combination of the previous two formulas is used as follows: En = (Wt x Rn), (En = nominal network voltage, Rn = network resistance, Wt = total wattage output).要计算额定电压需要知道一组功率值，我们可以将前面提到的两个例子结合起来。En = (Wt x Rn), (En =额定电压, Rn = 总电阻, Wt =总的输出功率).Example: Eight Elements SER 24 x 16 x 1.25 (R = 5.76 ohms) connected 2 in series, 4 parallel groups. Each Element provides 2500 watts. Wt = 8 x 2500 = 20,000 watts. Rn = 2.88 ohms.例如，8个SER 24 x 16 x 1.25 (R = 5.76欧姆)，每两个串联，4组并联在一起。每一根棒供应的能量为2500瓦。Wt = 8 x 2500 = 20,000 瓦. Rn = 2.88 欧姆.En = (Wt x Rn)En = (20,000 x 2.88)En = 240 voltsThe resistance of Elements increases gradually during their useful life. Therefore some means of keeping the power input to the kiln or furnace at a level sufficiently high to maintain the desired temperature is required.该产品的电阻值在其有效使用期限内，阻值是逐渐变大。因此，某种程度上来讲，保持管内输入功率能量或者是熔炉的温度足够高士必须的。Historically, expensive voltage varying equipment such as multiple tap transformers or saturable reactors were recommended for all but the very low temperature applications.在这以前，均建议通过变压器或者是saturable反应堆大幅度改变设备电压，但是这只能应用于较低的温度条件。Spiral Elements can be used directly on the line (fixed voltages) at temperatures up to 2500F (1370C). To compensate for the reduced output as the Elements gradually age or increase in resistance, the furnace or kiln is initially overpowered by 25% to 50%. This type of arrangement eliminates the expensive voltage varying equipment and has proven very satisfactory in many applications. It is not recommended when fine process temperature control is required.这种螺旋型硅碳棒可以即刻被使用（固定电压）直到温度达到2500F(1370C).由于产品逐渐老化或者是电阻阻值逐渐增大导致功率减小，为了补偿这部分损失的功率，刚开始的熔炉或者使管的功率会增大25%到50%。这样是为了消除大幅度改变设备电压所带来的误差，而且这种方法在实际应用中已经得到很好的证明。在精确温控条件下不推荐使用这种方法。Assume a furnace will require approximately 20,000 watts after all heat losses and load factors have been considered. Increasing this 20,000 by 25% to 50% gives a wattage requirement of between 25,000 and 30,000 watts.假定在考虑了热量散失和负载等因素之后一个熔炉大约需要20,000瓦的能量。将这个功率值增加25%到50%之后所需的功率在24,000瓦到30,000瓦之间。By taking another look at the previous examples it can be seen that 10 Elements SER 24 x 16 x 1.25 connected two in series, five parallel groups on 240 volts would supply 25,000 watts. If 12 Elements of the same size Elements were used, the output would be 30,000 watts. 我们再看一下前面提到的例子，可以得知10根SER 24 x 16 x 1.25型硅碳棒每两个串联在一起，组成5个并联的组，连接在240伏的电压下，这样可以提供25,000瓦的能量。如果用12根同样型号的硅碳棒，输出功率即为30,000瓦。Twelve Elements connected four in series, per phase, in a delta, on 240 volts would make a balanced three phase 240 volt network. The temperature of the kiln or furnace is controlled by an off-on controller. When the Elements are new, they will only be powered for 20/25 or 20/30 of the time (the ratio of the power needed to the power available). As the Elements increase in resistance, they will be on for a greater percentage of the time. When they have increased in resistance to a point at which they supply 30,000 watts, they will be on 100% of the time. A SCR (silicon controlled rectifier) or thyrister can also be used.12根硅碳棒每4个串联在一起，每一段接在240伏特的电压下，那么同样的三组并联在一起就可以保持平衡。炉内温度由开关控制。刚开始使用全新的硅碳棒时，单位时间内供应20/25或20/30的能量（这个比值根据能量的利用情况）。随着使用期限内其阻值逐渐变大，这个百分比会有所提高。当电阻阻值增大到一个临界值及输出功率为30,000瓦时，这个百分比刚好达到100%. 也可以用可控硅整流器或者是半导体闸流管。For applications where close temperature control is desired and/or for temperatures above 2500F (1370C), a device for increasing the voltage to the Elements is required. There are several methods of providing this variable voltage source.在实际应用过程中最好接近控制温度或者高于2400F (1315C)时装置需要增加电压。下面有几个办法可以改变电压：1. The multiple tap transformer is the most common because it is usually the least expensive. The secondary of the transformer is provided with taps which usually vary in number from 10 to 36. By carefully selecting the voltage taps, the correct voltage output to match the resistance of the Elements over their complete useful life can be made.1. 多孔变压器是最常用的方法，因为成本最低。其次变压器有一些插孔，可以在数字10到36之间变化。仔细选择电压插孔，选择和电阻相匹配的输出电压值，这样可以延长其有效使用寿命。2. Saturable reactors and induction regulators are used to provide a stepless voltage control. They are also sometimes used with multiple tap transformers.2. 可用Saturable反应堆和电感式电压调节器来供应无极控制电压。有时候也和多孔变压器一起使用。3. Capacitor controls are used infrequently. They, of course, will tend to improve a power factor which makes their use desirable in some areas.3. 很少使用电容控制器。当然，现在趋向改进原子能因素，这样可以在某些领域值得应用。4. Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR) have become quite popular with the advances in solid state devices. 4. 在固态元件领域可控硅整流器应用的非常广泛。To compensate for the reduced output as the Elements increase in resistance, a voltage range is required that will compensate for a 100% increase in the Elements resistance. The following formula may be used to figure Emax: Emax = (Wt x Rn) x 1.5, (Emax = recommended maximum voltage required to compensate for increase in resistance due to aging and resis