中学英语常考介词的常见意义及用法.docx

佳绩教育教案学员姓名：科目：英语年级：时间：2015年 01月03 日2 课时授课教师：杨金花总课时：已上课时：教学标题中考复习之介词考点、教学重点常考介词的意义，用法以及区别教学过程一概念：介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。顾名思义，介词一般是介于不及物动词和宾语之间的虚词。（vi+介词+宾语）介词后面一般有名词，代词或相当于名词的其他词类（如动名词，常考），短语或从句作它的宾语。介词与它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语，定语或介词宾语。2 常考介词的常见用法,意义1 for1) +sb (表动作的对象) ：A “给” ；I have a surprise/gift for you.B 对某人而言/来说Its important for us to take good care of our parents when they get old.2) +sb/sth A表目的，“为了某人，为了（获取某物）”My students make a card for me on Teachers Day.look for:为了.而四处看，也就是 “寻找”某物 （侧重“找”这个动作,与 “find(找到)”侧重结果相对 ）search for 为了（获取某物）.而搜寻 =“搜寻” +某物已经丢失/或者藏匿起来了He is looking for a job now.The police have searched for the lost girl for many days.pay.for. (为了获取某物而付.费)I pay 70 yuan for this skirt.Ask （sb ）for （sth）.(向某人索取/要/寻求某事物)Its very necessary for us to ask for help when in need.当有需要时，学会请求帮助对我们来说很重要练习：Some students study _their parents. They want to make their parents happy.They have searched_ the lost plane for a long time, but they couldnt _ it.They paid an amount of money _ this big house.The student came to his teacher ，asking _ some advice.B表原因，“是因为”，连接短语或者句子，连句子时前面一般有逗号隔开。（原因强烈度：as sinceforbecause） be famous for 因为.而闻名 Zhanjiang is famous for its seafood.【注意】(be famous as作为.而闻名，as后多跟身份，头衔，职业等Zhanjiang is famous as a beautiful coastal(海滨的) city. )We canceled the picnic for the bad weather.I didnt arrive at the bus station, for I got up late this morning.练习：Shes so tired, _ she has worked for a whole day without rest. blame sb for sth.因某事.而指责、责怪某人My parents often blame me for my carelessness.3) +“一段时间” “持续了.(多久)”，多用于完成时，回答how long(多长时间) 的提问。Theyve practiced singing for many years. 他们练习歌唱已经好多年了。How long has the movie been on? 电影开始多久了？The movie has been on for half an hour.电影已经开始了半个小时。练习：The class lasts _ 45 minutes. How long have the local people have lived here? Theyve lived here _ a long time.【注意】since(自从.)也多用于完成时，但后面常跟时间点。如：（同义句）We havent seen each other for several years（时间段）. 我们已经有好几年没见过彼此了。It has been several years since we saw each other last time.自从我们上次见过之后，已经过了好几年了。【注意】during +一段时间，“在.期间”，多用于一般时或进行时 The couple enjoy themselves very much during their whole honeymoon练习：You are listening to the music _ the day.2 to1) +sb “把某物给某人” give sth to sb.; write to sb.My friend give a big hug to me when we are together again and shows me to the city she lives in.We have written to each other for 2 years after graduation.2） “向，对着”：show sth to sb.:向某人展示某物;talk/ speak to sb:对（着）某人说话 be kind/good to : 对某人友好be used to:对.习以为常(used adj.习惯的)look forward to:对.翘首以盼，也就是“期盼，期待”pay attention to : 对.集中精力listen to:对.竖起耳朵=倾听Sometimes,talking to the old is good for us. We should be kind to the old and the young.我们应该尊老爱幼。Its stupid of him to show his fortune(财富) _ us.Im looking forward _ seeing you again.Pay attention _ your teacher and you wont miss what he says.3) +地点名词/方向/ 目的地 “去（到）/通向某目的地，朝着某方向，达到某目的（比喻义）”aim to 旨在（达到什么目的）He aims to pass the exam. go to bed、go to the hospitalThe way to the museum/the East/the buildingThe best way to learn English is to practice more.练习：Excuse me, we are lost. Could you tell me the way _ the Cunjin Park ?4) “属于”，表所有/所属关系 “.的” belong to 属于 This toy belongs to me.the key to the door 门的钥匙the key to this problem 这个问题的关键 3 by 1) +v-ing /+sth “通过,凭借.(工具/方式/手段)”，表示方法，途径，手段，在句中作方式状语 短语：by means of 通过 /凭借.（方式，方法）（means 是名词单数，表示“方法，途径”）He keeps fit by doing exercises regularly.My sister improves her oral English by speaking English with foreigners.We can keep healthy by means of keeping a diet.练习：He solved the problem _ asking for help from others. 2)+交通工具 “乘坐” by bus/train/ plane She often goes to school by bike.Some travelers go to Hainan _ ship, others arrive there _ plane.【注意】交通工具的名词前若有物主代词（his/her）或者指示代词(the)时，介词不用by,用on(不密封的交通工具，如bike)或者in(密封的交通工具，如 car,plane,bus)He goes home by bike.=He goes home on his bike.She goes to another city by car.=She goes to another city in her /the car.3) “被 ”，表被动语态，引出动作的执行者，是被动语态的标志词The present is given by my dear friend.练习：I was bitten _ a dog when I was a little girl.短语：one by one :（一个被一个取代） “轮流，一个个” Step by step：（一个步骤被另一个步骤取代） “逐步，一步步”Be in queue,please. Take your dinner one by one.Dont be in a hurry. Youd better make the cake step by step.练习：The tree is planted _ the students.We are on duty one _ one at the school.No matter how difficult it may be, we can work it out step _ step.4） +时间名词 “截止，到.为止,不迟于”=before, until,常见于 “by the time.”结构，多用于完成时。 You should hand in your homework by/before/until the end of this week. I havent finished my homework by the time I went home.练习：_ the end of the day, weve sold 200 tickets.The rain was so heavy and _ the time we arrived at home, we were all wet.4) +地点名词 “在.旁边”=beside /near(引申：+sb 在.身边（不离不弃)，支持The villagers on the Techeng Island live by the sea.特呈岛上的村民在海边生活。Whatever happens, I will stand by you.=stand by your side.无论发生什么事，我都会站在你这边（支持你）by the way 在路旁，引申为不太重要的东西，所以是“顺便说一句,顺便提一下（不太重要的东西）”的意思，多用为插入语。By the way, what time is it now?I enjoyed myself in this party. _the way, when will we have this kind of party next time? 4 with1) 表伴随，“和.一起”（two or more people or things are together in the same place）Mix the milk with red tea.You had better bring some money with you when you go out.Kids are often told to share their toys with other kids.(share sth with sb 和某人分享某物)常考：与and的句型转换。He often plays basketball with his friends.=He and his friends often play basketball (together)A do sth with B=A and B do sth（together）2) having,possessing, carrying or wearing sth.“拥有/有了；携带/带着/穿戴着” A girl with big eyes=a girl having big eyes (有)Only people with a plenty of money (possessing a plenty of money)can afford to buy many LVs.He came in with a book in her hand.=She came in, carrying a book in her hand.（携带，带着）The young mother with glasses (=wearing glasses) looked at her baby with a smile.(wearing a smile)With your help, I can do it well.=Having your help,I ca do it well.(“有了”，可以与if引导的条件状语从句转换，如：If I have your help,I can do it well.反义词，without,“没有，缺少”，多用于双重否定句中，可以与unless（if.not）引导的条件状语从句转换，如：Without your help, we cant do it well.=If we dont have your help, we cant do it well./Unless we have your help, we cant do it well.with 和without的此用法是中考的常考点，必须透彻理解掌握)练习：We cant live_air.The fish cant live_water.Ive made a great progress _ your instruction.She wasnt late for school _ the reminding (提醒)of the alarming clock.3）including包含，包括，附带A big house with a garden and swimming pool练习：We have a dinner _ free drinks together.3) using sth or by means of sth “使用，用”+工具名词Chop the onions with a sharp knife Chinese have meals with chopsticks while foreigners have their meals with a fork and a knife练习：He writes _ a pen and a glass of ink. 4) “在.方面/领域” be busy with sth 忙于做某事 We are busy with our exam now.help sb with sth 在.方面帮助某人 My friend helps me with my maths.do/deal with sth 处理/应付某方面的事 Its difficult for me to deal with maths questions.have nothing to do with sth. 与.(方面) 无关 Its nothing to do with your business.跟你没关系 练习：Hes hard-working and helpful. And he always busy _ his study and he would like to help his classmates _ their homework.As a social person, he is good at dealing _ with different people.It seems that English has nothing to do _ maths.5) “对某人(有什么情感态度)”Be angry / strict with 对某人生气/要求严格Lang Langs parents are very strict with him.Whenever he cant play the piano well, they are angrywith him.练习：Its needless to be so strict _ him. Hes just a kid.The parents are very angry _ the baby and they shout at him.5 of1） 表示所属/所有关系 “ (属于).的;.的一部分” A friend of mine ;the roof of the house; at the back of the classroom;at the beginning/end of this month;some of the students；2） be +adj.(情绪情感)+of +sb/sth “对某人某事感到.”be proud of 对.感到自豪:Many parents are proud of their childrenbe tired of:对.感到厌倦。Suddenly, he is tired of these endless exams. 3）表修饰限定 “.的”The art of teaching教学的艺术The problem of pollution 污染问题数词+容器词+of修饰限定不可数名词 :I have two pieces of news:one is a piece of good news, the other is a piece of bad news. Which would you like to listen first?4) 表示原因 “因为”die of 死于 In the past, many people died of diseases.because of 因为 Because of the bad news, he is very upset.6 in 在.（时间，空间，状态，处境，心境等）里面/之内/之中1） +“地点/场所名词”，“在.(空间)之内”=insidein the street 在街上in the sun （沐浴在阳光里面=）在阳光下In the way (比喻)在路中间=挡路in the middle of 在.中间In front of 在.前面 There is a tree in the classroom.In the front of 在.(里面的)前面 There is a blackboard in front of the classroom.练习： My teacher asks me to sit_ the classroom， for Im short. There are a river _ the park.2） + “一段时间”：时间介词，在.（时间范围）之内，不超过某段时间，回答how soon (多快，多久之后)的提问，一般用于将来时。=withinIn a minute/in no time 在一分钟之内=立刻，马上 in time （处于合适的时间之内=）及时How soon will you go back?你还要多久才回来？-Ill go back in 4 days. 我将会在四天之内回来。练习：How soon will they take part in their graduation exam? -_ two months.3） +语言，工具，材料 ，表“（使）用”Whats this in English?He talked in a low voice.4) “在.方面、领域” do well in take part in believe in be interested in 5)处于.（某种处境，心境,情绪,状态）当中、之中 In public 在公开场合，处于大庭广众当中，公开地 In a hurry 匆忙地 in danger 处于险境之中 in trouble 处于困境中 in need 处于需要（帮忙）的状态，在危难中 in blue 处于忧郁之中(blue 有“忧郁”的意思) in surprise /shock 处于惊喜/震惊之中 in style/fashion 处于时尚之中=时尚地 in tears 泪流满面 in silence 鸦雀无声 fall in love with sb. 和某人坠入爱河in confusion 处于困惑当中in the distance 远处in common 有共同点，共同之处in bed 卧病在床in fact 处于事实之中=事实上in between 处于中间的状态，夹在中间=左右为难例句：A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。He is too shy to speak in public.When the child is in danger, the policemen come in time.Moved by the movie, my friend was in tears.【注意】当in 表示处于某种处境，心境当中时，它的反义词是out of ,表示离开，摆脱，失去，某种处境等，如out of job 处于失业状态out of sight 离开视线，消失不见out of breath 气喘吁吁，上气不接下气out of question 毫无疑问 7 about1) +sb/sth “涉及，关于”“May I talk to you about your exam?”,said the teacher.2) +数量词 “大约，大概，左右”，表概数There are about 40 girls talking about the news.大概有四十个女孩在讨论（关于）这个新闻（的事）。练习：Men like talking _ football and politics. These days, ,many people are discussing _ Wang Sicong. Yao Ming is so tall that he is _ 2 meters tall.8 from1) “来自”+地名、人名Be from=come from+地名 来自哪里 Where are you from?Hear from sb. 听到某人的消息=收到某人的来信I received a wonderful gift from my friends.2) “从.(时间，地点)开始，始于” from.to. 从.到. from now on 从现在开始 from then on 从那以后 from time to time 时不时 from home to school 从家到学校 from here to there例句：It takes me 10 minutes walk from home to company.3） “远离”Far away from +sp. 离某地很远Stop/prevent sb from doing sth 阻止/防止某人做某事=使某人远离那件事The village is far away from my house.So I need to drive there.The government is stopping hunters from hunting illegally.练习：In China, teenagers are usually prevented _ smoking. He missed his family so much ,for he studied far away _ his home. be different from 与.不同 【反】 the same as 和.相同，一样（as.as和.一样